Inside Data Breaches and Human Behavior with Troy Hunt

Summary

Afternoon Cyber Tea with Ann Johnson

Episode: Inside Data Breaches and Human Behavior with Troy Hunt
Date: December 9, 2025
Guest: Troy Hunt (Founder, Have I Been Pwned)
Host: Ann Johnson (Corporate Vice President and Deputy Chief Information Security Officer, Microsoft)

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Episode Overview

In this episode, Ann Johnson sits down with Troy Hunt to dissect the realities behind data breaches, human behavior, and how the intersection of technology, psychology, and organizational priorities shapes cybersecurity outcomes. Drawing on Troy's deep experience managing "Have I Been Pwned" (HIBP), with its vast troves of breach records, the conversation moves from the scale and recurring nature of breaches, to the frustrating gaps in disclosure and transparency, the inevitability of human error, and what a more resilient digital future might look like.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

The Scale and Nature of Data Breaches

• Billions of Records, Repeated Exposure

  • HIBP tracks over 17 billion breached records, involving nearly 7 billion unique email addresses, meaning most individuals show up in multiple breaches.
  • “When someone gets breached, they usually get breached more than once...the sum of the parts of these different breach ends up exposing very rich data sets about individual victims." (Troy Hunt, 01:42)

• Overlapping Victimization

  • Extended time online raises risk; m ost people (including Troy himself) have appeared in dozens of breaches due to long-term internet activity.

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The Human Side: Weakness and Disclosure

• Most Frustrating Weakness: Organizational Reluctance to Disclose

  • Troy flagged not individual mistakes, but organizational reluctance to notify impacted users.
  • “Maybe one of the human weaknesses we have here is actually not on behalf of the individual victims, but on behalf of the corporate victims.” (Troy Hunt, 03:06)
  • Organizations often prioritize shareholder value over transparency to customers.

• Corporate Psychology and Risk Aversion

  • Companies' “number one priority … is to shareholders… organizations end up in a bit of a nasty position where they’re trying to publicly demonstrate how important security is...but inevitably it then leads to this, protecting the organisation, being careful what they say, not admitting to fault.” (Troy Hunt, 04:07)
  • Disclosure systems are often inadequate and slow.

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Human Behavior: Fatigue, Selfishness & Mistakes

• Breach Fatigue

  • Regular notifications desensitize individuals.
  • “It’s a big yawn at this point in time because I’m like, okay, my data’s out there. I’m just gonna make sure I have more alerts and more strong authentication on my accounts.” (Ann Johnson, 07:00)
  • Troy calls this “data breach fatigue,” leading people to develop resilience (password managers, alerts) rather than panic at every new breach.

• Self-Interest Driving Negative Outcomes

  • Class-action lawsuits by individuals can encourage organizations to withhold disclosures:
  • "In this pursuit of selfishness, this gratification and making like literally a buck is it's driving organizations to be very standoffish and very defensive and not be transparent and not be expeditious and in some cases not disclose to individuals at all. And that's just a terrible outcome." (Troy Hunt, 06:00)

• Even Experts Make Mistakes

  • Troy candidly recounts falling for a phishing scam despite his expertise, due to jet lag and emotional vulnerability—demonstrating no one is immune to manipulation.
  • "[E]ven experts make mistakes ... It helps other people feel not so bad." (Ann Johnson, 12:59)
  • “I got phished earlier this year like proper successfully phished... People have moments of weakness, you know, they're tired, they're rushed, they're concerned about losing something. And now here we are.” (Troy Hunt, 10:46)
  • Troy’s transparency turned the incident into an educational moment.

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Organizational and Regulatory Challenges

• Preparedness and Responsive Design

  • Breaches are inevitable; organizations should focus on resiliency and containment, similar to business continuity planning.
  • "If we had data breach response… as part of organizational preparedness… that would make a really big difference." (Troy Hunt, 08:26)

• Transparency's Power and Limits

  • Troy believes open processes (e.g., open-source code in HIBP) build trust and dispel myths.
    • “The great thing about transparency is that it's almost like a self evident proof.” (Troy Hunt, 21:00)
  • However, he’s skeptical regulatory frameworks alone drive openness—disclosure to affected individuals is often minimal unless strictly mandated.

• Regulatory Lag

  • Laws struggle to keep up with technological change (example: Australia's move to ban under-16s on social media and the unintended consequences thereof).
  • "[L]egislation always lags behind technology by some number of years..." (Troy Hunt, 18:32)

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The Future of Identity and Authentication

• Identity Systems and Human Nature

  • Current solutions (e.g., uploading IDs, facial scans) raise privacy and practicality questions.
  • Age/identity verification exposes tensions between privacy, trust, and user experience.
  • “[I]t's very, very, very hard to do any sort of identity insurance or verify or trust based on any of the assets that we have available to us today.” (Troy Hunt, 17:07)

• Passwordless/Passkey Authentication

  • Troy and Ann are hopeful, but realistic about the transition away from passwords.
    • "We do have much more viable alternatives today than when I was answering questions 10 years ago... passkeys I mentioned before are fantastic." (Troy Hunt, 28:10)
    • But, "we’re still going to have to deal with this...they’ll find the next path of least resistance..." (Troy Hunt, 28:25)

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The Role and Impact of Have I Been Pwned

• Personalization as a Wake-Up Call

  • Seeing one’s own email in HIBP prompts board members and executives to take security personally.
    • "I just put have a beanpone in front of them, whack your email address into here..." (Troy Hunt, 09:12)
  • The service's transparency and open data explanations also counter misinformation and misunderstanding about breach incidents.

• Twelve Years of Impact

  • HIBP’s growth surprised Troy as well: “No one is more surprised than me that it has...become...essential part of the fabric of many parts of the Internet.” (Troy Hunt, 20:16)

• Limits to Influence

  • "You can either do the right thing and be honest and tell everyone about it and that will line up with our messaging, or you can try and cover it up, say nothing, be dismissive, and we'll still give the right, accurate information to people..." (Troy Hunt, 24:24)

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Memorable Quotes & Notable Moments

• On Organizations and Disclosure:
  • “The biggest blocker for organizations disclosing is that their number one priority is not to their customers...their number one priority...is to shareholders.” (Troy Hunt, 04:07)
• On Human Error:
  • “I got phished earlier this year...and I think that contextualizes it for everyone and shows that we all have a human weakness somewhere that'll take us can exploit.” (Troy Hunt, 10:46)
• On the Value of Personalization:
  • “If you can personalize, people pay attention...it's part of human DNA.” (Ann Johnson, 09:57)
• On Transparency:
  • “If an organization leaves a vacuum after a data breach, people will fill the vacuum. And very often it’s reporters that fill the vacuum.” (Troy Hunt, 26:29)
• On Optimism:
  • “We do have...more viable alternatives today...the passkeys I mentioned before are fantastic. Now, most people don’t know how they work, which is part of the problem. However, we do have a technical mechanism which does solve one of the greatest problems we have.” (Troy Hunt, 28:25)

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Important Timestamps

• [01:42] – Troy quantifies breach scale and repeat victimization.
• [03:06] – Discussion on the greatest human weakness: lack of organizational disclosure.
• [06:00] – The effect of selfishness on breach response and class actions.
• [07:24] – “Breach fatigue” and normalization of notifications.
• [10:46] – Troy's story of being phished—no one is immune.
• [14:41] – How rapid, transparent response to being breached sets a positive example.
• [15:45] – Challenges in designing human-first authentication and age verification.
• [21:00] – Transparency as a defense against misinformation.
• [22:31] – Regulatory gaps and constraints related to disclosure.
• [24:24] – Advice for CISOs: control the message or the message controls you.
• [28:10] – Why passwordless authentication is a hopeful (but not total) solution.

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Conclusion: Looking Forward with Hope

The conversation ends on a note of "cyber optimism," recognizing both the persistent and evolving threat landscape and the steady progress in technical defenses, organizational culture, and industry-wide transparency. Troy emphasizes the importance of building systems—and communities—that expect breaches but are resilient and transparent in their response.

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This summary provides the essential contents, memorable insights, and candid tone of the conversation, serving as a useful guide for anyone who hasn't listened to the episode.

Transcript

[A]

You're listening to the Cyberwire Network, powered by N2K. Welcome to Afternoon cybertea, where we explore the intersection of innovation and cybersecurity. I'm your host, Dan Johnson. From the front lines of digital defense to groundbreaking advancements shaping our digital future, we will bring you the latest insights, expert interviews, and captivating stories. To stay one step ahead. Today, I am joined by Troy Hunt, the founder of have I Been Pawned? Troy has helped the world understand data breaches in a way few others could, translating billions of compromise records into insights about attacker behavior, human weakness, and the future of security. Troy, welcome to Afternoon Cybertea. G'.

[B]

Day. Thank you for having me.

[A]

So your work has forced the industry to confront a really hard truth. Security often fails not because of technology that is broken, but because the technology does not work for people. And that is an important lens for our listeners, because when we strip away the headlines and we strip away the numbers, breach data is really a story about us. It is about how attackers adapt and how people keep repeating the same mistakes. Now, like me, you have seen breach data at unprecedented scale. So what do billions, and I literally mean billions of compromised records reveal about how attackers actually operate?

[B]

Yeah, good question. And maybe we should begin by quantifying billions. As of the time of recording, we've got just over 17 billion breached records in this service, nearly 7 billion unique email addresses. So we're sort of two and a bit breaches for each email address. And I guess one of the things that is when someone gets breached, they usually get breached more than once. And of course, there are many, many different factors involved in that. I myself, because I've been on the Internet since the mid-90s, I have been in many dozens of data breaches. And I guess one of the things this tells us is that time on the Internet increases risks and increases likelihood of exposure. And then by having multiple breaches for each individual, the enrichment of data, for want of a better term, the sum of the parts of these different breach ends up exposing very rich data sets about individual victims.

[A]

That is a really large number. And I wonder if, and maybe throughout the course of the presentation that we're talking about, if you have any context of whether the same user shows up or the same classes or the same groups of users show up repeatedly. But before we get to that, when you actually analyze this data, what is the single most frustrating human weakness you keep seeing over and over again,

[B]

you know, you got to the bit about what is the single most frustrating? And immediately my mind went to disclosing to organisations, and maybe one of the human weaknesses we have here is actually not on behalf of the individual victims, but on behalf of the corporate victims. Actually being able to disclose a data breach to an organisation and have them take it seriously, have them even reply to my emails and then have them disclosed to individuals, I think shows serious weaknesses in the psyche of the humans that work for these organisations. And that's honestly, to me, like, that is probably the number one biggest problem I'm dealing with at the moment. How do we get the humans in these organisations to let all the other individual human victims know about these breaches?

[A]

I can understand, by the way, why that would be so challenging. If you report a breach to a very large organization, they probably don't actually have a mechanism to go talk to the individuals. What they're going to be focused on is whether that individual's compromised credentials are being used in any way that's malicious within the organization is my suspicion.

[B]

I think that's part of it and part of that mechanism. And I've often put this to organizations I've spent time with where I said, look, if you suddenly had to turn around and email every single one of your customers about a data breach, could you do it? Could you do it for argument's sake, within 72 hours? I think we think of three days being a bit of a gold standard and very often they can't. But I find that really, that the biggest blocker for organizations disclosing is that their number one priority is not to their customers, despite what the disclosure. Emails often say, their number one priority, and it's probably not surprising, is to shareholders. And what that means is protecting organisational value, making sure that the share price doesn't take a hit, that investors don't lose confidence. And I think organisations end up in a bit of a nasty position where they're trying to publicly demonstrate how important security is. Every one of these disclosure notices always starts with, we take the security of your data seriously. And then they go on about how maybe they didn't do that enough, but inevitably it then leads to this, protecting the organisation, being careful what they say, not admitting to fault. And it's not just to me. I spend a lot of time with law enforcement agencies and I sit there and I have exactly the same discussion with the likes of the FBI where they're like, look, it's difficult to find people in an organisation to actually take a data breach seriously.

[A]

I think that's probably right. It's so interesting when you think about the psychology of it, because they probably do take it seriously, but they're only looking at it through the lens of how does it impact me? I don't want to use the word selfish as a strong word, but they're just using it really through this myopic lens of how could it possibly impact me as an organization versus how does it impact the individuals?

[B]

Well, I think you're right. In fairness, the individuals who are the victims of data breaches. And I assume that includes you. It definitely includes me. Yeah. We have a selfish interest as well. Like we're interested in how does it impact us. And I'd argue that selfishness is often the behaviour that drives negative outcomes. And an example of that is very often I see individuals joining in class actions. So a service will have a data breach and you're now in your 20th data breach or whatever it is as an individual. And this service has lost non sensitive things. Your email address, the password that you've probably used everywhere, your phone number, your home address. And people then join class actions. And I'm like, why are you doing this? And I said, well I want money and I want retribution. Well, you're going to get a dollar. Like you're literally going to get a dollar if you get anything. And the whole idea of punishment, this is why you have corporate reg. And what this behavior is doing in this pursuit of selfishness, this gratification and making like literally a buck is it's driving organizations to be very standoffish and very defensive and not be transparent and not be expeditious and in some cases not disclose to individuals at all. And that's just a terrible outcome.

[A]

It is a terrible outcome and I will tell you and we'll get back on track in a second. But when I received the notification, I receive, you know, probably one a month, it almost feels like it's probably not that many. It's a big yawn at this point in time because I'm like, okay, my data's out there. I'm just gonna make sure I have more alerts and more strong authentication on my accounts. Right. Because I can't prevent the fact that my data is out there and it's being sold and it's available.

[B]

Yeah. And that's this conundrum I guess that people are referring to as data breach fatigue where we're getting so many of these notices that we're sort of like, oh well, it happened again. And I guess it's a bit sad in a way where it's just become normalized to the point where we're like, okay, whatever. But maybe what it's doing as well is changing our behaviors or necessitating that we change our behaviors and we stop sort of treating each individual incident as some major thing. And we structure ourselves such that we expect breach and we're resilient to breach. You know, so that might mean having a password manager and strong unique passwords, having some form of identity protection and credit monitoring. And I think these now should be the norm such that every time there is a new data breach, you're like, well, yeah, I'm as best prepared as I can be for this.

[A]

That's exactly right. And we extrapolate that concept into enterprises. You're going to have an event. How you recover from the event and how you protect yourself and be as resilient and contain the event as much as possible has to be the philosophy, because these are going to continue to happen. They just are.

[B]

Well, this is very much like a business continuity exercise, right? Like organizations invest all this time trialing, testing, war rooming, what will happen if the network goes down or if we lose a site, how do we roll over the other one? And if we had data breach response or security incident or whatever banner we want to put it on there, if we have that as part of that organizational preparedness, and we did that more consistently, there are certainly some organizations that do it. Well, I think that would make a really big difference.

[A]

I completely agree. Well, let's talk about. You talk to a lot of boards of directors. If you could put one chart, one slide, one piece of information in front of boards of directors based on breach data, what would it show and why would that be the thing you focus on?

[B]

Well, given my self interest with this service, I just put have a beanpone in front of them, whack your email address into here. And if your email address isn't in there, then your partner's probably is. You know, not necessarily like your partner in the office, but your wife or your husband, your kids are probably in there, your parents are in there. And I think what have I been pwned has been, I guess, unexpectedly very good at is bringing the reality of data breaches right in front of people's eyes where they enter their email address and like, oh, wow, yeah, I did sign up to that fitness app, you know, all those years ago. Or I think that is the thing that has a way of almost coming full circle. You know, like I registered for Adobe, I put my data in, and now this website's coming back and it's showing me that my data from Adobe is out there. I feel that has a great impact.

[A]

I think that does have a great impact. If you can personalize it, people pay attention. Right? People are by the way, we taught you used the word selfish earlier. People are just inherently selfish. It's part of human DNA. Right. So if you can personalize they're going to pay more attention.

[B]

Sure.

[A]

So I don't necessarily like thinking about humans as the weakest leak. I talk a lot about digital empathy, that your system should be resilient enough that if a user clicks on a link it shouldn't bring down the entirety of a corporate network. And I feel the same way about humans information or data being stolen and be part of a breach. So I don't want to talk about the humans necessarily being a major weak link. However, humans do make mistakes. So after decades of these awareness campaigns we are doing, why do you think users keep making the same mistakes?

[B]

Well, let me speak from my own personal experience and I'm the have I been pwned Cybersecurity guy. I think about this a lot. I think I do a reasonable job of it. I do a lot of education and spend a lot of time I guess speaking to important people at this and I got phished earlier this year like proper successfully phished and I'll talk about how that happened because I think that contextualizes it for everyone and shows that we all have a human weakness somewhere that'll take us can exploit. I was in London, as you can probably hear I'm normally not from London, I'm from Australia. I was jet lagged. I very ironically had had a meeting with the National Cyber Security Centre, the British government the day before about moving from particularly moving from password advice around things like create passphrases, you know, long and complex and moving towards pass keys because pass keys are so important because they're phishing resilient and I was jet lagged and I got up with a friend and we had a couple of beers at and then the next morning I woke up early and I had this email allegedly from mailchimp about my account being locked because of spam complaints and that seemed very feasible and I followed the link and my password manager didn't autocomplete my strong unique password which happens every now and then because organizations have got their assets spread over all sorts of different domains and didn't autofill so I copied and pasted it but I'm a responsible cyber guy so I had two factor turned on and it requested the six digit token which I copied and pasted from my code generator into the phishing. And about five seconds later my brain went, hang on a second, you know this isn't right. And about five seconds after that I got the alerts from mailchimp that my mailing list had been automatically exported. So I demonstrated these human weaknesses that social engineering and scams and attackers take advantage of. One of them was fear. Losing access to my mailing list, it caught me in a moment of weakness. People have moments of weakness, you know, they're tired, they're rushed, they're concerned about losing something. And now here we are. And I think the lesson of this story is that if I can without I guess being too self ingratiating, but if I can specialise in this area and give this so much thought as a career for however long now, and I get caught, well, any of us

[A]

get caught, I think that's a great story and I know you were open and transparent about it and I appreciate you doing that because we have to acknowledge that humans, even experts, make mistakes and we have to. It helps other people feel not so bad. But it also raised awareness. I was reading about it at the time and I was thinking this is fantastic because it actually is going to, to raise awareness. As bad as it was for you, right? As bad as it was for you, it helped raise awareness and people started thinking about their behaviors.

[B]

I agree with you. At that moment I wasn't feeling. It was fantastic. My wife said she's never seen me jump out of bed so quickly and I was literally like laying in bed having a coffee. It was 6:30 in the morning or something like that. I did very quickly realize that it was actually a really good opportunity because it gave me the chance to have discussions like this. I don't feel any stigma for it. I know that a lot of people feel stupid for falling for scams. I think I've spent enough time sort of looking at the exploitation of human sentiments and so on to understand that it's normal, it happens. It got a lot of mileage in terms of discussions like this, in terms of pushing the passkey mandate. I mean ironically that meeting with the NCSC was like how can we demonstrate the value of pass keys? And afterwards my wife said, are you sure the British government didn't phish you just to make them? No, they didn't do that.

[A]

I'm quite sure.

[B]

It's not that. I look at that as an upside and you look. I had some email addresses exposed and I wasn't happy about that. I put them in. Have I been pwned. And that gave me an opportunity to demonstrate precisely the behaviour that I'm pushing other organizations for as well. You know, like respond quickly, be transparent. I got all of it out there, I think within about 35 minutes of the breach, which is much better than 72 hours. So yeah, look, there's benefit to me getting phished.

[A]

Yeah, there is, but. And hopefully it taught people what to look for. And for you, I hope the recovery was, you know, reasonably painless. Right?

[B]

Yeah, it was, but you know, sometimes it's not for other organizations. I've got one in mind which I won't name, but they had a very typical normal data breach some years ago and it's a small organization, it only took one floor obviously that the hackers were able to exploit. And the guy behind that contacted me some time ago. I went, I keep getting hit by class actions now, you know, like this happened like two years ago and I just keep having these lawyers pop up and demand money and it's killing my business. And that's really sad case to be.

[A]

That is a really sad case to be. And I guess that leads me a little bit into the next question, right? To avoid those type of situations. Knowing what, you know, if we could design identity systems, authentication systems around human nature instead of the way we've historically designed them, we've tended to design them with a little too much complexity. What would those systems look like? What would you advise?

[B]

I think identity is just a really fascinating problem and it ties into other things that seem really obvious on the surface. Then you start scratching our ties into things like trust. And I'll give you a good example of this. We are here in Australia at the start of December. In six days from now, we will become the first country in the world to ban under 16s from having social media. Now my 16 year old son is not too worried about this, but my 13 year old daughter is not happy at all because we made her wait until she was 13. She got social media knowing that this ban was coming and I'm like, look, you know, we'll do the right thing, we'll wait till you're 13 because that's what the platforms asked for. But just be conscious that in December 2025, the government wants to compel the social media companies to no longer make that available. And this is interesting because then it brings up this question of identity and verification because how do social media platforms now figure out who is 16 and who is not? Now this is age verification, but that's tied very closely to identity verification. And everyone will speculate and say, well, you know, the only way you're going to be able to do that is you have to upload things like your driver's license. And who really wants to upload their driver's license to, no offense, but to an American social media website, Even if it wasn't the concern about geographic boundaries and things like that, who really wants to provide that information to another party when in many cases people are using platforms like, say, X under a pseudonym. And there can be all sorts of good reasons why they don't want to tie an IRL identity to an online identity. But what does that mean? And what you start to realize as you dig deeper is that it's very, very, very hard to do any sort of identity insurance or verify or trust based on any of the assets that we have available to us today. And the message I'm looking at for my daughter, which came through only about a half hour ago, is the way Snapchat is doing identity verification or age verification is using a facial scan. So they're asking to scan your face. Now, there are privacy concerns about that, obviously. The other thing is she's 13. She obviously looks 16 because she just flew through it. No problems at all. And apparently she is now, I'm not quite sure what the word is, but she's almost like the guinea pig for her friends because she can verify all of her friends ages now.

[A]

Oh, dear.

[B]

Which I find fascinating when it comes to this whole premise of actually verifying identity and making that, I guess, play nice with privacy.

[A]

Yeah. And I think that that is an example of a regulation that has good intent but doesn't understand the practical implications or the unintended consequences.

[B]

Well, I mean, how many times have we said that legislation always lags behind technology by some number of years? I mean, just look at all the recent issues. At the moment, it's all about AI. It wasn't that long ago it was all about crypto. And again, all of this was technology has moved forward and regulators are suddenly going, hang on a like, what do we do with this? Even irl, outside the digital realm, we have this problem, as I'm sure you do in many other parts of the world at the moment with E bikes and kids. And the regulation always takes so long to catch up.

[A]

It always does. And you and I, some other time, we'll talk about e bikes and also scooters, because living in Seattle, it's a challenge for us to drive and to share the roads, because even technology aside, our ecosystems and our infrastructure aren't prepared for E bikes or E scooters and all of those things to share the road with a car.

[B]

Well, you know, the funny thing is we've just come back from the Netherlands. We were there for a Europol event in the Hague. And of course the Netherlands is the bike capital of the world. Everywhere is bikes. And now we're seeing lots of E bikes. And I was saying to my wife, well, yeah, obviously they will have all of this organised because they're the Dutch and they do bikes better than anyone. And then you start looking up and you're like, like actually they've got really big problems there as well because it's the same sort of probably less cars hitting bikes, but you still got kids being idiots on E bikes. And all the same problems are prevalent there too.

[A]

That's true. Well, let's talk a little about have I been bond? It is a critical early warning system for governments, enterprises, individuals. When you started it, did you visualize that it was going to evolve into what it is today?

[B]

Well, we're also doing this on a good day because today is Hobo mpone's 12th birthday, so.

[A]

Oh, congratulations.

[B]

Yeah, I know, it's wild, isn't it? It's funny seeing all the responses to it where people are like, hang on a moment, is it 12 years like I remember when? And no one is more surprised than me that it has not just become useful, but arguably pretty essential part of the fabric of many parts of the Internet. It has taken me personally from a desk job that I hated into a world where I get to travel around a lot and spend time with really interesting people and organ. And I think what I'm probably most happy about is it has actually had real world impact on the security posture of individuals and organisations and governments as well. And that's a very fulfilling place to be at now.

[A]

That's fantastic. And what have you learned though about the power or the limits of transparency?

[B]

I think one of the beautiful things about transparency, I wrote a blog post just before this podcast along a similar line and the great thing about transparency is that it's almost like a self evident proof. And the blog post I'd written today is someone gave me a one star trustpilot review and I really shouldn't care about trustpilot for all sorts of reasons. But the point they made had been raised many times before, which was I entered a junk email address into have I been pwned? And it came back and it said it's in a breach. This is A scam. And I went, well, okay, we can explain this using some of the principles of transparency. So first of all, here is the code that we use to process data breaches and it literally just reg exes out email addresses. We run that over text files, which is what data breaches are. Here are some examples of email addresses that look ridiculous. I can't say the alias or the one that I use as an example, but it's funny, look it up later. But here's an example. It passes validation and you can see the validation logic because it's in an open source GitHub repository. That email address was entered into Adobe, you can go to the Adobe website and you can enter that into the registration box and there we go. That's how it happens. So I think that's a great example of where open transparency can very quickly disprove, in this case, fraudulent claims.

[A]

I think that makes sense. In the same vein, do you think that we're moving toward more transparency, more disclosure openness, or will organizations try to minimize what they share unless it's mandated or regulated?

[B]

Yeah, and unfortunately I think that's what it is. One of the things that a lot of people don't understand is around what are the obligations, the regulatory obligations of organisations for disclosure. And I particularly hear this in the EU under gdp and we were so excited about GDPR back in sort of 2018 era. It was going to come along and force all organisations to disclose everything within 72 hours, otherwise be fined up to 4% of gross annual worldwide turnover. And now everyone will behave. And what people don't tend to understand is that for things like disclosure, the regulatory obligations are usually around reporting to the regulator. So you might have to, if you're in the uk, for example, report to the Information Commissioner's office and you have to report to them within. But then you get to self assess around the necessity report to individuals. And GDPR uses terms like jeopardising the rights and freedoms of individuals. In Australia we have what we call the notifiable data breach scheme. And if the breach is likely to cause serious harm to the individuals, you need to disclose to them. But outside of that and outside of particular specific classes of data, such as medical data or other financial data or other sensitive classes, you just don't need to disclose. And people, when the penny drops, they're outraged. They're like, how on earth do we not have to hear about this? And as we discussed earlier on, organisations are very much in self preservation mode after a data breach. So if they can not disclose and not have blowback from them. And I think this is where have a beam bone has a role to play. They won't, and that's a real shame.

[A]

I agree. By the way, what do you think with CISO specifically, right, when they're looking at breach data, what is the one thing you wish they would do differently in their defense? And then what do you think CISOs and their role in breach disclosure and transparency actually looks like in five or 10 years?

[B]

Well, let me explain it in the way that I often broach it with organisations. So what will often happen for me is someone will send me data. And while we're doing this podcast, I saw one pop up where someone said, look, this organisation has had a data breach. And also here's a link to them denying it. And the link is to a tweet which basically just says fake news. Now, I'll have a look at that data and I'll be able to verify it. And if it's legitimate, I'll get in touch with that organization and say, look, I think you should look at this more closely. It's not consistent with what you've said online. And the advice I'll normally then give is, look, the truth is in the data. We will get to the bottom of the truth, and particularly if it's in public circulation, you cannot escape that truth. Now, this is your opportunity to have some control over the narrative. You can either analyze this, come up with reasonable conclusions, make statements about it and deal with it appropriately, or everyone will draw their own conclusions and they have the data. They will be able to draw accurate conclusions in some cases, inaccurate conclusions in others. But unless you control the narrative, you have no ability to control what people say about it. And because we have a platform where we have, at the moment, just over 6 million individual subscribers, your data set probably contains thousands or tens of thousands of our subscribers. And we're going to send them an email because that's the commitment we've made to them. If we find your data, we'll let you know and we're gonna tell them exactly what's in there. So you can either. I don't quite put it this abruptly, this is the underlying sentiment. You can either do the right thing and be honest and tell everyone about it and that will line up with our messaging, or you can try and cover it up, say nothing, be dismissive, and we'll still give the right, accurate information to people, and journalists will pick it up if it's the right sort of story as well, and they'll write about it and then you're gonna have to deal with the consequences of what looks like you're trying to cover up it up.

[A]

I think that makes sense. And the challenge is that you get to this fog of war state where you don't know and it's better to say nothing, right? It's better to say nothing until you have looked through all the data and done your research than to say anything that's inaccurate, either positive or negative. Right.

[B]

The way I often put it as well is that if an organization leaves a vacuum after a data breach, people will fill the vacuum. And very often it's reporters that fill the vacuum. Very often I use reporters to help do things like disclosure to an organisation, because one way of getting a company to respond is fear of having inaccurate reports being written about them. And it's a little bit of a shame that we have to be in this case where it's almost a threat. But, you know, here we are.

[A]

I often say that in the absence of the information, people fill on their own. And it's never positive.

[B]

Yeah, it's either never positive or it's maybe not accurate as well. I mean, one of the things with data breaches is that sometimes it's very simple. It's like it's just email addresses and passwords. But other times it might be things like financial transactions. Like, imagine the headline, financial transactions. Well, what does that mean? You know, does that mean my credit card details at risk? Does that mean that someone getting into my bank account? Or does it simply mean that there's a record of the items that I've purchased, which might have its own issues, depending on the nature of the service?

[A]

So.

[B]

So leaving space for speculation or for other people to fill in the gaps is a very poor strategy.

[A]

It really is. So I always like to close afternoon Cybertea with optimism. I call myself a cyber optimist. Having done this for almost 26 years now, I know that we're generally ahead of the threat actors for everything you see in the news. The industry's blocked thousands of other things. When you think about the work you've done now for 12 years and billions of compromises, what gives you hope that we could build a more resilient future, one where there's more transparency and also better design so we can turn the tide against the breaches?

[B]

I think on the. As long as the design front is the easier thing to answer. A passwordless future. Now, mind you, we've been talking about a passwordless future for a very long time now, and we Both, I'm sure, have more passwords now than we've ever had before.

[A]

True.

[B]

But we do have have much more viable alternatives today than when I was answering questions 10 years ago about how long will it be till we get rid of the passwords. You know, the passkeys I mentioned before are fantastic. Now, most people don't know how they work, which is part of the problem. However, we do have a technical mechanism which does solve one of the greatest problems we have. Now, inevitably, we're still going to have to deal with this, like trying to block water running downhill. They'll find the next path of least resistance, and that may not be compromising the past technology itself. But that might mean finding other ways to intercept the way people author things or catching them post auth. You know, maybe now the attackers have to try and get more cooking fingerprint material from clients than the actual material that people use to authenticate in the first place. So I think what we'll see is just this sort of continual progression where we will keep finding better mechanisms and then other people will find their way around it and the game continues.

[A]

Exactly. Troy, I know you're really busy, so I want to thank you for joining me today. Breach data is a hard topic, but it does tell us a lot of truth about attackers, about us, and about the gaps in our personal and professional defenses. Your work in the past 12 years has helped the industry face that reality with a lot of clarity. And I know our listeners are going to really enjoy this episode.

[B]

Oh, cool. Thanks for having me, Anne. I really appreciate you having me on, especially on this birthday day.

[A]

Yes. Happy birthday to the organization. It's phenomenal. Phenomenal. I want to thank our audience for tuning in and join us next time on afternoon cybertea. So I invited Troy Hunt on afternoon cybertea for really obvious reasons. He has been running have I been pawned for over a decade. 17 billion, I believe he said records. That's directionally correct. He has a lot of insight into what is called the continued proliferation of data breaches, the continued proliferation of records. It was a great episode and I know you'll enjoy it.