Mini-Stories: Volume 19

Summary

Summary of "99% Invisible" - Episode: Mini-Stories: Volume 19

Release Date: December 17, 2024
Host: Roman Mars
Producer(s): Chris Berube, Vivian Ley, Joe Rosenberg

"99% Invisible" delves into the unnoticed elements of design and architecture that shape our daily lives. In "Mini-Stories: Volume 19," host Roman Mars presents a collection of engaging narratives that explore quirky highway signs, Jane Fonda's surprising influence on California's rent control laws, and the historical obsession with foot aesthetics in Western art.

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1. The Humor Behind Highway Signs

Overview: Roman Mars and producer Chris Berube kick off the episode by discussing the emergence of humorous electronic highway signs in the United States. Unlike the more straightforward signage in Canada, U.S. signs often incorporate witty messages that capture drivers' attention and make safety information more memorable.

Key Points:

• Comparative Design: Roman highlights the contrast between Canadian and U.S. highway signs. While Canadian signs are typically direct (e.g., bilingual warnings like "Don't drive drunk"), U.S. signs often employ humor to convey similar messages.

  Quote:
  Roman Mars [02:32]: "In Canada, the signs are always bland. They will say something like don't drive drunk... But to express the same message in the U.S., I have found there are often jokes."

• Examples of Humorous Signs:

  • Pennsylvania: "Don't drive Star Spangled hammered."
  • Mississippi: "Four eyes in Mississippi, two eyes on the road."
  • Massachusetts: "Use Yablinka."
  • New Jersey: "Slow down, this ain't Thunder Road."

• Creation Process: Matt Berting from the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) explains the collaborative effort behind crafting these signs. A dedicated writer's room meets quarterly to brainstorm and vet humorous messages that fit within specific character and space constraints.

  Quote:
  Matt Berting [04:40]: "Think about the Super Bowl, and you watch the ads during the Super Bowl. Which ads are you most likely talking about Monday morning? You're talking about the ones that made you laugh or the ones that made you have an emotional reaction."

• Balancing Humor and Safety: While humor enhances message retention, it must not compromise safety. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has expressed concerns that overly distracting signs, like New Jersey's "Hold onto your butts. Help prevent forest fires," can lead to unsafe driving behaviors, prompting stricter guidelines.

  Quote:
  Matt Berting [12:28]: "I don't think we're going to suddenly see a huge swing in fatalities or crashes because of these, but I think we are taking little bites at it, and it's worth it."

Insights: Humorous signage serves as an effective tool for communication by making safety messages more relatable and memorable. However, it requires careful consideration to ensure that humor does not detract from the sign's primary purpose.

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2. Jane Fonda's Workout Tapes and California's Rent Control

Overview: Joe Rosenberg narrates a fascinating story about how Jane Fonda's wildly popular workout tapes inadvertently funded political initiatives that led to significant changes in California's housing laws, particularly rent control in Santa Monica.

Key Points:

• Historical Context: In the mid-1970s, Jane Fonda and Tom Hayden founded the Campaign for Economic Democracy (CED) to support progressive candidates in California. Running such a political action committee required substantial funding.

  Quote:
  Jane Fonda (in historical context) [15:14]: "We elected people that are still serving in public office in California."

• Creation of Workout Tapes: After breaking her foot in 1978, Jane Fonda sought low-impact exercise options, leading her to collaborate with instructor Lenny Kazden. This partnership resulted in the creation of the Jane Fonda Workout studios and books, which became New York Times bestsellers.

  Quote:
  Joe Rosenberg [17:36]: "Jane Fonda has been a huge progressive activist for literally decades... but she agreed to do it because... she thought it might bring some extra cash in for the CED."

• Economic Impact: The success of Fonda's workout tapes and books provided the necessary financial support for the CED to invest in various progressive causes, including solar power, labor rights, and anti-war initiatives. Notably, the funds contributed to the enactment of rent control laws in Santa Monica, offering lasting benefits to residents.

  Quote:
  Joe Rosenberg [20:34]: "If you enjoy the institution of the funny highway sign, you have an opportunity. It's at the website zerodeaths.ohio.gov so check it out."

• Legacy: Fonda's dual impact as an entertainer and activist underscores the potential of popular culture to influence political and social change in unexpected ways.

Insights: This story exemplifies how entrepreneurial ventures, even those seemingly unrelated to politics, can provide essential support for significant legislative achievements. It highlights the interconnectedness of media, finance, and activism in shaping public policy.

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3. The Ancient Greek Obsession with Perfect Feet

Overview: Producer Chris Berube and co-host Vivian Ley delve into the historical preference for a specific foot shape in Western art—the "Greek foot"—where the big toe is shorter than the second toe. This aesthetic ideal has been perpetuated through millennia of art and sculpture, influencing societal perceptions of beauty.

Key Points:

• Personal Anecdote: Chris shares a humorous experience where his roommate criticizes his "Greek foot," prompting an exploration of the term and its historical significance.

  Quote:
  Chris Berube [31:06]: "In the Western artistic tradition... there are three major foot shapes: Egyptian, Roman, and Greek."

• Foot Classifications:

  • Egyptian Foot: Big toe longer than other toes (common globally, ~70%).
  • Roman Foot: Big toe same length as second and third toes (~25%).
  • Greek Foot: Big toe shorter than the second toe (rare, ~5%).

• Historical Influence: The ancient Greeks, particularly sculptors like Polykleitos, idealized the Greek foot in their art, establishing it as a standard for beauty that persisted through Renaissance masterpieces and modern monuments like the Statue of Liberty.

  Quote:
  Chris Berube [34:36]: "Throughout most of Western artistic history, it was an idealized form which has persisted as an aesthetic standard."

• Cultural Impact: This long-standing preference has influenced how feet are depicted in art, often sidelining natural variations in human anatomy. The conversation touches on modern implications, including the niche of foot modeling and the attention given to foot aesthetics in popular culture.

  Quote:
  Chris Berube [38:37]: "I think we also might actually make great foot models if we ever needed the extra cash, because I can't confirm this, but a quick Google search for foot-related products like sandals suggests that a disproportionate number of foot models also have Greek feet."

Insights: The preference for the Greek foot demonstrates how cultural and artistic standards can shape and sometimes distort natural human features. It raises questions about the influence of historical aesthetics on contemporary beauty standards and the importance of embracing diversity in physical appearances.

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Conclusion

"Mini-Stories: Volume 19" of "99% Invisible" masterfully intertwines tales of humor in public signage, the unforeseen political ramifications of Jane Fonda's fitness empire, and the deep-seated artistic preferences shaping our perceptions of beauty. Through these narratives, the episode underscores the profound impact of design and cultural standards on societal behaviors and policies.

Notable Quotes:

• Matt Berting [04:40]: "Which ads are you most likely talking about Monday morning? You're talking about the ones that made you laugh or the ones that made you have an emotional reaction."

• Matt Berting [06:08]: "They always try to make sure they have people from different generations at each meeting."

• Joe Rosenberg [20:34]: "If it makes it better for even a handful of people, then I think it's worth that effort."

• Chris Berube [34:36]: "Throughout most of Western artistic history, it was an idealized form which has persisted as an aesthetic standard."

This episode exemplifies "99% Invisible's" commitment to uncovering the hidden stories behind everyday designs and cultural phenomena, revealing the intricate ways in which they influence and reflect our world.

Transcript

[Roman Mars]

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[Chris Berube]

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[Roman Mars]

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[Vivian Ley]

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[Matt Berting]

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[Vivian Ley]

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[Matt Berting]

Balance and required finance agreement is due.

[Vivian Ley]

This is 99% invisible. I'm Roman Mars. Everything outside might be frightful, but a new batch of mini stories are here to make the next 30 minutes or so absolutely delightful. So grab something warm, gather the kids around the old wireless transceiver and enjoy stories about three funny and surprisingly controversial highway signs. Jane Fonda saving you money on rent, the most famous act of contrition of all time. Or possibly the greatest PR comeback of all time, depending on who you're asking. And we learned together that the most accomplished artists of the classical world have all agreed that I, your host, have the most beautiful feet that a person can have. Let's go. So I'm joined by our producer, Chris Perube. Hey, Chris.

[Roman Mars]

Roman. It is the most wonderful time of the year. Great to be here.

[Vivian Ley]

It's a delight to have you. So what is the story you have for us today?

[Roman Mars]

So, Roman, I know I'm always comparing America to Canada as resident Canadian guy on the show.

[Vivian Ley]

Yes, I'm well aware. Yeah.

[Roman Mars]

Look, my New Year's resolution, I'm gonna tone down the Canada stuff for next year on the show.

[Vivian Ley]

I don't think you have to, but you do what feels right to you.

[Roman Mars]

Okay, okay. But I feel like I'm always making these comparisons that are like, this is better in Canada. This is better in Canada. One thing I do prefer in America is the electronic highway safety sign. Like a light board and it has text on it and it's a thing that'll say, like, left lane closed ahead. Something like that.

[Vivian Ley]

Right, Got it. Got it got it. Okay, so why do you like the ones in the US Better?

[Roman Mars]

In Canada, the signs are always bland. Right. They will say something like don't drive drunk. And then it will also say that same thing in French. Right, okay, But. But to express the same message in the US I have found there are often jokes. So let me give you an example. Pennsylvania, recently, they had a highway sign around the fourth of July that read, don't drive Star spangled hammered. Okay, here, I can give you some other ones. These are all over the country. So in Mississippi, they ran a sign this year that said four eyes in Mississippi, two eyes on the road. That's pretty good. In Massachusetts, it's use Yablinka. I like this one. In New Jersey, they have one that said, slow down, this ain't Thunder Road. So a joke for the Springsteen dads and this phenomenon, it's actually across the country. So, Roman, have you actually seen any of these?

[Vivian Ley]

I don't think these are very prominent in California, but I'm enjoying these quite a bit.

[Roman Mars]

Yeah, they're fun. So I was curious about these, and it turns out it's a very involved process to put these up.

[Vivian Ley]

I would imagine so. So tell me more.

[Roman Mars]

I actually found this out because I talked to somebody who writes these signs.

[Matt Berting]

My name is Matt Berting. I'm the press secretary at the Ohio Department of Transportation. What ODOT does is make sure that the snow is cleared in the wintertime, make sure that the roads are passable in the summertime. We also have a big role to play in safety projects across the state.

[Vivian Ley]

Oh, wow. He has the modulation of a AM radio broadcaster. He's a good voice.

[Roman Mars]

Yeah. Actually, he was a radio broadcaster for many years before he was at the Ohio Department of Transportation. So that's why that makes sense.

[Vivian Ley]

Wow.

[Roman Mars]

So Matt works at ODOT, Ohio Department of Transportation, and they have about 200 of these electronic highway signs. And Matt says their primary goal, it's to convey emergency information or information like left lane closed ahead right. But most of the time they don't have messages like this. They need to share. So they have all of this free space on the signs. And Matt says a couple years ago, ODOT started playing around with the funny signs and they kept doing it because, according to Matt, they just make a much bigger impact.

[Matt Berting]

Think about the super bowl, and you watch the ads during the Super Bowl. Which ads are you most likely talking about Monday morning? You're talking about the ones that made you laugh or the ones that made you have an emotional reaction.

[Vivian Ley]

I Mean, that certainly makes sense to me.

[Chris Berube]

So.

[Vivian Ley]

So where do these specific jokes come from? Like, who writes the jokes?

[Roman Mars]

So, Roman in Ohio, where Matt works, they actually have a writer's room coming up with these jokes.

[Vivian Ley]

Of course. That's great.

[Roman Mars]

So four times a year, they have a meeting. Everybody comes to this meeting with, like, a list of ideas, they debate them, and then they settle on a couple that are going to end up on the signs.

[Matt Berting]

I mean, sometimes I'll bring, you know, a couple dozen ideas, and 30% of them don't fly. And sometimes you bring, you know, just a handful of. Of them, and they. They all go. So it just varies.

[Vivian Ley]

The. Yeah, that sounds like every pitch room I've ever been in. I mean, 30% is a pretty good failure rate.

[Roman Mars]

Honestly, I was going to say, yeah, if our pitch meetings went that well, I think we'd be having a really good pitch meeting. But according to Matt, they're coming up with these jokes, and there's a couple of parameters they have to work with. So obviously, first thing, it has to fit on the sign. Right, Right. In Ohio, most of the signs are about 17 characters across three lines. So that's not nothing, but that's not unlimited amount of space. So first thing, it has to fit on the sign. It also obviously shouldn't be offensive, shouldn't hurt anybody's feelings, things like that. But above all, it has to make everybody in the room laugh.

[Vivian Ley]

Yeah. Which is probably the hardest criterion of all, because humor is subjective, of course.

[Roman Mars]

Yeah. And Matt says part of how they correct for that is they always try to make sure they have people from different generations at each meeting. So he says they always make sure there's, like a Gen Z staff person in there. There's a Gen Xer, and if everybody's laughing, then it's probably going to work with the general public.

[Vivian Ley]

There has to be someone there to tell you what cap means.

[Roman Mars]

Yes, exactly.

[Vivian Ley]

That's super smart. So what kind of jokes work for that whole room?

[Roman Mars]

Matt told me there's a couple subjects that always tend to work pretty well. So the first one is holidays. So a couple of years ago, ODOT had this sign for the holiday season. It was visiting in laws. Slow down. Get. Get there late.

[Vivian Ley]

Solid.

[Matt Berting]

One of them, for example, around Thanksgiving that we run every year is turkey says Buckle. Buckle. It's goofy. It's one of those things that I can certainly hear a dad saying as he's driving with his family to grandma's house for Thanksgiving dinner. And the kids are all probably rolling their eyes Going great, dad. Awful joke. Yeah, it's on the sign. You guys are all buckled up, right?

[Roman Mars]

Second inspiration is local references. So you'll make a joke about a football game coming up. Be like, you know, don't be like, michigan drive defensively. I don't know. I'm just making up an example. I don't know if Michigan's football team is bad at defense, but you'll make some joke about a geography pun, right? A lot of states do this, and Matt says the ODOT team actually will steal signs from other states and then just update them with their own local references.

[Matt Berting]

I'm going to be honest with you. Look, we all talk to each other, so you know what's a good idea in Colorado is probably a good idea in Ohio, too. I don't remember which state it was. I want to say maybe it was Utah that did camp in the mountains, not the left lane. We don't really have mountains in Ohio, but we did camp in Ohio State parks, not the left lane. I think Missouri does camp in the Ozarks, not the left lane.

[Roman Mars]

Matt says this is, like, part of the process is that states love to steal from each other. And, like, they'll meet up at a conference and they'll trade these jokes and they'll be like, oh, that works. I could do this for mine. So. So you got geography, you got holidays. The signs that get the most attention, though, these are the ones in Ohio and across America that everybody seems to love. They are inspired by pop culture. So these are the signs that go viral. These are the signs people are posting on social media. Roman, can I share a couple of the pop culture jokes?

[Vivian Ley]

I would be disappointed if you did not.

[Roman Mars]

Okay, so here we go. Arizona. They ran this one around Christmas a couple years ago. Yippee ki yay, sober drivers.

[Vivian Ley]

Oh, my God.

[Roman Mars]

Okay, so that's, of course, a Die Hard reference.

[Vivian Ley]

Yeah. No, of course. The ultimate Christmas movie. Yeah.

[Roman Mars]

More recently, Mississippi ran one that said texting and driving. Say, hi, it's me. I'm the problem. It's me. I mean, it's a simple one, but, you know, Taylor Swift was really big that summer. That makes sense. And pop culture jokes are great because they're more relevant than your kind of dad jokey turkey gobble gobble jokes. But it's kind of high risk, too, Right? Because not everybody is going to get the joke, necessarily.

[Vivian Ley]

Yeah, no, that makes sense to me. We don't all consume the same pop culture, especially today. Yeah.

[Roman Mars]

Right. And that can be really alienating. Right. So Matt Actually has a perfect example of this, where they tried a pop culture one, and it just went wrong.

[Matt Berting]

Being in Ohio, if, you know, the movie A Christmas Story, very popular in Ohio because it was filmed in the Cleveland area. So one year we put on the message boards, life is fragile. Slow down. And we spelled out phonetically fragile, because if you're familiar with the Christmas story, you know, the scene where the dad opens up the. You know, gets the box of the big prize that he wins, and, like, you know, fragile must be Italian. There are people who have not seen A Christmas Story, believe it or not, who read that and were like, what in the world is ODOT trying to say here? You're driving down the highway at 70 miles an hour. We can't explain it to you. You just got to get it. And if you don't get it, then that's probably not a good message to run.

[Roman Mars]

So in general, people love these signs. You know, they're popular, they get shared on social media. But there is a problem. One group in particular really does not like them, and that group is the Federal Highway Administration.

[Vivian Ley]

Oh, no, those guys.

[Roman Mars]

Those guys. Well, the fhwa, they're in charge of highway safety for the United States. And in their opinion, these signs can be kind of a distraction. So a couple years ago, they actually made New Jersey 10 take down one of these signs. So the sign said, hold onto your butts. Help prevent forest fires. Ha ha ha. Funny joke. But what happened is people were actually slowing down to take pictures of the sign, which is obviously not safe. It's kind of working at cross purposes to what the sign is supposed to be doing. So they actually told the state, you have to take this down.

[Vivian Ley]

That is disappointing. I get where they're coming from, though, right?

[Roman Mars]

But earlier this year, the fhwa, they put out their national guidelines for highway safety. They update these every couple of years. And it was a little bit like mom and dad turning on all the lights at a party and telling everybody to go home, because they included guidelines for what a highway safety sign should say. They said it should be informative, it should be sober. So here it is. This is the FHWA example of a good highway sign. They say, unbuckled seatbelts equals fine plus points.

[Vivian Ley]

Oh, no, that's dreadful.

[Roman Mars]

It's really dry. Yeah.

[Vivian Ley]

So is that it? Is that the end for the funny highway sign?

[Roman Mars]

Well, the guidelines came out in January, and suddenly there were all these newspaper stories that were saying, like, funny signs will be banned. You know, say goodbye to the highway signs. It's actually not quite what's happening here, because these are guidelines. Right. But Matt says it's really important to him to keep some humor in the signs because there's evidence of this. There's studies that show this. When you're being entertained, you're more likely to retain these kind of messages. And it makes people think about their driving. So in that way, it does save lives.

[Matt Berting]

I don't think we're going to suddenly see a huge swing in fatalities or crashes because of these, but I think we are taking little bites at it, and it's worth it. It doesn't cost the taxpayers anything extra, and I certainly don't think it makes it worse. So if it makes it better for even a handful of people, then I think it's worth that effort.

[Roman Mars]

Now, Roman, if you have an idea for a funny highway sign, I have some good news. You can share your pitches with odot. There's a website for it, and Matt says they consider every pitch that's sent in.

[Vivian Ley]

Oh, my God.

[Roman Mars]

If you enjoy the institution of the funny highway sign, you have an opportunity. It's at the website zerodeaths.ohio.gov so check it out.

[Vivian Ley]

I'm going to spend some quality time on this. Well, thank you, Chris. This is delightful.

[Roman Mars]

Thanks, Raman.

[Vivian Ley]

Okay, so we're here with 99 PI producer Vivian Ley. What do you have for us this year?

[Joe Rosenberg]

So I wanted to share a story that was one of the more interesting detours that I stumbled upon while reporting another story. So you remember an episode that we did in early 2024 that's also in contention for the longest podcast title ever? It was called Warning. This podcast contains chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer or other reproductive harm.

[Vivian Ley]

Of course. It's one of my favorite titles ever, so. Such a good title. Love it.

[Joe Rosenberg]

And if other listeners missed that one, it was essentially about the history of this law in California that passed in 1986 that required all California businesses to put a warning label on any products that contain cancer causing chemicals. A big part of the reason why that law originally passed was because Jane Fonda was a huge proponent of that proposition.

[Vivian Ley]

Yes. Yeah, I mean, she was the one who kind of rounded up a ton of these celebrities and, you know, they went on this bus and actually brought, like, a lot of good attention to this proposition.

[Joe Rosenberg]

Yes, exactly. Cheffy Chase was there. It was a whole thing. But while I was researching that story, I found out that that victory might not have been possible if it weren't for the Jane Fonda workout tapes. Roman Would you care to hear more?

[Vivian Ley]

Yes, absolutely. I want to hear more.

[Joe Rosenberg]

Okay. So Jane Fonda has been a huge progressive activist for literally decades. She's probably somewhere getting arrested at a climate rally as we speak. But back in the 1970s, Fonda was this huge anti war activist. And doing that work, she met another fellow anti war activist turned state assemblyman. His name was Tom Hayden. And Hayden and Fonda eventually got married. And together they realized that they needed to influence politics from within the system. So the mid ish 1970s, they founded a political action committee called the Campaign for Economic Democracy. And one of the big goals of the ced, I call it the CED for short, was trying to get progressive New Left candidates into local office. But the problem was that political action committees take a lot of money to run.

[Chris Berube]

This was a statewide organization that made a huge difference in California.

[Joe Rosenberg]

This is Jane Fonda in an interview with Democracy Now.

[Chris Berube]

We elected people that are still serving in public office in California.

[Vivian Ley]

And so we had to raise a.

[Chris Berube]

Lot of money because we had a lot of chapters and there was a recession.

[Joe Rosenberg]

You see, the CED had to pay for, you know, field offices, staffers, put on events, pay for political advertising, all that stuff that helps fund local campaigns. So Fonda was trying to solve this question of how to realistically keep the CED going financially, which was hard because Fonda and Hayden's politics were considered pretty outside of the mainstream at the time. But she says that she got an idea one day after she saw a story about a very controversial politician.

[Chris Berube]

I read an article that Lyndon LaRouche, that really bad but very wealthy guy, had a computer business that would fund people that would hold those signs at the airports.

[Vivian Ley]

And I read an article that said.

[Chris Berube]

That he supported all that with his computer business.

[Joe Rosenberg]

So, Roman, do you know who Lyndon LaRouche is?

[Vivian Ley]

I mean, I know the name. Like, I kind of know it. I mean, I kind of think of him as this, as I was growing up, this perennial presidential candidate. I know he was referenced on the Simpsons, which is probably why it's stuck in my head.

[Joe Rosenberg]

Of course.

[Roman Mars]

Yes.

[Vivian Ley]

But let's say, for purposes of this story, like, no, tell me more about Lyndon LaRouche.

[Joe Rosenberg]

Okay, so Lyndon LaRouche was a very prolific conspiracy theorist who spouted a lot of terrible anti Semitic and homophobic and racist views. He also claimed that Queen Elizabeth controlled the world's drug trade. Anyway, so LaRouche is also known for unsuccessfully running for president eight consecutive times in a row. He actually holds the record for that. But as you can imagine Roman running for president, even unsuccessfully. Takes a lot of money. Fonda read that he was able to fund his political aspirations privately through his computer consulting software, and printing businesses on the side.

[Vivian Ley]

So I thought, okay, what business can I go into that could make money?

[Chris Berube]

And it was the workout.

[Vivian Ley]

The workout. Wait, so the Jane Fonda. The Jane Fonda workout.

[Chris Berube]

Yep.

[Vivian Ley]

So did the workout exist already or her workout exist already, or did she came first?

[Joe Rosenberg]

Okay, talk to me. A little bit of background on the Jane Fonda workout.

[Vivian Ley]

Okay, Please.

[Joe Rosenberg]

So exercise is something that had been really important to Jane Fonda for a really long time. But in 1978, around the same time that the CED was getting going, she broke her foot while filming a movie. And she was looking for some new low impact form of exercise that would be less taxing on that part of the body. And she ended up meeting an exercise instructor named Lenny Kazden, who introduced her to these long, total body workouts. And she fell in love with it. And she ended up opening a bunch of exercise studios and then eventually releasing the Jane Fonda workout book, which was wildly popular.

[Chris Berube]

Talk about how much money we're talking about here. You blew everyone away.

[Roman Mars]

How long were you on the New.

[Chris Berube]

York Times bestseller list?

[Vivian Ley]

Two years. Two solid years. That is what caused the New York Times to start separating it out into categories.

[Chris Berube]

Because to have the workout book competing with, you know, Philip Roth or somebody didn't make any sense.

[Vivian Ley]

I mean, two years on the bestseller list, that's really something.

[Joe Rosenberg]

Yeah, it's a long. How long was the 99 PI book on the bestseller list?

[Vivian Ley]

On the bestseller list? I mean, I mean, it was, like, in the top 10 for, like, three weeks. So I was pretty proud of that. That's pretty good.

[Joe Rosenberg]

It's still pretty good.

[Vivian Ley]

But if it wasn't for her splitting out the list, we would not have ranked because we were on the nonfiction list and not competing with the fiction bestseller list.

[Joe Rosenberg]

Interesting. Jane Fonda. Thank you again for all of your work. But, yeah, so, you know, eventually in the 1980s, like the early 1980s, Fonda was approached to bring her work out to. To this newfangled technology called home video. And she said that she was at first, actually very hesitant to put out a workout tape. You know, she was a movie star at the time, and she thought it would be terrible for her acting career, but she agreed to do it because, you know, A, nobody would ever watch it because this was such a new technology that she barely knew anybody who owned a vcr, and B, she thought it Might bring some extra cash in for the cedar.

[Vivian Ley]

And that must have been even more successful because I didn't even know there was a book, you know, like, so, like me growing up, it was the Jane Fonda workout tapes. So it must have even eclipsed those.

[Joe Rosenberg]

Oh, yeah, totally. She. She ended up selling over 17 million tapes. And it's actually thought that the Jane Fonda workout tapes were so popular that they led to an increase in VCR sales. And Fonda says that pretty much all of that money went straight into the campaign for economic democracy.

[Vivian Ley]

Wow. Well, that's incredible. I mean, in addition to, like, pushing VCR sales, did the tape sales actually move forward? The politics of the ced, like, did it actually change California or world politics?

[Joe Rosenberg]

Yeah. So the CED invested in, you know, a bunch of progressive causes in California, like investing in solar power, labor rights, anti war initiatives, women's rights, of course, Proposition 65. But I think one of the biggest, most tangible successes of the CED was getting rent control laws passed in Santa Monica. And this is something that has actually had a lasting impact on the city and it still exists today.

[Vivian Ley]

Wow. So if you live in a rent controlled apartment in the city of Santa Monica, this is essentially because of Jane Fonda and the Jane Fonda workout tapes. Wow.

[Joe Rosenberg]

Yes, exactly. And I actually do have a friend who lived in a rent controlled apartment in Santa Monica for, like, 14 years, and he only just recently moved out to start a family. And when I learned about this, I texted him and I was just like, brandon, if you ever meet Jane Fonda, you better thank her for saving you thousands and thousands of dollars.

[Vivian Ley]

That's perfect. Oh, it's such a fun little side story. I'm glad we could take this little detour as a little bonus from your Prop 65 story, which people should go listen to if they haven't heard it. It's like one of my favorites of recent memory.

[Joe Rosenberg]

So thank you.

[Vivian Ley]

Awesome.

[Joe Rosenberg]

Merry Christmas to me.

[Vivian Ley]

Thank you, Vivian.

[Joe Rosenberg]

Thank you.

[Vivian Ley]

Coming up, why the ancient Greeks, who believed in a perfect version of everything, were obsessed with feet. And how the man who invented dynamite came back from the dead, sort of to clear his name, and ended up creating the most famous prize in the world. That's after the break. I'm responsible for getting gifts for a lot of children. And children are kind of easier to shop for because they don't have much income on their own, so they don't get anywhere near everything they want. But adults are harder because they have their own means to get what they want. So shopping for them can be quite tricky. Luckily, there's one gift that everyone on your list is sure to enjoy. An Aura Digital Picture Frame. It's named number one by wirecutter. Aura Frames make it incredibly easy to share unlimited photos and videos directly from your phone to the frame. And when you give an Aura Frame as a gift, you can personalize it and preload it with a thoughtful message and photos using the Aura app, making it an ideal present for long distance loved ones. It's great. All those photos are just kind of locked up in your phone that you just have to show your phone and swipe through like it's now on display in the house. It's really lovely. Save on the perfect gift by visiting auraframes.com to get $35 off Aura's best selling Carver Matte frames by using Promo Code Invisible at checkout. That's a U R A frames.com promo code invisible. This deal is exclusive to listeners, so get yours now in time for the holidays. Terms and conditions apply. Arkle believes in delightful design for every home and thanks to their online only model, they have some really delightful prices too. Everyone who's listened to the show for years knows how in the Bag I am for article furniture. I love it. I have a ton of it in my home. But our sound engineer Martin Gonzalez just redid his whole living room with article. He sent me a picture and it was almost comical how much article furniture he stuffed into his Brooklyn apartment. So I'm going to let him tell you what he thinks. I'm sitting here enjoying my brand new article living room set. I replaced my junky free and craigslisted.

[Roman Mars]

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[Vivian Ley]

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[Roman Mars]

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[Vivian Ley]

Boxes and screw some legs on.

[Roman Mars]

I am so much more excited to have people over now that I'm not embarrassed of my furniture.

[Vivian Ley]

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[Chris Berube]

Contact us before canceling entire account to.

[Matt Berting]

Continue bill credits or credit stop and.

[Vivian Ley]

Balance on a required finance agreement due bill credits end if you pay off devices early CT mobile.com in October we released an episode with the great Steven Johnson, talking about his latest book, the Infernal Machine, all about how the invention of dynamite drastically changed the political landscape in the US when it became the weapon of choice by domestic terrorists. Dynamite unleashed a new kind of horrific, violent destructive power that the world had.

[Steven Johnson]

Never seen before, which was people being fully blown up. Like the physical damage to the body. There's all this kind of newspaper reports like we were not able to identify the remains of this other person. Like if you were right on top of a dynamite explosion, you know, you were reduced to small little pieces of human flesh. And that was something that had not really happened to the human body before. And it suddenly started happening all the time.

[Vivian Ley]

Dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel and it made him one of the richest men in the world. But it took a death in the family and a case of mistaken identity for him to truly understand what what the public really thought of him. Author Steven Johnson talked me through this amazing story.

[Steven Johnson]

His brother died and a couple of French newspapers got confused and thought that Nobel himself had died. So he was put in the somewhat unusual position of getting to read his own obituaries in the paper, and they were not positive. And the kind of. The famous headline was, the merchant of death is dead.

[Vivian Ley]

Yeah. And it gets worse because the first line of his obituary reads, Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday. Which is a real gut punch.

[Steven Johnson]

Yeah, yeah, you hate to read that if you're still alive. And so, you know, this whole career that he'd spent, you know, unleashing this explosive force on the world designed to help it modernize and build railroads and skyscrapers and subways and sewer systems, all of which had happened and which had made him, like, one of the wealthiest people in the world at his, you know, alleged death. What was remembered was that he had unleashed all. All this terrible, catastrophic violence on the world thanks to the political radicals who had stolen his technology and put it to nefarious uses.

[Vivian Ley]

But that is definitely not how he was remembered today because of one person.

[Steven Johnson]

And so Nobel had developed before this point, a long, enduring friendship with a peace activist named Bertha von Suttner. And she had argued to him that he should use his prodigious fortune in the service of the peace cause. That was kind of on the rise at that point. And something in the accidental reading of his obituaries and the recognition that his legacy was likely to be very tarnished, and his long convers conversation with Sutner led him to change his will and take the vast majority of his fortune to endow. Now, the thing that is actually most associated with Nobel's name, not dynamite, but the Nobel Prizes, and most famously the Peace Prize, which was a very unusual. It was one thing to have a kind of a scientific prize, a Nobel Prize in physics and chemistry, seemed to make sense, and particularly made sense with something like chemistry, where Nobel had been a pioneer in chemistry himself. But the idea of a Peace Prize was a very unusual thing, and it is now arguably like the most prestigious prize that one can receive in the world. And von Sutner actually was one of the early recipients of it. So part of her. Her legacy was advocating for peace and also advocating for Nobel to create the peace prize, which then became a force for good in the world in many ways and enduring to this day.

[Vivian Ley]

Steven Johnson's most recent book is called the Infernal Machine. I loved it. You're gonna love it. It's dynamite. As are his other 13 books about science, technology, and innovation, even though the others are not Actually about dynamite. Only this one is. But they're all dynamite nonetheless. So, Joe Rosenberg, what do you have for me today?

[Chris Berube]

Well, Roman, this story starts just a couple months ago when I'm at home and I'm walking around barefoot, and I go into my roommate's room to ask her about something, and before I can even get a word in, she just blurts out, oh, my God, what the hell is wrong with your feet? And I look down at my feet, I look up again, and I say, what do you mean? Because she sounded truly alarmed, at which point she goes, your big toe is shorter than your second toe, huh? Yeah, and it's true, my big toe is slightly shorter than my second toe. But genuinely, before this moment, it had never once occurred to me to think about the lengths of people's big toes relative to their other toes, much less my own.

[Vivian Ley]

You know, now that you mention it, my second toe is also longer than my big toe. But if you were to tell me to draw a foot, I think I would draw them in sort of a kind of straight diagonal progression from big toe to little toe.

[Chris Berube]

Oh, okay. So your big toe is also shorter than your second toe.

[Vivian Ley]

That's right. I'm one of you.

[Chris Berube]

Oh, okay. Okay. Well, then this story is going to have. Suddenly, the stakes just got a lot higher. Okay, so most feet, you know.

[Joe Rosenberg]

Yeah.

[Chris Berube]

They form more or less that kind of diagonal line with the big toe being biggest and my feet. And apparently your feet do not. At least in my case, the end of my foot instead, just kind of forms this gentle curve. But my roommate was just adamant about this, that the length of my big toes, or specifically their lack of length, was just plain wrong.

[Vivian Ley]

And so how did you take this in?

[Chris Berube]

Like, emotionally, externally, with grace? Okay, internally, I am freaking out. I already have other things about my body that I'm not pleased with. And so I do the only thing I can do at that moment, which is to rush back to my room, go on my computer, and look up what it means when your big toe is abnormally short.

[Vivian Ley]

What did you find? I mean, what did the Internet tell you? Not that I put a ton of credence on the Internet when it comes to, like, what thing is going on with my body. But still, what did the Internet tell you?

[Chris Berube]

Well, in this case, you should put total credence in the Internet, because I found total vindication.

[Vivian Ley]

Oh, excellent.

[Chris Berube]

Yeah, it turns out that this is a thing in the art world, because in the Western artistic tradition, throughout its long history of depicting the human form, there are three Major foot shapes that you'll see come up, and they are Egyptian, Roman, and Greek.

[Vivian Ley]

And so I'm assuming that's because this is how the Egyptian Romans and Greek sculptors and painters each portrayed feet.

[Chris Berube]

Exactly. But also, each of these three categories corresponds to types of feet commonly found worldwide. And broadly speaking, an Egyptian foot is when your big toe is longer than your other toes, and that is far and away. As mentioned, you know, the most common type of foot worldwide, in one study, it's something like 70% of the global population.

[Vivian Ley]

Okay.

[Chris Berube]

Then there is the slightly rarer Roman foot. That is when your big toe is the same length as your second toe and often third toe. And that's like 25% of people. And then there is what you and I have, the Greek foot, which is when your big toe is shorter than your second toe, and the Greek foot is the rarest foot of all. In this same study, only 5% of people have it.

[Vivian Ley]

Wow. I would have never thought such a thing. So, given that it's so rare, what determines whether or not you have a Greek foot?

[Chris Berube]

It's a little unclear. You'll be shocked to learn that toe length is not a top priority in the medical community right now. And to be clear, there's no definitive study of the numbers. They can vary quite a bit, but it pops up more in a few populations throughout the world. So according to, again, different studies, maybe, like, 30% of the Nodoma in Nigeria have it. Possibly a majority of people with Ainu ancestry in northern Japan have it as well. But the important part for you and me is that according to no less a source than Wikipedia, my foot, my much maligned and ridiculed foot with its short big toe, was not only depicted but treasured by the ancient Greeks, who believed, and I kid you not, that it was the platonically ideal form of the human foot.

[Roman Mars]

Right.

[Vivian Ley]

Well, take that unnamed roommate. That'll show her making fun of Joe Rosenberg's feet.

[Chris Berube]

That's right. And I'm obviously, I'm not gonna disclose her name. I'd hate to humiliate her in front of our audience of millions. Yeah, but it gets better, because it says that throughout most of Western artistic history, it was, quote, an idealized form which has persisted as an aesthetic standard.

[Vivian Ley]

So, like, you and I have won, like, the foot lottery. The Western canon has determined that we have beautiful, beautiful feet.

[Chris Berube]

We do. And I need to insert a brief PSA here, which is that in the medical world, there's actually a name for it. It's called Morton's Toe. And it can lead to gait issues that lead to leg and back pain later on in life. So, you know, if you feel like you have an extreme version of this, maybe go check it out with your doctor. But that is not relevant to what we're discussing today. We're gonna. We're gonna move on to the more important stuff here.

[Vivian Ley]

Okay, so how did that aesthetic ideal come about? Like, how did the Greek foot initially become considered this, you know, the quote unquote, persistent aesthetic standard?

[Chris Berube]

Well, perhaps not surprisingly, something like 40% of Greeks have it and possibly, yeah, like a majority of Greek men.

[Vivian Ley]

So the ancient Greeks just looked down on their feet and just decided, oh, this toe configuration is the best, obviously.

[Chris Berube]

Right. And if you think back to your high school history class, you. You might remember that when classical Greek culture came about, the Greek philosophers and artists were just obsessed with the idea that you could find the ideal form of every little thing.

[Vivian Ley]

Right. The Greeks thought they could deduce this idealized form of the perfect tree. The. The Platonic ideal is what I was taught.

[Chris Berube]

Yes, exactly. And there was actually a famous Greek sculptor, Polykleitos, who apparently laid out the perfect proportions of a human male body in a treatise. And sadly, all the exact measurements from this treatise are lost to history. But one thing that Polykleitos and the other Greek artists believed was that the big toe absolutely had to be shorter than the second toe.

[Vivian Ley]

And how much shorter are we talking here?

[Chris Berube]

Admittedly, it's a little unclear. And it's also honestly not clear what their rationale was, besides the fact that so many Greek people had it. Every article I've found on this likes to say it might have been due to the golden ratio. But what exactly toe length has to do with the golden ratio, no one ever bothers to explain.

[Vivian Ley]

Yeah, as soon as the golden ratio is brought into something, I'm like, okay, this is a bunch of nonsense.

[Chris Berube]

Yeah. Nevertheless, the Greeks end up having a disproportionate cultural impact. And so there's basically been like 2,500 years of Western art in which the depiction of the human form has been influenced by the Greeks. And so when it comes to the great works of Western art, Artos Roman are in very good company, needless to say. I prepared a small slideshow. Okay, let me start you off with what is arguably the most admired and well preserved ancient Greek bronze of all time. It's called Boxer at Rest, in which this very handsome guy, who I personally think kind of looks like Paul Mescal, sits in this kind of beautiful, exhausted repose.

[Vivian Ley]

Okay, let me click on this one. Okay. Oh, yeah, yeah, that's nice.

[Chris Berube]

And here is a detail, of course, of one of his perfect Greek feet with its slightly smaller big toe.

[Vivian Ley]

Yeah, this is very subtle, but I can see this is a lovely idealized foot.

[Chris Berube]

Absolutely. And lest you think this is restricted to men, let's move on to Renaissance painting with no less than Botticelli's Birth of Venus.

[Vivian Ley]

Oh, yeah.

[Chris Berube]

Venus, I will remind you, is the goddess of Roman beauty. And here are her even more pronounced Greek feet.

[Vivian Ley]

Oh, goodness. Yeah, they really are leaning in hard. It looks like a finger almost.

[Chris Berube]

Yeah. And the list of Greek feet goes on. You know, Leonardo's drawings of the ideal human form. You know, the one in the circle.

[Vivian Ley]

Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah.

[Chris Berube]

Michelangelo's David. And my personal favorite example of Greek feet, the Statue of Liberty.

[Vivian Ley]

Oh, wow. Yeah. I've never noticed this before. Is that like the biggest short big toe on display in the world?

[Chris Berube]

It might be. You know, there's only a few challengers and I probably should check them out.

[Vivian Ley]

I've never looked at her feet before. Like, not only is the, you know, second toe quite long, the pinky toe is weirdly far back. It looks bizarre.

[Chris Berube]

Yeah, no, it's. It is truly bizarre looking. I personally think that my Greek feet are better than her Greek feet. And I should add, I think we also might actually make great foot models if we ever needed the extra cash, because I can't confirm this, but a quick Google search for foot related products like sandals suggests that a disproportionate number of foot models also have Greek feet. So I think the modeling agencies might need to give us a call.

[Vivian Ley]

Yeah, I think that makes total sense. This is opening up just a dark doorway.

[Chris Berube]

Yeah. I mean, do you know about Wikifeet Roman?

[Vivian Ley]

I do. I mean, I've heard that name before, but I've never dared to look. I do know that at one point I posted a picture on Instagram of a piece of art in my house. And we don't wear shoes in my house. And so my feet were on display and my stepdaughter texted and said, you put your feet on the Internet? And I was like, what? So I'm aware of this, but I have not opened that door. Like, this is not a subculture I'm, like, going to explore greatly, I don't think.

[Chris Berube]

Well, but at least you know now that you have truly beautiful feet.

[Vivian Ley]

Well, you have beautiful feet too, Jo.

[Chris Berube]

Oh, my God. Well, thank you, Roman. Yeah, don't hate us because we're beautiful.

[Vivian Ley]

Don't hate us because we're beautiful. Thank you so much, Joe. This was fun.

[Chris Berube]

This was a lot of fun, Roman. Thanks.

[Vivian Ley]

99% Invisible was produced this week by Chris Berupe, Vivian Ley, Jacob Medina Gleason and Joe Rosenberg. Edited by Christopher Johnson, mix by Martine Gonzalez, music by Swan Rial fact checking by Lara Bullins Kathy Tu is our executive producer. Kurt Kolsted is the digital director. Delaney hall is our senior editor. The rest of the team includes Emmett Fitzgerald, Gabriella Gladney, Lashma Dawn, Nina Patak, Kelly Prime, Jason De Leon and me, Roman Mars. Taylor Shedrick is our intern. The 99 Invisible logo was created by Stefan Lawrence. We are part of The Stitcher and SiriusXM podcast family now headquartered six blocks north in the Pandora building in beautiful uptown Oakland, California. You can find us on Blue sky, which is definitely the best mass social media site that anyone can hang out on. We're gonna make a go over there, so give it a try. Or you can connect with us on our Discord server where there's over 5,000 people talking about the power broker, talking about architecture, talking about bunch of other stuff. There's a link to that as well as every past episode of [e-mail] hello beautiful nerds, it's Roman here. If you're loving 99% invisible and want to hear new episodes ad free and get access to exclusive bonus content like AMAs with me and producers on staff. Subscribe to SiriusXM podcast plus on Apple Podcasts to start your free trial today.