Iranian Professor Defends Regime

Summary

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Amanpour (CNN Podcasts) – "Iranian Professor Defends Regime"

Date: January 15, 2026
Host: Christiane Amanpour

Episode Overview

This episode of Amanpour focuses on Iran’s recent deadly crackdown against widespread protests, international responses—including U.S. President Trump's hesitation over military intervention—and the war of narratives shaping perceptions inside and outside Iran. Key guests include Mohammad Marandi, a Tehran University professor known for defending the Islamic Republic, and Nazanin Ansari, an Iranian journalist supporting the opposition and monarchy. Additional segments explore Venezuelan politics and an unprecedented criminal investigation into U.S. Fed Chair Jerome Powell, but the primary focus is the Iranian crisis and the battle for legitimacy and narrative control.

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I. Iran’s Deadly Unrest – Competing Narratives

Background: Escalation and International Response

• [00:04] Christiane Amanpour:
  Sets the stage: Iran is largely cut off from the outside. Reports suggest thousands have been killed in a brutal crackdown on protests triggered by a currency collapse.

• [01:39] Donald Trump:
  Signals he's holding fire on military action, citing reports the killing is "stopping":

  “We've been told that the killing in Iran is stopping. It's stopped. It's stopping. And there's no plan for executions ... I've been told that a good authority, we'll find out about it.” ([01:39])

• U.S. allies urge restraint; Iran’s Foreign Ministry blames outside "plots" for violence.

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II. Interview: Mohammad Marandi Defends the Islamic Republic

Key Topics and Insights

Marandi's Counter-Narrative

• Denies Western Reports of Massacre and Crackdown

  • Marandi strongly objects to labeling Iran as a "regime," bristles at Amanpour’s use of the term, and contests the Western framing of the events ([03:43]-[03:59]).

• Blames Foreign Interference

  • Claims economic protests were real but later hijacked by armed "terrorists" with foreign backing.
  • Quote:

    “After that, 10 days, for three days, we had a completely different story. A terrorist operation. ... They wanted to drag [Trump] into this conflict. That was exactly an Israeli plot.” ([02:13])

• Violence, Victims, and Blame

  • Asserts that most casualties are security forces or civilians killed by “rioters”:

    “They attacked police stations. They killed police officers in police stations. ... The narrative in the West is ... these are peaceful protests. ... The Israelis are saying this, but somehow Western media is ignoring it.” ([04:14], [06:08])

  • Insists there were minimal arrests during initial economic protests, comparing Iran favorably to Western crackdowns in the UK or Germany ([04:14]).

  • On Video Evidence of Security Forces Firing:
    Refuses to admit demonstrators were killed by authorities directly:

    “Many of those corpses were police officers. ... There's a lot of footage of this ... I posted some online and so have many other people.” ([07:07])

• Crossfire and Foreign Manipulation

  • When pressed, admits some civilians may have died, but blames crossfire and "rioter" action:

    “The rioters and the police were shooting at each other and innocent people in the middle were also hit. ... Some were killed intentionally by the rioters.” ([08:31])

• Rejects Western Media and Sanctions

  • Attacks CNN and Western narratives, claiming:

    “I'm truthful and CNN is not truthful. CNN is the side that supported the genocide in Gaza.” ([08:03])

  • Reiterates main government line: If West wants to help Iranians, it should end sanctions, not fuel conflict ([09:37]).

On Economic Roots and Blame

• Deflects responsibility for the economic crisis to "American currency manipulation" and blames the West for strangling Iran with sanctions ([04:14], [12:40]).

• Cites President Peseschkian’s and Supreme Leader's limited acknowledgements of mismanagement, but asserts Iran is under economic "war":

  “The West is not the outside world. ... But the President has repeatedly said that the United States is waging war on us. ... There's no doubt that the United States and its allies have been strangling the Iranian people ...” ([12:46])

Internet Blackout and Legitimacy

• Defends harsh internet restrictions as necessary to disrupt foreign coordination, citing mass pro-government rallies as proof of regime support ([14:46]):

  “Millions of people came to the streets in Tehran ... in protest against the rioters and ... in support of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... Why did up to 3 million people come to the streets in Tehran? ... Because these were not spontaneous riots. ... They were coordinating with intelligence services abroad.” ([14:46], [15:40])

Memorable Clashes and Tone

• The interview is repeatedly tense, with Amanpour pushing for straightforward answers on responsibility for deaths. At several points, Marandi challenges Amanpour and CNN’s integrity.
  • Notable exchange:

    Amanpour: “Are you denying that your own forces ... have killed any protesters?”
    Marandi: “My forces, The Republic.”
    Amanpour: “The Republic's forces.”
    Marandi: “What you are doing is negating the truth.” ([07:01]–[07:07])

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III. Iranian Opposition – Nazanin Ansari’s Perspective

Critique of Regime Narrative

• Ansari likens Marandi's messaging to Saddam’s notorious information minister (“Baghdad Bob”)—“deny, deflect, deceive” ([17:59]).

  “If Mr. Marandi is so telling the truth, why doesn't he allow ... all the human rights defenders to ... go in, to ... count the dead?” ([18:44])

Opposition—Strength and Discord

• Describes the opposition as broad but not always unified; mentions claims by Reza Pahlavi about possible IRGC defections, but acknowledges lack of top-level military dissent ([19:33]-[20:22]).
  • “There have been a lot of rivalries. ... Are you convinced ... there is a coherent opposition?” ([25:37], [26:19])

Elections and Popular Will

• Notes massive electoral abstention—a legitimacy crisis for the Republic, with low actual support even among those who do participate ([24:52]):

  “The ones who actually did not go and vote ... was ... nearly 50% did not vote, or maybe even more ... the top candidates in parliamentary elections ... probably received only 10% of the vote.”

Protests—Past and Present

• Frames current protests as part of a secular, ongoing wave since Mahsa Amini in 2022, with the difference that this time the opposition is “ready” ([26:19]):

  “...over 92% said they are unhappy with the situation. ... This time the difference is the opposition is ready, whereas with those it was not.”

Ongoing Unrest and Information Blackout

• Stresses demonstrations continue abroad and that lack of pictures inside Iran is due to the ongoing blackout ([27:38]-[27:52]).

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IV. Venezuela & U.S. Federal Reserve Segments

Note: Summaries below for context; Iran is the episode’s focus.

Venezuela: Opposition Leader’s U.S. Outreach

• Opposition leader Machado meets Trump; U.S. increasingly perceived as controlling the interim government.
• Analyst Phil Gunson discusses how power still rests with the Venezuelan military, and that US interests (oil, migration, countering China) are key drivers ([29:34]-[35:36]).

U.S. Federal Reserve: Political Interference?

• President Trump faces criticism for a DOJ criminal investigation into Fed Chair Powell, with strong bipartisan defense of central bank independence.
• Andrew Ross Sorkin calls the moment unprecedented and outlines why Fed independence is vital to U.S. economic stability ([39:01]-[54:13]).

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V. Notable Quotes & Timestamps

• Marandi (on Western media):

  “I'm truthful and CNN is not truthful. CNN is the side that supported the genocide in Gaza.” ([08:03])

• Amanpour (on evidence of protester deaths):

  “Are you denying that your own forces in their crackdown have killed any protesters?” ([07:01])

• Ansari (on Marandi’s messaging):

  “Mr. Marandi reminds me of being like a Baghdad Bob ... with Internet ... deny, deflect, deceive.” ([17:59])

• Ansari (on readiness of opposition):

  “This time the difference is the opposition is ready, whereas with those it was not ready.” ([26:19])

• Marandi (on regime’s legitimacy):

  “No, Christian, there's no crackdown. The Iranian people are actually among the most politically aware in the world ... millions ... came to the streets ... in support of the Islamic Republic.” ([14:46])

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VI. Timeline: Key Segments and Timestamps

• [00:04]–[02:50]: Amanpour introduces Iran protests, Trump’s stance, and international diplomatic context.
• [03:43]–[16:37]: Full interview with Mohammad Marandi: regime defense, Western bias, casualties, economic origins, legitimacy.
• [17:59]–[27:55]: Nazanin Ansari on opposition and public sentiment, divisions, the monarchy, diaspora protests.
• [29:34]–[36:42]: Venezuela segment with Phil Gunson.
• [39:01]–[54:13]: Andrew Ross Sorkin and Walter Isaacson on Trump's conflict with the Federal Reserve.

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VII. Summary & Takeaways

• Iran Segment Centerpiece:
  The heart of the episode is a testy, revealing debate between Christiane Amanpour and Mohammad Marandi, with Amanpour repeatedly confronting Marandi with reports and testimony of deadly crackdowns, and Marandi unwaveringly placing blame on foreign “plots,” Western economic sanctions, and media distortion. The exchange captures the propaganda war over Iran’s protest movement—between the regime’s attempt to appear embattled and legitimate, and reports of severe repression.

• Opposition Voices:
  Nazanin Ansari presents a counter-view: painting the regime as increasingly illegitimate, deeply unpopular, and violently repressive, but also candidly acknowledging challenges facing exiled and internal opposition factions.

• Broader Implication:
  The episode highlights how, in autocratic crises, information blackouts, propaganda, external intervention, and diasporic activism can create deeply conflicting realities—impeding international consensus and practical redress.

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For listeners seeking to understand competing narratives and claims about the Iranian protest crisis, this episode richly illustrates both the battle lines—and the complexity—of truth, legitimacy, and external influence in modern international affairs.

Transcript

[Christiane Amanpour]

Hello, everyone, and welcome to Amanpour. Here's what's coming up. Will a Trump still weighing military action against the Iranian regime. Meanwhile, still cut off from the outside world, but harrowing reports of the regime's killing spree emerge. Mohamed Marandi, professor at Tehran University and longtime defender of the Islamic Republic, joins me. And what of the opposition? Reza Pahlavi, son of the former shah, urges Iranians to keep protesting. I speak to journalist Nazanin Ansari, supporter of the monarchy. Then Machado goes to the White House. But can the Venezuelan opposition leader get Trump's backing? Plus, Fed Chair Jerome Powell stands firm against what he calls politically motivated criminal investigation. What this unprecedented move means for America's economy and its democracy. Welcome to the program, everyone. I'm Cristian Amanpour. In London, he promised help was on the way as Iranian protesters faced the brutal price of their dissent. The number of those killed by the regime is difficult to verify, but it's believed to be in the thousands. And yet Donald Trump is holding his fire for now.

[Donald Trump]

We've been told that the killing in Iran is stopping. It's stopped. It's stopping. And there's no plan for executions or an execution or executions. So I've been told that a good authority, we'll find out about it. I'm sure if it happens, we'll all be very upset.

[Christiane Amanpour]

For their part, American allies in the region, Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, are encouraging President Trump not to intervene militarily. Meanwhile, here's what the Iranian foreign minister told FOX News yesterday.

[Mohammad Marandi]

For 10 days, it was peaceful legal demonstrations and protests for economy shortcomings. But after that, 10 days, for three days, we had completely different story. A terrorist operation. When terrorist elements led from outside, you know, entered this protests, they wanted to increase the number of deaths. Why? Because President Trump has said that if there are killings, he would intervene. And they wanted to drag him into this conflict. And that was exactly an Israeli plot.

[Christiane Amanpour]

So that's the position of the regime. So has this uprising been crushed? And what comes next? First, we get the perspective of a fierce defender. Mohammad Marandi is a professor at Tehran University. He's been on this program regularly. He was once an advisor to Iran's nuclear negotiating team. And he joins us by selective Internet access at Iran's Press TV station in Tehran. Mr. Morandi, welcome to the program. So let me ask you something. You heard what President Trump said, that he's heard that there are no more killings and that there will be no executions. So that is what Foreign Minister Arakchi told Fox News yesterday. Do you think that he told, you know, Trump and the administration via Fox or otherwise, that in order to head off military intervention.

[Mohammad Marandi]

No, he was telling the truth. And I believe your framing is completely inaccurate. And Iran is not a regime. You do not call Saudi Arabia or the Emirates, which are family states anyway.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Do you know what, Mr. Morani, my show, I will use the terminology. I'm just trying to ask you some questions. I understand your position. Have the protests been crushed?

[Mohammad Marandi]

No. That's another framing that you're using. There were no protests that were crushed on the first two days after the currency dropped. And it was American manipulation in neighboring countries that brought down the currency 30 to 40%. And we had protests on the streets. And I know you know this. And there were no arrests and no one was harassed. Not like in the UK where people who hold placards against genocide are arrested, or in Germany, where they wear keffiyehs and sympathy to the Palestinians and they're battered on the streets. There were no arrests. Then afterwards, two, three days later, there was infiltration by rioters, and many of them were held guns and knives. And there's footage of this. If anyone looks at my Twitter feed, it's full of these people. They attacked police stations. They killed police officers in police stations. They murdered 100 police officers and a bit over 300 officers of the law, including volunteers. Yesterday, we had a mass funeral in Tehran for a hundred of them. But the narrative in the west is somehow that these are peaceful protests. The Israeli regime put out a Persian tweet and you know, Persian put out a Persian tweet or a statement saying that our people are on the ground. The Mossad said that Pompeo, who was the head of the CIA, said Mossad's on the ground. Channel 14 of Israel said foreign two days ago, and it's a tweet. They said that weapons were brought in from a foreign government. Yes. Who it is. And that's why hundreds of officers in Iran were murdered. The Israelis are saying this, but somehow Western media is all ignoring it because it's disrupting this fake narrative that these were just peaceful protesters.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Mr. Marandi, you have already said that there was, and so did the foreign minister. Many days, I think he said 10 days of peaceful protest. We have reported what you've said. Indeed we have. We also have footage, as you've seen, that's come in when there's chinks in the Internet blackout footage from, let's say, Abadan in Khuzestan Province, which shows Iranian forces firing on Protesters. I do have to say that CNN couldn't verify the exact date, but. But the video took place in the last few days or last week. As you mentioned, there have been funerals for 100 security forces at least. But also we've seen body bags of actual protesters being gathered in various morgues and people coming to pick them up, families of protesters. So are you denying that your own forces in their crackdown have killed any protesters?

[Mohammad Marandi]

My forces, The Republic.

[Christiane Amanpour]

The Republic's forces.

[Mohammad Marandi]

What you are doing is negating the truth. Many of those corpses were police officers. Many of those corpses were people murdered by these people. A woman in a clinic, they burned down a clinic and a young nurse inside burned to death because of them. Two young men in a mosque. They were surrounded and they kept throwing Molotov cocktails inside until they died. They shot a three year old girl. They shot so many people and they were shooting the police from the crowd. There's a lot of footage of this and you can see it because I posted some of them online and so have many other people.

[Christiane Amanpour]

We've seen some of that, but this.

[Mohammad Marandi]

Doesn'T fit with the narrative.

[Christiane Amanpour]

It's not about fitting the narrative. I need to ask you whether you admit, after all the bloodshed, all the testimony that we've had from people who've left Iran, all the doctor's testimony, which I'll play in a moment, do you admit that. That many protesters were killed?

[Mohammad Marandi]

No. Don't say admit, Christiane. I'm truthful and the CNN is not truthful. CNN is the side that supported the genocide in Gaza.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Oh, don't say that now.

[Mohammad Marandi]

Don't frame it now.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Don't say that now.

[Mohammad Marandi]

CNN genocide.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Please do not say that.

[Mohammad Marandi]

Don't frame the question that way.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Okay, let me tell you then. No, no. Okay, so tell me, do you agree?

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

Go ahead.

[Mohammad Marandi]

The rioters and the police were shooting at each other and people, innocent people in the middle were also hit. And some of those people who were hit in the middle and murdered and killed, they were killed in the crossfire. And some of them were killed intentionally by the rioters. I spoke to a physician who I know who operated on a few people. He said most of the injuries that he dealt with were shot with pistols from very close by. And he was saying that they were probably from within the crowd itself. And why did they want to do this? It's exactly as the Iranian foreign minister said. Who needs this war? The Israeli regime, this whole process of the currency manipulation and then the riots and then suddenly you have this consensus in the United States and the west to help the Iranian people. If you want to help the Iranian people, end the sanctions. Stop strangling people in Iran and Cuba and Venezuela and elsewhere. If you want to help the Iranian people, don't help the Israelis. Bomb the country and bomb Gaza and bomb Iran.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Let me ask you this, how you.

[Mohammad Marandi]

Help the Iranian people?

[Christiane Amanpour]

Let me play to you, a doctor from an emergency hospital about that night, January 8th. And as you have said, and as your foreign minister have said, between January 8th and 10th or 11th, there was a lot of. Of violence on the streets. This is what the doctor says.

[Mohammad Marandi]

Everything fell apart. At 8pm the Internet was cut.

[Phil Gunson]

At 8:20, I got a call from the hospital. Doctor, come.

[Mohammad Marandi]

You must come.

[Phil Gunson]

When I arrived, I saw what we.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Call a mass casualty situation.

[Mohammad Marandi]

Every single One of the four operating rooms was full.

[Phil Gunson]

I was there from 10 or 11pm until the morning. I don't know how many surgeries I did, maybe 10 or 11.

[Christiane Amanpour]

And as you know, doctors and other health officials have said that there was, you know, real stress on the health services. And even state television reported that. I mean, they reported that several thousand people had been killed in this entire. And injured in this entire demonstration. Well, it was said and we reported it.

[Mohammad Marandi]

Iranians have never said that several thousand people were killed. Reuters. They just make things up. They have not announced the numbers yet. They probably will soon. But as I said, most of the people killed were either from the police or officers of the law or volunteers or people who were killed in the crossfire. But Christiane, one final point that I want to make to you, and that is that the United States and those in the west, their narrative on Iran is clear as day. It is to antagonize the country and to carry out a policy that the Israeli regime wants.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Okay, let me just.

[Mohammad Marandi]

And if there is war, have no doubt. If there, have no doubt that oil and gas supplies in West Asia will come to an end. And that will change the lives of people across the world. And those people who carried out the war and those who support it, people in their countries will go and seek after them.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Let me drill back down to what started these protests, which was, in the words of all your leadership, legitimate protests against economic shortcomings and the collapsing currency. Now, you've just blamed Israel and the United States for that. But your president, President Peseschkian, said when this all happened, don't go after the USA or blame anyone. It is we who must properly manage our problems. It is we who must find a way to Solve problems. This is what he said at the beginning of these protests. And he fired the head of the central bank. The Supreme Leader also said that he understood and accepted that there were problems with the economy. He threatened rioters, but he said, so why do you say the outside world conspired to collapse the currency when your own leaders are saying that they have to do a better job to reach and meet people's needs?

[Mohammad Marandi]

No, Christian, I'm quoting you.

[Christiane Amanpour]

I'm quoting you.

[Mohammad Marandi]

Well, listen to my answer. It's not that you're not the outside world. The west is not the outside world. The west is a minority. And the rest of the world is disgusted with what the west has done in Gaza. So it's not the outside world. But when it comes to Iran and Iranian leaders saying that we have to. Of course they do. They have a responsibility. But the President has repeatedly said that the United States is waging war on us. You're taking one part of what he says and erasing another part, or one part of what the leader says and erasing another part. There's no doubt that the United States and its allies have been strangling the Iranian people, ordinary people, for decades now. There's no doubt about that.

[Christiane Amanpour]

All right, let me ask.

[Mohammad Marandi]

The Iranian government is struggling to overcome. And that is why Iran is moving and joining brics, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and others and other organizations, because the west is waging economic warfare and the Iranians are looking for solutions. The country has many problems, but this did not begin with the protest.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Okay.

[Mohammad Marandi]

It began with the currency manipulation.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Okay. You say that. Your president says something else. I'm not misquoting him. But what I wanna. No, no, just let me ask you a question, because this is one of the big problems and that is the Internet blackout. Clearly, people like yourself, the leadership, they're busy posting. They can talk when they want. Foreign Minister arakchi did a 30 minute interview with American television yesterday. It was a very good line. We cannot see what's going on and the Iranian people can't get their information out. So I wonder why that is. And I also wonder why or whether you think. Because there have been several uprisings over the last 20, 25 years and each one of them has been put down. And I wonder whether you ever wonder whether Iranians, whether the Republic can actually keep existing on the back of these crackdowns. Is it. Has it lost its legitimacy?

[Mohammad Marandi]

No, Christian, there's no crackdown. The Iranian people are actually among the most politically aware in the world because there is a Persian media empire in the west that's antagonizing Iran day and night, 24 hours a day, which you know very well, billions of dollars are spent on it a year. In Iran. On Monday, you forgot to mention that millions of people came to the streets in Tehran and millions of others in other cities in protest against the rioters and against the terrorists and in support of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Why did up to 3 million people come to the streets in Tehran? Why? It was live coverage. It was rolling coverage on multiple channels. Al Jazeera English was there, rt, was there, Turkish media.

[Christiane Amanpour]

We showed it. We didn't do hours of live coverage, but we definitely showed it.

[Mohammad Marandi]

All these things is that ocean of people, are they ignorant about what goes on in Iran or they know the reality is different from the narrative produced in the West. Why, by the way, did they shut down the media? It's very obvious, because these were not spontaneous riots. As soon as they shut down the media, when the violence was very high, it began to swiftly die down because these people were coordinating with intelligence services abroad. And when they lost communication, the whole thing went out. And on Saturday evening, there was almost nothing. And since then, it's been quiet. But there's also a second reason.

[Christiane Amanpour]

All right, okay. I've got to move on now.

[Mohammad Marandi]

Because of the threat of a US Strike, Iranians want to make sure that the Americans at this moment have, as the U.S. the Trump regime, have as little information as possible about Iran's military. So the country is, for the most part offline. And I don't have.

[Christiane Amanpour]

All right, all right, Mr. Moore. And I get it, as you know, I know you're on press tv. I know, I know. But there is Internet. I know. But if you. For those who are allowed to speak out, there is Internet. Anyway, you've made your point. I appreciate it. I'm going to move on now. Thanks for joining us from Tehran. Professor Marandi, now this is a critical moment for Iranians opposed to the regime. Reza Pahlavi, exiled son of the former shah, has some level of support inside. His attempts to win Trump's backing have not yet succeeded with the president saying, quote, he seems very nice but may not have the support to take over the country. So for more on all this, let's bring in Nazani Nansari. She's a journalist and managing editor of the anti regime news outlet in England. Cajon, London. Welcome to the program. Thank you. Cristiano, I want to ask you something first off, because Mr. Marandi makes least one point that is true. And that is the Israelis have been openly posting their involvement. Pompeo openly posted and tweeted on X that, you know, I don't have it right now. Maybe I do have it right now. But he basically said, we're all with you. And by the way. Oh, here, here it is. No, it's not there. By the way, Mossad is walking with you as well. This is catnip for a government who wants to blame the outside world. Why is that allowed to happen?

[Nazanin Ansari]

If I may just start, Professor Marandi reminds me of Baghdad. If you remember during the Iraq 2003 war, he was Saddam Hussein's information minister who would just deny reality when the tanks were rolling behind him. So Mr. Marandi reminds me of being like a Baghdad Bob with Internet, and that he has his press credential, which is deny, deflect, deceive. And indeed, he seems to me to be like, professor, so now why did Israelis and the others do that?

[Christiane Amanpour]

And Trump himself telling people to protest, I'll come to your help.

[Nazanin Ansari]

Yes, from one side, it is symbolic gestures to those defenseless, unarmed protesters on the street that the world is with you. You are not alone. But let's not forget this is a regime that is at war with defenseless protesters. And they're using military grade ammunition, AK7s, tanks, and even certain technology to disrupt Internet. So if Mr. Morandi is so telling the truth, why doesn't he allow, you know, Amnesty International, you know, all the human rights defenders to. To go in, to go into the prisons, to go and count the dead?

[Christiane Amanpour]

To be fair, he's not a member of the government. But I understand where you're coming from. But more importantly about the opposition, because Reza Pahlavi, the son of the deposed and late Shah, claims, you know, a leadership role and wants to play a transitional role. There have been people waving the monarch's flag. There have been people saying his name. He recently claimed that 50,000 officers of the Revolutionary Guard were preparing to desert. But he's since had to back away from that and revise it. There hasn't been any notable dissent in the top level of the military, which many people say would be the beginning of a move away from the current Islamic Republic government. Why not? Why hasn't he been able to get that?

[Nazanin Ansari]

Well, these numbers of military personnel who Mr. Marandi claims have been shot and killed, who were they? Who were they fighting with, you know, on who were they protecting while they were fighting? So that's one question to answer. And secondly, what we need to know is that there's a lot of defections from within the regime in the past few years. And, you know, not only from irgc, but also from within the Beit Albari. That means the supreme Leader's office, the office of the presidency, all the information that is coming out to us and to other athletes and even to the Israelis have been given by people within the regime. That's why the Israelis could easily, you know, eliminate 20 IRGC commanders.

[Christiane Amanpour]

So this is Amy, back in June.

[Nazanin Ansari]

Back in June. And so the thing is, it is very important for the west to stop giving symbolic and that's what I hear from activists inside Iran, that they do not want to hear symbolic statements anymore. They heard that during Mr. Obama, President Obama during the 2009 protests. They heard that in 2017, 2019, afterwards from President Biden. This time they want Mr. Trump to prove that he's a man of his words.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Okay, but and I said it to Mr. Maradi, too, Trump has said about Reza Pahlavi, he seems very nice, but I don't know how he'd play within his own country. And we really aren't up to that point yet. I don't know whether or not his country would accept his leadership. And certainly if they would, that would be fine with me. I mean, that's not exactly a ringing endorsement. And yet the monarchies have been supported by elements of the United States government and also, as you know, the Israeli government. So is that a black mark, do you think, or something that might make them suspect inside Iran?

[Nazanin Ansari]

No, listen, I think obviously we will never know who is the, you know, who will be the next leader or legitimate president or leader, whoever want to say, unless there is free, fair and open elections inside Iran under international observers. But secondly, Reza Pahlavi, the prince, the demonstration started end of December, 29th of December. People were on the streets. Come January the fifth, he made his first call for people to come out and protest and keep the streets. And then we saw 9th and 10th suddenly all over Iran, millions and to some estimates over 4 million across the country, not in one place, but this time in Tehran, in north Tehran, in south Tehran. We had northwest of, in Mashhad, in Qom, people were calling his names. But what he proposes and which is I think very logical is let us after and these protesters are ending wanting an end to the regime. And after that, after a period of transition, let there be a referendum, let all parties get together. And this is what we are seeing, you know, in his support, the Kurds, the Baluchis, the other group, seven Kurdish groups supported him Let me ask you.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Because this is very, very important. Very important.

[Nazanin Ansari]

Yes.

[Christiane Amanpour]

So I've read quite a lot of an analysis, you know, preparing for this interview. Yes. In fact, certain Kurdish groups, other, you know, other groups that are. That are. That are disparate groups, you know, say they haven't actually been reached out to by the monarchist opposition. And as you know, I know in your view and in most people's views, they're not fair and free elections in Iran ever. But given who is involved, this last time, the more conservative hardline candidate got some 13 million votes, while Peseschkian, claiming to be more of a reformer and certainly secular, got 16 million. That means it's a divided country. Does any opposition get that? Do they understand that it's not just a country that is just urging and wanting secularism and pro Westernism and all that? There's a real division there?

[Nazanin Ansari]

Well, you know, in the last election, look at the number of abstentions. The ones who actually did not go and vote, which was in the tens. Nearly 50% did not vote, or maybe even more. I mean, the top candidates in parliamentary elections, in parliament right now, they probably received only 10% of the vote. So that's one thing about the elections. Secondly about these. The Kurdish groups that I referred to, they were the seven major Kurdish groups. And the person that has been in touch with them is basically also, you know, from Mr. Palat. I mean, they are in open communication. So. Okay, I'll send you the names.

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

Yeah.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Yeah. Okay. Let me just ask you a question, because this has been another complaint, and we've seen it. After Mahsa Amini's killing, um, there was a group including Mr. Pahlavi, and they were going to put aside differences and try to have a unity opposition campaign. It collapsed after two months. There's been a lot of rivalry. So are you convinced that at this time. Whether or not what at this time there is a coherent opposition that can actually do politics in a way that has to happen. And joint question, are you concerned that President Trump seems to be moving away from, quote, unquote, coming to the rescue of the protesters?

[Nazanin Ansari]

Number one is that what's different this time is that the protesters on the street are asking for the end to the regime. Only in 2025, there was a poll done by IPSA, which is under the control of the supreme national, one of these supreme offices, and over 92% in Iran. In Iran, Supreme Cultural Institution. Yeah, supreme national culture, over 92% said they are unhappy with the situation. That's number one, the degree of resentment is super. Number two, Mahsa in 2022 was a stepping stone to what we see today. This is just another form, as you know, this type of protest, although we had protests from 2009 onwards, but this specific type of protest, which is very secular, started in 2017, 2019, 2022. And this time the difference is that the opposition is ready, whereas with those it was not ready.

[Christiane Amanpour]

And very finally we got 10 seconds. They said that the, the streets are quiet for the last four days. Do you think this phase is over? Has it been crushed?

[Nazanin Ansari]

Well, the Iranians in the diaspora are continuing their demonstrations in all capital cities and various cities around the world in front of US embassies and in also Iranian embassies.

[Christiane Amanpour]

But inside Iran for the moment, inside.

[Nazanin Ansari]

Iran, we don't get pictures.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Nazani Ansari, thank you very much indeed. Thank you and stay with us because we'll be back after the break.

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

Hey, I'm Anderson Cooper. On my podcast All There Is, we.

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Explore grief and loss in all its complexities.

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You'll hear deeply moving and honest discussions with people who have faced and are living with life altering losses.

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Loss is something you have to navigate.

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It's not a thing where time heals all wounds.

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They're sacred wounds.

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Talking grief, building community, that's what the podcast is all about. This is all there is. Listen and follow wherever you get your podcasts.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Like his views on Iran's self proclaimed opposition leader Reza Pahlavi. The president has also dismissed Venezuela's opposition leader and Nobel laureate Marina Corinna Machado. Her party at least won an election, but now Trump is meeting her for the first time at the White House despite endorsing Maduro's vice president to run the country as long as she did the US Bidding. So can Machado make her case to Trump now? Let's ask the expert Phil Gunson, who works in Venezuela for the International Crisis Group and he joins me from Caracas. So welcome. Tell me what you think is the maximum Machado can get from her meeting today.

[Phil Gunson]

My sense is that she really needs to pivot from a position which up to now has been very adulatory of Trump, even to the extent of saying that she's going to, that she's dedicated her Nobel Peace Prize to him and that she's going to hand it to him. She needs to pivot from that to some kind of distancing, I think from the US Position, because otherwise there's. The opposition really doesn't have its own personality, doesn't have its own identity, and it certainly doesn't have a seat at the table. Okay, so the only way to get a seat at the table is to somehow become, you know, an independent actor.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Okay, so that's interesting. What do you agree, though, with the White House apparent assessment? Maybe the CIA has weighed in because they were obviously on the ground that she actually did not have the ability to flip the military and get the institutions behind her, or is that just what do you think?

[Phil Gunson]

Well, in fact, we said very similar things ourselves in our reports in recent months from Crisis Group. It's not that Maria Perina doesn't have the support of the people. She clearly does. It's clear, as you say, that the opposition won the election of 2024. The key issue is not the support of the people in this case, it's the support of the military. And despite the fact that they assured us, Maria Corinna and her people over and over again that they were going to have that support, obviously the CIA and the US Administration in general decided that that's not the case, that there was a real danger of violent chaos if they went ahead with regime change.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Okay, so you are in the country. There hasn't been regime change. But what is the sense there are people thrilled with the way things are turning out? Is the Rodriguez administration or regime still cracking down, as they did at the beginning on any sign of support that Maduro had been airlifted out?

[Phil Gunson]

I think it's absolutely clear that most Venezuelans are happy to see the back of Maduro, but there's a lot of apprehension, naturally, a lot of uncertainty about what comes next. Everybody's very much aware that, you know, the military, the security forces in general, who've been guilty of massive human rights violations, who can pick you up at a moment's notice because you have something allegedly subversive on your phone? This is all still going on. So people are not taking to the streets, and they're certainly not expressing any support for the US Action because that can end you up in jail.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Interesting, because apparently the acting president also supports the US Action and she's working with the United States. How is that going to go? Let me just play you this sound bite, actually, from President Trump after he spoke to Delsey Rodriguez, the interim president.

[Donald Trump]

I know that, number one, we just had a great conversation today. And she's a terrific person. I mean, she's somebody that we've worked with very well. Marco Rubio is dealing with her. I dealt with her this morning. We had a call, a long call. We discussed a lot of things, and I think we're getting along very well with the Venezuela.

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

Yes.

[Christiane Amanpour]

So, I mean, do you. Is there any cognitive dissonance there? I mean, on the one hand, he says that. On the other hand, you know, he says he's in charge of Venezuela. What is the reality on the ground?

[Phil Gunson]

Well, it does appear that the US is in charge in the sense that the people in the government here don't appear to have very much option but to go along with Trump's plan. And they're putting a brave face on it to an extent. Delcey Rodriguez and her brother Jorge, who runs the parliament here, I mean, they are to some extent economic reformers. So there may not be too much problem in terms of that aspect of the plan. But when it comes to political transition, that's a whole different matter. And it's particularly sensitive for the people with the guns, the police, the intelligence services, some of whom might well end up in jail if there were indeed a change of government.

[Christiane Amanpour]

And on the other hand, also, you know, again, we've got Trump saying he's in charge, that Delsey Rodriguez and her crew are doing his bidding. But the US Embassy in Venezuela has issued a security alert warning. Do not travel to Venezuela, depart immediately. They tell Americans. You've also got the issue of the oil, whereby oil executives were summoned or called to the White House. And some of them, notably the Exxon CEO, told Trump that Venezuela is uninvestable. Where do you see all this headed? Do you think Trump's aim was the oil, and if so, is it investable?

[Phil Gunson]

I think there are a number of different motivations behind this operation. Oil and control of Venezuela's oil. After all, it's a country with the largest oil reserves in the world. That certainly has played a part. The issue of drug trafficking, the issue of migration, and also the issue of the Chinese presence. Don't forget that part of the reason to control the oil is precisely to stop it going to China. So I think there are a number of different things involved here, and it's a complicated thing, it's a complicated undertaking to try to manipulate and negotiate your way to some kind of a transition in Venezuela.

[Christiane Amanpour]

It is really interesting. It's the idea of. Of dealing with the current government and then. Exactly. I was going to ask you, you've lived there for decades. Chavez, Maduro, now Rodriguez. You know, in the big picture, do you think cuz Rubio and Trump have alluded to the fact that at some point down the line, there needs to be a democratic transition. Can you see how that would work?

[Phil Gunson]

I think it's very difficult to envisage under today's circumstances. Trump has certainly talked about transition, and we know that Secretary of State Rubio is very much committed to regime change. He wants to see, you know, the opposition in power. He wants to see a democratic Venezuela. When Trump talks about transition, I think he's much more interested in economic transition and a transition that leaves Venezuela in the hands of people that, in his view, you know, will make America great again. He's much more focused on what it's going to do for the American people than what it's going to do for the Venezuelan people, I think.

[Christiane Amanpour]

And finally, do you think Mashado has had missteps, as has been written about?

[Phil Gunson]

Oh, absolutely. I mean, and I think putting all her eggs in the basket of a military intervention by the US Is one of them. I think it's clear that Trump has been, you know, he's had his own agenda, which is not necessarily the agenda of the Venezuelan opposition. And as I said before, I think that the way to recover from this is for the opposition collectively to come together. It's different factions, if you like, and to make demands of the US as well as of the Delisi Rodriguez government. They can't be seen in pocket.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Just a quick yes or no. I was just talking about the Iran thing with the disparate opposition and rivalries and fractured. Do you think there's any chance the Venezuelan opposition, because they're already sort of quite a lot of them talking past each other.

[Phil Gunson]

They will come together if the circumstances are right, but they're very weak, obviously, within the country right now to a large degree because of the. Because of the repression. There's not much political space here to organize.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Phil Gunson of the International Crisis Group, thank you so much for joining us with that explanation. And we'll be back after this short.

[Donald Trump]

I'm Dr. Sanjay Gupta, host of the Chasing Life podcast.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Just the whole notion of replacing pieces of ourselves, how do we do that?

[Mohammad Marandi]

Why do we do it?

[Donald Trump]

That's one of my favorite science writers, Mary Roach.

[Mohammad Marandi]

For years, she's explored big questions about the human body. This time, however, she's turned her attention.

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

To humanity's long fascination with replacing body parts. And the book is called Replaceable You. We're gonna talk about what breakthroughs are already changing lives, what's still a work in progress, and what it really means to replace parts of yourself.

[Mohammad Marandi]

That work just as well or maybe even better. Listen to Chasing Life Streaming now wherever.

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

You get your podcasts. Tav, I Got News for your Ears.

[Mohammad Marandi]

The podcast. I am your host, Michael Ian Black.

[Nazanin Ansari]

Streets aren't safe.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Kids can't go to school like they're.

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

Yeah, they shut down schools for at least a couple days last week because.

[Mohammad Marandi]

You know, a block away they're tear down.

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

I've heard of a snow day, but an ice day?

[Donald Trump]

Hey.

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That'S why he's a panelist on this show. That's how he got the part. He's so excited to be on camera again. Have I Got News for your Ears.

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

Releases new episodes every Wednesday. Don't miss an episode.

[Mohammad Marandi]

Follow us wherever you get your podcast.

[Christiane Amanpour]

Now. President Trump says he has no plans to fire the Federal Reserve chair Jerome Powell, despite the Justice Department's criminal investigation against him over a $2.5 billion renovation project of the central bank. Powell hit back, saying the move is political retribution for not following Trump's orders to cut interest rates. Trump denies any prior knowledge of the inquiry. And Powell has garnered support from fellow central bankers and Republican lawmakers, too. Co anchor of CNBC Squawk Box Andrew Ross Sorkin joins Walter Isaacson now to discuss the threat to the bank's independence with this unprecedented investigation.

[Donald Trump]

Thank you, Chris. John and Andrew Ross Sorkin, welcome back to the show.

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

Thanks so much for having me.

[Donald Trump]

So earlier this week, I wake up, as I usually do, to your Dealbook newsletter and and there was a sentence that sort of jolted me more than my chicory coffee. It was right after Fed chair Jay Powell released a video saying he was under criminal investigation. And you wrote there are certain moments that deserve extra reflection. Today is one of them. Why is this such a big deal?

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

You know, I think for the last year that we've watched this administration, we've seen all sorts of elements of what might be described as lawfare and questions about that. You know, there's also been questions about the independence of the Federal Reserve for the last year, as the president has made it clear that Jay Powell is his enemy and somebody he would like to fire and push out. And I think this was one of those moments, especially within the business world, that was different. It's been one thing in the past in history, there have been moments when presidents have been quite critical, more than critical publicly, about the head of the Federal Reserve and the acts of the Federal Reserve. But this was different. This is the very idea of potentially prosecuting on a criminal basis the head of the Federal Reserve and It comes at a moment when the public and the markets look at that and say that it appears to be a coercive act, which is to say, to force Jay Powell to lower interest rates or to otherwise leave from his term before his term is over. And I've long waited, thinking, is a moment like this going to even come? And by the way, when a moment like this comes, what is going to happen next? Will political leaders, will business leaders stand up and say something?

[Donald Trump]

And have they?

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

It's been interesting. There have been a number of folks, both in the Republican Party, in the Senate, that have broken with this president over this issue and done so publicly. All of the living former Fed chairs that have been in this role came out and condemned this action and this investigation in support of Jay Powell. Similarly, a number of former treasury secretaries, including Henry Paulson, a Republican, said the same thing. And then most recently, we heard from Jamie Dimon, one of the most influential bank CEOs in America, publicly support Jay Powell and the independence of the Fed as well. So I think you are actually seeing some voice to this, and not just some voice to this from the individuals themselves, but even the market has had a voice of a sort, insofar as when this first became public on Sunday evening, the markets moved and did so negatively in reaction to it.

[Donald Trump]

When this happened in 2018, when Trump was saying, I got a firepower, the markets moved a whole lot. Tell me, though, what's really happening now in the markets? Has it gone down a bit? Maybe bitcoin or gold is doing something, but are they really reacting?

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

Well, I think there's a combination of things. One is there's been a numbing. There's been a numbing effect in terms of just so many norms that have been shattered to some degree. I think that people in the market don't flinch the way they might have in the past. The other element is in part because we've seen such a vocal reaction. I think the markets have settled themselves and said, well, maybe in fact, there won't be a quote, unquote, prosecution of Jay Powell. There has been commentary from some senators, Republican senators in Washington. They may even hold up the next nominee from Trump to be the head of the Fed. The head of the Fed, unless this investigation ends in some kind of very quick way. So I do think the markets are taking some solace from that. In the context of what does the independence of the Fed look like?

[Donald Trump]

Well, you said that some Republicans are pushing back and saying they may hold up nominees. The really big one is Thom Tillis of North Carolina, a few others, Senator Kennedy from my home state of Louisiana. Others have said it, but Thom Tillis was very strong. Let me read some of it. Which is, if there were any remaining doubt whether advisers within the Trump administration are actively pushing to end the independence of the Federal Reserve, there should now be none. And then he said the credibility of the Justice Department is the one that's in trouble and that he's going to hold things up. Do you think this means the dam may be breaking, that this notion that Republican senators haven't stood up to Trump might be ending?

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

I don't know. This could be a very idiosyncratic moment. You know, Tillis is not running for reelection in part because he's fed up with what's happened in Washington. And so he has potentially more licensed, if you will, than others to perhaps speak his mind. You know, there's also been some reporting just in the past 24 hours from the Wall Street Journal and elsewhere that the president was putting pressure on Pam Bondi and other members of the Department of Justice to try to exact the kind of cases and bring the kinds of cases and do the work that he's been pushing for and demonstrating his frustration about that. And some people have been led to believe that perhaps some of those conversations in fact, led to the beginning of this investigation in terms of subpoenas being sent and the like.

[Donald Trump]

Let's follow that up. You just said it may be the pressure. Was that what happened in this investigation with the U.S. attorney who's close to Trump?

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

I think we don't know the answer yet. You know, thus far, the president, and I should say this as clearly as he has said it, he says that he did not know about this investigation, that he had not spoken with the Department of Justice about this investigation and learned of it like everybody else. I cannot verify that. I do not know if that is the case. But I think it is clear that we have heard his public commentary about Jay Powell over these past months, and not just that, we've also seen and heard the kind of close relationship and back and forth he has had with different people who work within the Department of Justice. So I think there are still questions about, you know, what led to this, in truth, and whether the president specifically said to his colleagues at the Department of Justice, please go do this, or they felt pressure to do it to appease him. They may be one and the same in the end.

[Donald Trump]

Well, let's be clear what Chairman Powell thinks. I mean, what he said was the threat of criminal charges is A consequence of the Federal Reserve setting interest rates based on our best assessment of what will serve the public, rather than following the preferences of the President. So he's pretty clear. And doesn't it make sense that he kind of knows why this is happening?

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

Well, look, there's two views of his decision to publicly release that video, which is really unprecedented for a Federal Reserve chair. One is that indeed, in fact, he very much believes that this is lawfare and that this is being used as a coercive effort to push him out early or to influence how he reacts. And there is another view that his decision to go public in such a way is to shape perhaps the narrative. And obviously the President and the Department of Justice have suggested that they believe that they are bringing this case in good faith or this investigation, I should say in good faith. They have said that they sent two letters or communications to the Federal Reserve. I believe those communications happened in December asking for more information and did not receive anything.

[Donald Trump]

I mean, this is just something about construction of a building. This is not a criminal case. That seems to make sense.

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

Well, that's the thing. Look, there are lots of different avenues for the American public and Congress and others to hold the Federal Reserve and other institutions in the United States accountable, if you will, for spending. So if the issue is how are they spending the money, clearly in this case there is demonstrable evidence that it is something like $700 million over budget. If there was evidence that this was being misused and lied about, you don't have to have a criminal investigation to find out more. You could hold hearings, you could have auditors go in. There are other things you can do. A criminal investigation is a very specific thing to do and carries enormous consequences.

[Donald Trump]

How do you think this might affect interest rates and the Fed, what it's going to do later in the month?

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

Oh, goodness. In truth, I actually think this is creating potentially more independence for the Fed, at least temporarily, insofar that there could be a backlash. I think there are members of the Fed and also, by the way, other central bankers from around the world that have now come out in support of Jay Powell and this Federal Reserve. So the idea of trying to either kick him out or change his view, I think in fact will be strengthened to some degree. And not only was there an expectation that Jay Powell would leave his seat in May as the chair, but there was also the possibility that he would retire from the board entirely, he could stay on as a governor. And in fact, perhaps because of what's just happened, it may be More likely that he does stay on for some period of time.

[Donald Trump]

Let me ask you the most basic question. Why shouldn't the President be able to help decide what interest rates are? Why should the Fed be totally independent? Why shouldn't we have some political control where we decide to hold the President accountable if there's inflation?

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

I think in the end, history has demonstrated that you need to have an independent Federal Reserve, in part because they are setting interest rates, and they need to be able to do so without fear of favor, without trying to get whoever's in office elected by lowering interest rates temporarily or raising interest rates temporarily. And even more importantly than that, I would actually argue in a crisis, in a panic moment, having written about 1929 and having written about 2008 and even what the Federal Reserve ultimately did during the pandemic, oftentimes the Federal Reserve has to do things that are uniquely politically unpopular and unpalatable. The bailouts in 2008, I know there's lots of debate about that, but ultimately, arguably, it helped keep the country from really getting into a long depression. Similarly, during the pandemic, there was an effort to really throw money at the problem, which could have been politically unpalatable in that moment. And yet you need a Federal Reserve that's willing to do things without fear of that. The President of the United States or any other politician is going to be trying to, you know, move the dials.

[Donald Trump]

In your book 1929, you have a truly, you have a lot of wonderful characters, but one of them is Senator Carter Glass of Virginia, who helps create the Fed. Tell me about the compromises done that created the Fed and why that either makes it stronger, are more vulnerable today.

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

Well, so one of the keys to the Federal Reserve was to have an important and central office in Washington, but was also to have regional offices around the country so that Wall street didn't take over, didn't have more power. That was critical. And the independence piece was also critical. And they were aware of that because they understood that there were going to be decisions that at times were going to be politically unpopular. And when you really dig in and even think about the crash of 1929 and look at the fact that, frankly, the Fed did not act perhaps the way they should have, one of the reasons for that, arguably, if you read some of the diaries and notes and memos of the members of the board during that period, was because of political pressure, because the Federal Reserve was such a new entity, born in 1913, still considered an experiment of sorts, there was a worry that if they actually raised interest rates to try to tamp down speculation that they could tip the economy over and they would get blamed. And not just that they get blamed, but that the entire experiment would be eliminated.

[Donald Trump]

Tell me about what we can learn from overseas. I know that the Turkish president has interfered with his central bank. Is that a warning sign for us?

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

There's no question that there have been a whole, whole number of instances where you've seen certain countries, some of which have been described as banana republics and others, where the, you know, the head of state effectively has tried to manage the economy and manage their central bank. And in some of those cases, you have seen massive inflation spikes, in part because the investor class says this is not as trustworthy a borrower as well, we thought, given that the controls are not independent.

[Donald Trump]

Do you think this will finally change President Trump's relationship with the people? You cover the people in the backdrop of you right there, which is basically Wall street, the markets, business and corporate America.

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

So that's where I'm less clear. I will say, you know, in this moment, where the Republicans control the White House, Congress and the Senate, there's always a question of who is the governor, if you will, over the president of the United States. And from my vantage point, actually, the market has been perhaps one of the only real governors over the president. And I say that because, if you remember last April, quote, unquote, Liberation Day, the day that the president announced his tariff bill plan, the bond market really reacted negatively. And then he pulled back again in the fall, we had a similar situation. He talked about much higher tariffs for China. The market reacted and he pulled back. There are very few times and very few people on an individual level in Washington or elsewhere, that seem to have forced the hand of the president the way the markets have.

[Donald Trump]

Andrew Ross Sorkin, thank you so much for joining us.

[Andrew Ross Sorkin]

Thank you.

[Christiane Amanpour]

And watch this space. That's it for now. If you ever miss our show, you can find the latest episode shortly after it airs on our podcast. And remember, you can always catch us online on our website and all over social media. Thank you for watching and goodbye from London.