
We speak to 'Gilded Age' star Morgan Spector.
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A
Popsicles, sprinklers, a cool breeze. Talk about refreshing. You know what else is refreshing this summer? A brand new phone with Verizon. Yep. Get a new phone on any plan with select phone. Trade in in MyPlan and lock down a low price for three years on any plan with MyPlan. This is a deal for everyone whether you're a new or existing customer. Swing by Verizon today for our best phone deals. 3 year price guarantee applies to then current base monthly rate only. Additional terms and conditions apply for all offers. This is all of it on wnyc. I'm Alison Stewart. It's nice to be with you here today. This week on the show, we put together what we call producer picks. Each day a different producer on our team will select some of their favorite segments they've worked on this year and share some of the behind the scenes anecdotes. We're going to start with our producer Luke Green who is here with me in studio today. Lynn, who's on the show today.
B
Luke hi, Alison. We're going to hear some live music today from harpist Brandy Younger whose new album is called Gat about season. That was a new word that I learned. Gadabout. And the big band from the Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music will also perform for us. Bill Sherman will tell us more about what it's like to be the music director of Sesame street. And New York legend Bobbito Garcia will share more about his love of the game of basketball. But first, I, I want us to cast our minds back to the late 1800s New York and we're going to talk to actor Morgan Spector about the Gilded Age season three.
A
This summer, America's favorite new money TV couple, the Russells return for season three of the Gilded Age on hbo. The season just wrapped up last week and without spoiling spoilers, let's just say some drama goes down, much of which involves my next guest. Mr. Russell, played by Morgan Spector, began the season out west. The railroad baron may have conquered New York, but in season three he wants more and is a sight set to the west to expand to unite his business empire. But back home at 61st and 5th Avenue, Mrs. Russell, played by Carrie Coon, continues her drive for power in wealthy New York society, including trying to foist upon her daughter a duke. But Gladys isn't having it at first. Morgan Spector joined me in studio around the premiere of season three to discuss his character and his interest in the show. So Luke, why did you pick our conversation for today first of all, I'm.
B
Just a really big fan of the show. I think when it first started, it was just kind of a fun, campy, New York history kind of thing. But then this season, I feel like it's kind of changed a bit, in which the critics are now being like, wait a second, this is actually really good. And that's because, you know, Carrie Coon is great, but Morgan Spector is also great. And some behind the scenes anecdotes here. As a producer, I have to go greet the guests in order to bring the guests into the studio where we're in now. And I would say this was like a top five. Like, my heart is kind of beating a little bit as I go to meet Mr. Spector. And, you know, meeting him, I was like, those eyes stare quite intensely. The beard is as bushy as it is in the show. And he's also really tall, which surprised me. So meeting him was crazy.
C
Not gonna lie.
B
It also was kind of fun to bring him in the studio.
A
Cause heads turned. Heads turned.
B
Walking in the newsroom, the heads were turning. And I'm saying the energy in here was, you know, you were into it. So I wanted to revisit this conversation in good timing because the finale just aired last week.
A
You'll hear callers talking to Morgan during this segment, but since this is an encore presentation, we won't take your calls live. I started by asking Morgan we're what he was working on before he auditioned for the Gilded Age.
D
I was sitting. I was upstate. I was at my house. I was at home. I'm trying. The time is compressed, so I feel like it was during COVID but I don't think it actually was. I think it was the previous. It was a few months prior because. Yeah, we were meant to go into production March of 2020, initially. So I guess I got it probably earlier. Earlier that spring or late winter, were.
A
You working in the theater? Were you not working? What were you doing?
D
I was not working. No. I was home being a dad. Yeah.
A
So you get this script you read about George Russell. What made him interesting to you?
D
When I sort of. I got the script and I had a sort of idea of, you know, from Julian Fellowes work from Down Abbey. And I thought, I'm never gonna fit into this world. I don't know how I'm gonna enter it. And my wife was like, he's Clark Gable in Gone with the Wind. And I was like, oh, all right, I'll try that. And I don't, you know, whatever that meant. Process through my body, my sensibility. It was kind of like, okay, I do get this. There's a structure and a kind of a particular sort of masculinity to this character that I found interesting and comfortable. And, you know, you audition for something, and you don't know whether you're gonna be able to pull it off. Right. And there is something wonderful about auditioning. Cause you get to try something on, and when you try it on, then you go, oh, yeah, okay, I can do this. And there's some. And when. And there's a. There's like, an intuitive attraction to a piece of material. I would say that was like, my first entry point there.
A
In your mind, did you make up a backstory for George, where he came from, his family?
D
To some extent. I mean, I was told that he was based on Jay Gould, and so I did a lot of research on Jay Gould's biography.
A
Oh, that's interesting.
D
And sort of transposed that into George's life. But, you know, one of the things with a show like this is you don't actually have a lot of power over what elements of the backstory will sort of come to the fore in the narrative. And so you have to be. You have to have a kind of idea of where this person might come from, but also be flexible enough to accommodate new information that might get revealed to the audience as time goes on.
A
What's something that you read about Jay Gould which informed you?
D
I guess one thing I found really fascinating about him, he was born in very modest circumstances. He grew up on a dairy farm. He became a land surveyor by the time he was 15, and then eventually became a tanner, working for someone named Zadduck Pratt, who is. There's a town in Catskill still named after him. But at one point, Jay Gould decided he wanted to take over this tannery, and. And there was a dispute about who actually had the right to own it. And Gould rounded up a bunch of men with sticks and guns and took the tannery by force.
C
Whoa.
D
Yeah. And they had, like, a pitched battle over who was gonna control this tannery. And there's something about being that kind of business leader who's not that far removed from power, really, coming from the barrel of a gun, that I think it was an interesting sort of seed to have in George Russell's background.
A
Now that you've played George for three seasons, what do you see as his weak spot?
D
Well, I think actually this season really reveals a lot of some, really, that both George and Bertha are actually fairly myopic when it comes to their own, the limits of their own power and the consequences of their own will. So, you know, George. George's pursuing this transcontinental railroad, and it's. You know, he takes risks that I think a smart business leader wouldn't take. A smart. You know, he pushes his own capacities beyond where. Beyond the point of safety. And it's only through blind luck that it doesn't all come crashing down. Really? Yeah.
A
Once you get the script, once you're back into the game, what's your process of getting sort of both the physical nature of George back and also the psychological nature of George back? Cause you're kind of laid back.
D
Me as a person?
A
Yeah, you're like a T shirt, jeans, glasses.
D
Yeah. I mean, yeah, it's true. We're not. But there is. I mean, for me, it's all in the. It is all in the language and what is. Like, I remember the first day that Carrie Coon and I were on set playing these characters, and it was. We felt like we had egg all over our faces. We didn't know how to walk, we didn't know how to talk. We didn't know how to do anything. And there's a real learning curve to try to figure out how to support what is kind of heightened language and a heightened way of speaking and a heightened way of moving and doing everything without being stiff and ridiculous and sort of not alive. And. Yeah, I think it took a while in that first season to find that for everyone. But now that we have, I don't know. I think it's a sense of. I mean, I always think with actors, it's like, you know, you hear that if jazz musicians don't play for a couple of nights, they start to feel off. They start to feel not at your peak. And with actors, we often go, like, long periods without doing our work. And so, yeah, when you come back to work after. I mean, we go a year between shooting, you come back to work the first few days, you feel rusty. I mean, Carrie describes it as putting on a wet bathing suit. You know, it's yours, but it doesn't feel right. And I think that's. It's wonderfully apt. But, yeah, it does take you a little while to get back into it.
A
We talked to Carrie, who plays Mrs. Russell, Bertha Russell, in, I think, 2023, after season two had wrapped. And I want to play a clip for you about what she said about acting with you. Here's about a minute.
E
It'll be no surprise then to hear that I really adore Morgan, personally, Morgan and I actually met years before doing an avant garde short film called Great Choice in which a woman is trapped in a Red Lobster commercial from the 90s. It's really absurd. It's really funny. I cut out his tongue with a butter knife and we, you know, and splash hot butter on his face. I mean, it's really ridiculous. And we. So we were thrown into this funny Little production for 48 hours and got to know each other really well. And our spouses, the great Rebecca hall and Tracy Letts had just made the movie Christine together with Antonio Campos. And so they had been social. And then Rebecca and I got pregnant at the same time. So our kids are the exact same age, their daughter and my son. And so we just became really good friends in the world before Gilded Age came along. And so it was such a delight to know that it was Morgan. It was one of the reasons I took the job. And we just have a real deep love and respect for each other in real life. And that certainly doesn't hurt. And he's a great feminist and basically a Marxist. I mean, politics couldn't be further from a robber baron. But it is fun to engage with him on those subjects because he's got some strong opinions. But he's a great actor and he's incredibly attractive, which doesn't hurt either.
A
There's a lot to discuss in that.
D
Yeah, yeah. I mean, I just. Yeah, I do. I adore Carrie. And it is like one of the great pleasures of my life to get to. To do these, to play these characters together.
A
What was that small film about? Great choice.
D
It's actually, it's a film by a director named Robin Commissar, writer director named Robin Commissar, who I eagerly await his feature whenever he actually makes it. But it's about addiction, actually. It's about the sort of loops that we get into when we're addicted to something and the ways that we sort of struggle to escape those patterns. But the way he chose to represent that was by taking a real 30 second Red Lobster commercial from like 1992 or 1993 and imagining a person becoming self conscious within a 30 second loop and realizing that they're stuck in a 30 second commercial and then starting to try to escape. And then everyone else in the commercial is trying not to let them escape. It's very funny.
A
She described you as a feminist and basically a Marxist.
D
Fair.
A
I thought it was interesting for you because you are playing a robber baron and I know you have strong political views. Was that ever a concern for you before taking this role.
D
You know, it's funny. Not really. And I think there was something like I had been producing a documentary on the resurgence of socialism post Bernie in the United States, which came out and went on Hulu and is still out there in the world. It's called the Big Scary S word.
A
Okay.
D
But as a result of that, we had been doing all this research on the 19th century and the labor movement in the 19th century. And I thought. And also on. Yeah, And I just thought the arrow was incredibly interesting and a sort of understudied under, you know, like, understood period, that it felt like whatever angle we were going to go back and look at the Gilded Age, even through this lens of the robber barons and the richest of the rich, you are looking at part of a system that implies the other part. And I thought it would be interesting. I mean, you sort of can imagine the think pieces when you think about a show like this, but you're like, well, great. Like, that will spur discussion of these inequalities in wealth and income and of this era of union struggle. I mean, that was something I spoke about with Julian the first time we sat down was that it would be amazing to bring the labor struggle story into it. And we did in the second season. So, you know, I think it's exciting to get to play in this era because it was such a consequential period of American history. And. Yeah. Even however you come at it, I.
A
Think my guest is actor Morgan Spector. He plays George Russell on the HBO series the Gilded Age. All right, this text says, what is Morgan's analysis of his character's ruthlessness in business and his softness towards his children and the dichotomy between how he can hold both sides in this character?
D
Yeah. It is certainly the essence of George Russell is that duality, which I think you very acutely identified for me the way I think about it. And, you know, be forewarned that actors are always like, you know, we're not criticizing our characters. We're trying to find the sort of internal logic of these characters. I actually think it's completely ordinary the way that George compartmentalizes certain parts of his life. I think he's quite extreme, and the consequences of his compartmentalization are bigger than they are for other people, because his ruthlessness affects hundreds, if not thousands of people that are affected by his companies. But we all have a kind of moral community where we are our best selves and where we hold ourselves to a kind of moral standard. And then I think we have A sphere beyond that where we kind of don't. I think maybe that's for some people, maybe that's like people who are. For Americans, it's really important that we have civil rights and that we are cared for by our government or at least not imprisoned arbitrarily. But for people who don't have American citizenship, those rights don't pertain. I think that kind of compartmentalization happens all over the place and is actually quite ordinary. So, yeah, I think that's the way I've sort of thought about it when it comes to George Russell as well.
A
Your character has a lot of money, but he's not satisfied. Why does he want to go into the railroads? What is it about him that keeps him unsatisfied?
D
I mean, I think part of it is just the sort of relentless drive of any capitalist enterprise to grow and expand and diversify. And the competition that somebody like George Russell would have faced from other industrialists who would have been trying to corner the market and exclude any other competition. So he's engaged in that battle. And that, I think, is the first thing he thinks about in the morning and the last thing he thinks about at night. And it's ongoing. It's perpetual. So there's that. But I also think for somebody like George, there is this question of legacy. What you're gonna leave behind, what kind of what you will have carved on the sort of rock of the world that will remain after you've gone. And I think something like the Transcontinental Railroad is tied up in that as well, I think. Because there is something irrational about the way George pursues this goal over the course of the season, I think. And, yeah, I think that has to be justified emotionally. And I think that is more about legacy. That's what I thought of.
A
We're talking to Morgan Spector. He plays George Russell on the HBO series the Gilded Age. We'll have more after a quick break. This is all of It. You're listening to all of it on wnyc. I'm Alison Stewart. My guest is actor Morgan Spector. He plays George Russell on the Gilded Age. It's on HBO on Sunday nights. It was funny when we first saw you, it seemed like you were in Arizona, but you were on a stage in Long Island.
D
Yeah, that's right. Yeah, we were on a stage in Long Island. They did actually go out to, I think, New Mexico and get some of those big panoramic views that they could then play with in visual effects. So there is real photography there as well. But, yes, I did not get to go.
A
Well, tell me about that a little bit.
D
Oh, just.
A
Yeah, I think it's interesting to walk out on a stage in Long island and.
D
Yeah, I mean, it's amazing, right? There's something. There's something quintessentially old Hollywood about it. You know, seeing those facades in the west and the tumble. I mean, we had tumbleweeds. They really had a good time with it. And, yeah, being in an old saloon with your sleeves rolled up, just kind of sweating was incredibly hot. It was very easy to pretend we were in Arizona. So, yeah, it was. I've never felt more like, man, I'm in showbiz than I did walking onto a western set like that. It was cool.
A
It's interesting to think about the relationship between Mr. And Mrs. Russell because in some ways, they have mutual respect for each other. It's also. Game recognizes game, right? Absolutely. But they do differ over their daughter's happiness and what happiness means. What does it mean to Mr. Russell? His daughter Gladys, for her to be happy. To be happy in her marriage.
D
I mean, I think for him, it's really simple, which is he fell in love. He got married to the person he fell in love with. And he is. He loves that relationship. It is the foundation of his life, and he wants his daughter to have the same thing. I think perhaps he is oversimplifying what it is to be a woman in that era. He's identifying with his daughter in a way that is maybe naive because things that the stakes are different and what power could look like is different. But, yeah, I think he's also. I mean, you know, in the argument with Bertha that plays out over the course of the season about Gladys future, I think there is a. There is an implicit critique from Bertha of their life together and of George's power as being not quite as glamorous, maybe as being a duke.
A
Let's talk to. Lyron is calling in from Long Island City. Hi, Lyron. Thanks for calling all of it. You're on the air.
C
Thank you so much. I love your show, and I can't believe I've been fortunate enough to be on it a couple of times. Allison and George. No, you too?
D
Oh, I know. You're talking to me. Sorry.
C
I'm talking to you now. I was getting ready to eat lunch. I just happened to turn the show on, which I love, and I was going to sit down after I finished lunch and watch the latest episode. George, it's an incredible show. And my comment was actually the last Thing that you two were talking about that I really enjoy is George's way of what I feel is showing love and his wife's way of showing it. That whatever judgment there is about the method, I think the delivery is because of love. And to me, that just really reflects actual parenthood.
D
Yeah, I think that's a really good point. I mean, I know Carrie really feels that way about that. For her. What Bertha's doing for Gladys is entirely out of love. And it's the difficult thing of being a parent where you know your child is not gonna understand what you're doing for them, but you have to do it for them anyway. That's certainly how she sees it. And I think that's right. These are parents with two different strategies for how to take care of their child. They're not communicating well and so they're not able to synthesize those strategies. And so they end up on just two parallel tracks. But I think you're right. They're both acting out of love.
A
Let's talk to Mac from Manhattan. Hi, Mac. Thank you so much for making the time to call all of it today.
C
Sure. Thank you. Thank you for having me and wonderful work. Sidebar on the plot against America. Your character.
D
Oh, thank you.
C
It was really great. No, and it's one of those that you stumble upon on a post. Gilded Age 2024-2025 winters, you know, weekend. And I go, I didn't, I wasn't aware of this but you know, HBO and we know if you're in that cast and cast again, you're a darn good thespian. So good to talk to here about gilded.
D
Thanks so much.
C
This is my, my interesting question here is like coming off of the heels of, you know, pride weekend and things have changed so much in New York City as you know, the heart of so many things that are important to. To do what's right. And in that Mr. Russell was watching carefully as his daughter Gladys was being courted. One of those that he saw as old money, but maybe not the liquidity of money that he wanted. The caliber of young man was Oscar Van Ryen. He probably knew that Oscar Van Ryan was not the type of shooter by way of the Van Ryan certain cash flow in that era that would be apt for the Russell's who are really going places. Do you think that Mr. Russell had his ear to the street because he knew a lot of people that knew a lot about what was happening behind back doors and might have known that because of Mr. Van. Oscar Van Ryan's other secret that he also knew that this was not a man that could ask for his daughter's hand.
D
Yes. And actually, I think it' swe do actually get into this a little bit that for George, I think this is early in our second season. He suspects that Oscar is a fortune hunter. And that's why he's so furious at Oscar, and that's why he rejects him so forcefully.
A
Does he suspect he's gay?
D
I believe yes. I mean, I actually can't remember whether it's because he suspects he's gay or because he suspects that he also tried to marry somebody else in a similarly pragmatic way. But yes, he essentially suspects Oscar of wanting to. Of pretending to love Gladys in order to get the Russell riches.
A
When you get back on set, what do you like about your costume? What do you like to wear? What are you excited to put on?
D
I mean, all of it is. The only thing I'm not excited to put on is the shoes. Cause they're very narrow. They've tried, but it's just the way it is. But the rest of the costume is so incredibly tailored. It's so beautifully. I mean, everything is built for us by truly, truly brilliant and craftspeople. And so there is, you know, you put on. You just, you know, if you've ever had a custom suit on your. On your body, you just never feel more elegant and. Than you do in that moment. And so that's what we get to do when we put on these clothes. And yeah, there it's. You know, there's. You wear this kind of waistcoat that cinches your waist and puts you in a nicer posture. You wear these beautiful long tails that lengthen everything out. And so there is this sense of really, you know, you. You feel like an upright member of society.
A
I guess it's interesting because you've been doing a lot of press for this and a lot of photo shoots, and you've gotten to go to some amazing places. You got to go to the Frick and Sargent in Paris. Was there a favorite place that people have taken you? Have people been like, oh, gosh, we gotta find a mansion, Take a picture of it?
D
I actually think. I mean, I had not been in the Frick after its renovation. Gorgeous. And it is incredible. And yeah, I mean, that definitely was a highlight. And I haven't been back yet. We're gonna go do another event there actually in a few days. So I'm excited to see it again. But also the mansions we shoot in Newport. I mean, getting to have the run of these places, they're so wild. And I mean, these buildings were built in two years, and every inch of them is carved by hand. You know, you just imagine the sort of armies of laborers that. That must. Yeah. And it's getting. Getting exposed to the architecture and design of this period through our show has been really one of the great pleasures.
A
This text says, I'm wondering how you like filming in Albany and Troy.
D
I love it, because what's the best part about filming in Troy is it's 45 minutes from my house, where I actually live. So it's really cool. No, also, everyone has. The community up there has really enjoyed coming to watch what our production team does because they've. You know, when the first season we were up there, they completely transformed the downtown. I mean, put down. Put down sod for the horses. And just, you know, all the facades for this, around this one particular square were rendered in period. And it's. I mean, it's amazing what we can do in terms of creating these illusions. And when you. When you're really familiar with the public space, looking as a modern place, then you come and find it one day, and it's utterly transformed. I think it's a delight. So that's a delight that we get to share with the wider community of Albany and Troy. And that's actually been really fun.
A
Has working on the show changed how you walk and you think about New York a little?
D
I mean, I do find myself walking when I see, you know, these sort of neoclassical pieces of architecture, I think about, you know, because often you're walking past, like, a Duane Reade, and it's in this incredibly beautiful building, and you're like, what was this originally?
C
Who.
D
You know, who built this? What was it, you know, who lived here? What was this originally designed to do? And so just, you know, getting. Having a little. Having. Having reason to prompt that question, I think has sort of just deepened my relationship with the city a little bit. Yeah.
A
When you think about George Russell, I don't want to give anything away for season three, but is there anything in season one or two that would be a clue to where things are going?
D
Oh, that's an interesting question.
A
A look, a moment.
D
I think the look at the end of season two when George starts to put together what Bertha has concocted with the Duke and Gladys. I do think that. I mean, for me, actually, when I saw the cut, I was like, oh, boy, they're setting that up. So, yeah, I think that was a little bit of a.
A
It was really nice to talk to you.
D
Really nice talking to you. Thank you.
A
That was my conversation with Morgan Spector, who stars as Mr. Russell in the Gilded Age on HBO. Season three wrapped last week. Since WNYC's first broadcast in 1924, we've been dedicated to creating the kind of content we know the world needs. In addition to this award winning reporting, your sponsorship also supports inspiring storytelling and extraordinary music that is free and accessible to all. To get in touch and find out more, visit sponsorship wnyc. Org.
This episode features an in-depth conversation with actor Morgan Spector about the third season of HBO’s The Gilded Age. The discussion explores Spector’s approach to portraying the ambitious and complex railroad baron George Russell, his research into historical inspirations, the challenges of embodying a 19th-century titan, his collaboration with co-star Carrie Coon, and The Gilded Age’s broader cultural and social themes.
"I was not working. No. I was home being a dad." (04:29)
“He’s Clark Gable in Gone with the Wind.” (04:39)
“He was born in very modest circumstances ... became a land surveyor by the time he was 15... took the tannery by force.” (06:10-06:47)
“Coming from the barrel of a gun, that I think it was an interesting sort of seed to have in George Russell’s background.” (06:47)
“He pushes his own capacities beyond where... the point of safety. And it's only through blind luck that it doesn't all come crashing down.” (07:13)
“We all have a kind of moral community where we are our best selves...then a sphere beyond that where we kind of don't.” (14:00)
“We go a year between shooting...the first few days, you feel rusty. Carrie describes it as putting on a wet bathing suit.” (08:16)
“We just became really good friends in the world before Gilded Age came along. So it was such a delight ... He’s a great feminist and basically a Marxist.” (09:39)
“It is like one of the great pleasures of my life to get to...play these characters together.” (10:52)
“Whatever angle we were going to...look at the Gilded Age, even through...the richest of the rich, you are looking at part of a system that implies the other part.” (12:20)
“It was very easy to pretend we were in Arizona. I've never felt more like, man, I'm in showbiz.” (17:22)
“Everything is built for us by truly, truly brilliant craftspeople ... you just never feel more elegant ... than you do in that moment.” (23:33)
“These are parents with two different strategies for how to take care of their child ... they're both acting out of love.” (20:26)
“There is this question of legacy ... What you will have carved on the sort of rock of the world that will remain after you’ve gone.” (15:24)
“When you come and find [the city] one day, and it’s utterly transformed ... it’s a delight.” (25:32)
“I do find myself walking ... and you’re like, what was this originally?” (26:28)
On the Attraction of the Role:
“There’s an intuitive attraction to a piece of material. I would say that was like, my first entry point there.” — Morgan Spector (05:13)
On the Rehearsal Process:
“We didn’t know how to walk, we didn’t know how to talk. We didn’t know how to do anything.” — Morgan Spector (08:16)
On Personal Politics vs. Character:
“He’s a great feminist and basically a Marxist. ... But it is fun to engage with him on those subjects because he has some strong opinions.” — Carrie Coon (09:39)
On Compartmentalization:
“I actually think it’s completely ordinary the way that George compartmentalizes certain parts of his life. ... And then I think we have a sphere beyond that where we kind of don’t.” — Morgan Spector (14:00)
On Parenting Differences:
“For her, what Bertha’s doing for Gladys is entirely out of love. ... They end up on just two parallel tracks. But I think you’re right. They’re both acting out of love.” — Morgan Spector (20:26)
On Costuming:
“You just, you know, if you’ve ever had a custom suit on your body, you just never feel more elegant ... than you do in that moment.” — Morgan Spector (23:33)
On Walking in New York:
“You’re walking past, like, a Duane Reade, and it’s in this incredibly beautiful building, and you’re like, what was this originally?” — Morgan Spector (26:28)
This episode delivers a nuanced, insightful, and personal look at Morgan Spector’s work on The Gilded Age, blending behind-the-scenes stories with broader reflections on history, politics, and acting. Spector’s thoughtful approach to a morally complex character and his commitment to exploring the era’s overlooked stories (especially labor and class) make for a rich, entertaining conversation for fans of the series and students of culture alike.