The Progressive Era | In the Arena | 6

Summary

American History Tellers: The Progressive Era | In the Arena | Episode 6 Summary

Release Date: June 11, 2025
Host: Lindsay Graham
Guest: Ed O'Keefe, CEO of the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Foundation and author of The Loves of Theodore: The Women Who Created a President*

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Introduction to Theodore Roosevelt's Rise

In the summer of 1896, Theodore Roosevelt finds himself frustrated in his role as one of four commissioners on the New York City Board of Police. His sister, Bami Roosevelt, serves as his most trusted advisor, encouraging him to seek a more influential position within the administration of Republican presidential candidate William McKinley. This strategic maneuvering sets the stage for Roosevelt's appointment as Assistant Secretary of the Navy following McKinley's victory, marking the beginning of his impactful political career.

“Your brother wasn't meant for committee rooms and chasing signatures. He's a man of action, born to lead.”
— Narrated by Lindsey Graham [00:00]

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The Economic and Social Climate During Roosevelt's Ascension

Ed O'Keefe provides a vivid portrayal of America transitioning from the Victorian to the Gilded Age, a period characterized by industrialization, economic upheaval, and significant immigration. Roosevelt, born in 1858, emerges as a forward-thinking leader who embraces technological advancements and contemplates America's expanding role on the global stage.

“The past is prologue. Everything that is happening then is of course happening again.”
— Ed O'Keefe [06:27]

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Family Influences Shaping Roosevelt's Progressivism

Roosevelt's upbringing in a wealthy yet philanthropic family exposed him to both privilege and the struggles of the less fortunate. His grandfather, CVS Roosevelt, played a pivotal role in elevating the family's status through investment banking, laying the financial foundation for Roosevelt's father's philanthropic endeavors.

Ed O'Keefe emphasizes the profound impact of Roosevelt's relationships with influential women:

• Alice Hathaway Lee: Roosevelt's first wife from a progressive, reform-minded Boston Brahmin family significantly influenced his early advocacy for women's rights, including his 1880 Harvard senior thesis championing equal rights for women.

• Bami Roosevelt: As Roosevelt's older sister, Bami acted akin to a political strategist and confidante, guiding him through critical career decisions and fostering his reformist agenda.

“Had Bami been a man, that she, not Theodore Roosevelt, would have been President of the United States.”
— Alice Roosevelt, quoted by Ed O'Keefe [28:00]

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Roosevelt's Early Political Career and Reform Efforts

Elected to the New York State Assembly in 1881, Roosevelt encountered firsthand the rampant corruption and political machine dominance in Albany. This exposure ignited his passion for reform, leading him to oppose oppressive legislation and advocate for governmental oversight to protect the public interest.

As New York City Police Commissioner, Roosevelt tackled corruption head-on by conducting night raids to expose negligent officers and enforcing Sunday closing laws, despite widespread resistance. These actions established his reputation as a fearless reformer willing to challenge entrenched systems.

“We need to have standards and systems and practices for the protection of the people.”
— Ed O'Keefe [13:36]

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Ascent to Governorship and the Spanish-American War

Roosevelt's leadership of the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War catapulted him into national fame, making him an irresistible candidate for governorship. Despite opposition from the Republican machine, his charisma and wartime heroics secured his election as Governor of New York by a narrow margin of 18,000 votes.

As governor, Roosevelt implemented progressive policies, including repurposing armories for the homeless and regulating corporate monopolies controlling essential urban infrastructure. His confrontational stance against political bosses like Boss Platt led to his promotion to Vice President, ultimately positioning him as William McKinley's running mate.

“He was so famous, they couldn't stop him.”
— Ed O'Keefe [15:31]

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Presidency and Progressive Reforms

Upon McKinley's assassination in 1901, Roosevelt assumed the presidency and swiftly diverged from his predecessor’s policies to embrace a robust reform agenda. Key initiatives included:

• Antitrust Actions: Utilizing the Sherman Antitrust Act, Roosevelt successfully dismantled major monopolies in railroads, beef, and sugar industries, setting precedents for future antitrust enforcement.

  “He blocked the merger of a major railroad because he fears that the merger will actually create a monopoly and it will not lead to better service or better prices for the American people.”
  — Ed O'Keefe [22:40]

• Labor Relations: Roosevelt became the first president to intervene in a labor strike, notably the 1902-1903 anthracite coal strike, thereby redefining the relationship between the federal government, labor unions, and corporations.

  “The people see a President who recognizes their interests, not just those who control the economy.”
  — Ed O'Keefe [25:18]

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The Bully Pulpit: Leveraging Presidential Influence

Roosevelt pioneered the concept of the "bully pulpit," using his visibility and dynamic personality to shape public opinion and drive his legislative agenda. Supported by his sister Connie, who acted as an informal press secretary, Roosevelt adeptly managed media coverage to cultivate a favorable public image, allowing him to effectively champion his progressive reforms.

“Roosevelt issued more executive orders in his presidency than every single president who preceded him combined.”
— Ed O'Keefe [25:38]

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Conservation Efforts and Legacy

A fervent conservationist, Roosevelt protected over 200 million acres of public land, established national parks, forests, and monuments, and founded the U.S. Forest Service. His love for nature was deeply rooted in his early experiences in the Badlands of North Dakota and was further nurtured by his friendships with naturalists like John Muir.

“He was the conservation president because he felt that he needed to look out 100 years into the future and protect the lands, the birds, the species for not just our children, but our children's children.”
— Ed O'Keefe [39:42]

Roosevelt's conservation legacy is immortalized through the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library in Medora, North Dakota, set to open on July 4, 2026, celebrating his enduring impact on America's natural heritage.

“This is why we're building the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library… to invite people to come... to get in the arena of the cause they most believe in.”
— Ed O'Keefe [40:02]

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Roosevelt's Enduring Influence

The episode culminates with reflections on Roosevelt's "In the Arena" speech, emphasizing the importance of active participation and resilience in shaping history. His assertive leadership and commitment to progressivism continue to resonate, inspiring contemporary leaders and activists to engage courageously in societal reform.

“It's not the critic who counts... the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood…”
— Ed O'Keefe [40:02]

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Conclusion

In this final episode of the Progressive Era series, American History Tellers delves deep into Theodore Roosevelt's multifaceted legacy, highlighting how his progressive ideals, shaped by influential women and a passion for conservation, transformed America. Roosevelt's tenure as president not only redefined the role of the executive branch but also established enduring policies that continue to influence the nation's trajectory.

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Additional Resources:

• The Loves of Theodore: The Women Who Created a President by Ed O'Keefe
• Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Foundation: wondery.com/links/american-history-tellers

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American History Tellers is a production of Wondery, bringing to life the pivotal moments and figures that have shaped the United States. For more engaging historical narratives, subscribe to the Wondery App or your favorite podcast platform.

Transcript

[Lindsey Graham]

Picture this. You're transported back in time, witnessing history unfold right before your eyes without any modern day interruptions. That's the magic of Wondery. Immerse yourself in the stories that shaped our nation with ad free episodes, early access to new seasons and exclusive bonus content. Join Wondery plus in the Wondery app or on Apple Podcasts and experience American history like never before. Imagine it's July 1896, in Oyster Bay, New York. Your brother, Theodore Roosevelt, is rowing you in the waters of a cove near his home, Sagamore Hill. You tilt your parasol to block the morning sun as his oars slice through the shimmering water. His brow is furrowed and his jaw is clenched, but you can tell it's not just the strain of rowing. Oh, Theodore, you better tell me what's on your mind. He slows his stroke and breathes a heavy sigh. That's this job. I work from dawn till dusk at the police board, but every reform I attempt is thwarted. Then I'm forced to endure the hostility of Tammany hall. And the Republican bosses are hardly any better. Let me tell you. If only I were the city's sole police commissioner, I could clean up the whole cursed place within a few years. But instead, there's four of us. It's like trying to steer a rudderless ship. Rather, a ship with four rudders. Well, it sounds to me like you're an executive trapped in a bureaucratic role. Your brother snorts in agreement, and as you study his weary face, you're struck with an idea. You know, there may be a way out now that the presidential election is in full swing. If McKinley wins, as I expect he will, there will be changes, new appointments. You could escape New York for Washington, maybe get a role with real power. And how exactly do you suggest I endear myself to McKinley? I backed his opponent in the primary. Well, that was a miscalculation, but perhaps not an insurmountable one. Theodore stops rowing and studies you. Yeah? What do you have in mind? You should invite Congressman Storer and his wife to Sagamore Hill. They're friends with McKinley, and if anyone could smooth the way. Oh, you're incorrigible. I'm strategic. Still, it's a big ask. And what role would McKinley even give me? He's certainly not going to put me in the Cabinet. How about something in the military? Say, Assistant Secretary of the Navy? Your brother leans back in his seat. Considering that could work. I've always said that naval power should be the backbone of our national security. We should be doing everything we can to protect our strength in the Caribbean. Precisely. It suits you. And I'd like to see what we could do to get Spain out of Cuba. Yes, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, I do like the sound of that. Well, let's make it happen. Write to the storers at once and have them come to Sagamore Hill in August. Let them see you in your element and you'll mend fences in no time. Well, it's a plan and I like it. What would I do without you? You wink as he lifts the oars and resumes rowing. You know your brother wasn't meant for committee rooms and chasing signatures. He's a man of action, born to lead, and you're determined to chart the course of his ascent.

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[Lindsey Graham]

From wondery I'm Lindsey Graham and this is American Historytellers Our History. Your Story in the summer of 1896, Theodore Roosevelt confided in his older sister, Bami, describing his frustrations with his position as one of four commissioners on the New York City Board of Police. Bami was Roosevelt's most trusted advisor and she encouraged him to pursue a role in the administration of Republican presidential candidate William McKinley. In the wake of McKinley's victory, Bami's counsel and strategic maneuvering helped Roosevelt secure an appointment as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Roosevelt was a progressive who believed in government interventions at home and abroad. And in this role, he expanded US Naval power and paved the way for a future war in Cuba. Bami helped orchestrate his rise in the federal government, and she would remain a close advisor for the next two decades of his political career. Here with me now to discuss Theodore Roosevelt's power of personality and the ways in which the women in his life influence his progressivism is Ed o' Keefe, chief executive officer of the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library foundation and and author of the Loves of Theodore the Women who Created a President. Edward o' Keefe. Welcome to American Historytellers.

[Ed O'Keefe]

Good to be with you.

[Lindsey Graham]

So Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901. How would you describe the economic and social climate in America at this time?

[Ed O'Keefe]

Well, the Victorian age is giving way to the Gilded Age. This is the era of Rockefeller and Morgan, Vanderbilt and Carnegie, a really rupturous and fulcrum changing time in the nation. The whole nation is changing from an agrarian to an industrial society. You're seeing economic tumult, you're seeing changes in immigration, which is challenging the notion of what it is to be an American. Technology is completely uprooting American life. Theodore Roosevelt is born in 1858. There's no electricity, no cars, no air conditioning, yet he'll be the first president to flying an airplane, to be in a submarine, the first president to go in a presidential motorcade. And so this is also a time when America is contemplating its place in the world, what America will be in relation to the rest of the world. As we say, the past is prologue. Everything that is happening then is of course happening again.

[Lindsey Graham]

Now let's rewind a bit and investigate his family background. What were they like? Did he come from a prosperous, wealthy family?

[Ed O'Keefe]

Theodore Roosevelt grew up wealthy, but he was not of the League of Rockefeller or Morgan or Vanderbilt or Carnegie. His dad was primarily a philanthropist. He worked in the family business, which was Roosevelt and Sons. Roosevelt and Sons had gone back generations, but his grandfather, Theodore Roosevelt's grandfather, CVS Roosevelt, is what vaulted the family to a new level of wealth. CVS was actually one of the original directors of Chemical bank. And Chemical bank eventually bought Chase Manhattan and Chase Manhattan became Chase. So if you go to a Chase bank, to this day you are actually banking or working with an organization that was founded in part by Theodore Roosevelt's grandfather. So they were in the import export business. They did a lot of stained glass and luxury goods for the wealthiest families in primarily New York, but throughout America. And then that jump into investing, investment banking really changed the fortunes of the Roosevelt family So Theodore Roosevelt's father has the luxury of really working primarily as a philanthropist. He's the co founder of the American Museum of Natural History. He's the founder of the first orthopedic hospital in New York and he's one of the founders of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Theodore Roosevelt, at 10 years old, witnesses his father signing the charter for the American Museum of Natural History. But his father, through his philanthropy is exposing him to the newsboys lodging house, the orphans who are working primarily in the newspaper business. He's seen his father found these institutions like the American Museum of Natural History and the Met and a hospital for those who don't have the ability to care for themselves or have a particular disability with regard to orthopedics. So he's from a privileged class, but he's getting exposure to worlds he doesn't live in.

[Lindsey Graham]

So that's his family and how perhaps that unique dynamic influenced him as he was growing up. But I'm also interested as a kind of a topic of your book, how did his wife's family influence him?

[Ed O'Keefe]

Alice Hathaway Lee is the dynamic changing moment in Theodore Roosevelt's progressivism. Alice Hathaway Lee Theodore Roosevelt met while he was at Harvard. He had unfortunately experienced the passing of his father. His father died of cancer, relatively Young at age 46. Theodore Roosevelt was 20 years old at the time. And that same year, just a few months after his father died, he broke up with his long term girlfriend, Edith Carot, who will come back into the picture later. But at the moment it was absolutely devastating. He loses his father, he loses his girlfriend in the course of a couple of months. In 1878 he goes back to Harvard in his sophomore year and there he meets Alice Hathaway Lee. She is beautiful, beautiful, she is beguiling. She comes from one of the most prominent Boston Brahmin families, if you know the old Boston toast. And this is good old Boston, the home of the bean and the cod, where the Lowells talk only to the Cabots and the Cabots talk only to God. She's a Cabot, she's, you know, elusive and beautiful and comes from this progressive, reform minded family, the Lees and the Saltonstalls and the Cabots are talking politics, but not just any type of politics, they're talking about reform politics. So influential is Alice in TR's outlook that his senior thesis at Harvard is an effusive all out call for equal rights for women. In 1880 Theodore Roosevelt writes that women should have the right to vote. That's 40 years before suffrage. He endorses women becoming lawyers, doctors and judges. He says that women should not necessarily take their husband's name upon marriage. I mean, these are ideas that are far, far ahead of their time. And it's all really got that root in Alice Hathaway Lee and this progressive, reform minded family around which Theodore Roosevelt is surrounded in college.

[Lindsey Graham]

So in 1880 he writes a senior thesis that shows strong progressive flavors. And in 1901 he becomes president. But let's investigate that 21 year period in between. How did his progressive leanings begin to evolve in his public service and political careers? He was a New York Assemblyman.

[Ed O'Keefe]

Yes. In 1881, Theodore Roosevelt is elected to the New York State Assembly. He was a republican. He came from what was known as the silk stocking district. So not much was expected of this particular Republican. But when he got to Albany, he saw bribery, he saw the power of the boss system and the political machine. He was actually brought to one of the tenement houses by one of his fellow assemblymen when he opposed a bill at first to ban the making of cigars in private homes. And he saw, he witnessed these young children working with their families, rolling cigars. And it changed his outlook. He began to see a different side of New York City. He wasn't a radical reformer as an assemblyman, but he was beginning to see the challenges that the city and the state were facing. And it really kind of extended that spark that had been lit by the Lee's, Cabot's and Salton stalls that he was running against the system. He was running as a reformer to really try to see change, to bring regulation and rules and order and some role for government between capital and commerce and protection of the public good and the people.

[Lindsey Graham]

So we can roll forward a few years then, and Teddy Roosevelt becomes police commissioner of New York City. How did his reform minded progressivism adapt to this new role?

[Ed O'Keefe]

So at that point, there wasn't just one police commissioner, there was a number of them. There would be three or four at any given time. And so Theodore Roosevelt didn't have the power to act exclusively, but what he could do, through the help of his sister Bami, who introduced him to a prominent journalist, Richard Harding Davis, was bring attention to the corruption that just completely corroded the New York public police at that time. He would go on night rambles and bring Richard Harding Davis with him so he could catch the officers who were sleeping on the job, who were in saloons making trouble, who were not following any sort of the systems in order. And of course, this caused a huge ruckus. He also very controversially enforced the Sunday closing laws. He didn't allow the service of alcohol on Sundays, which was technically illegal, but everyone ignored it because that was the one day a week that the laborers, the working class, had. But because it was against the law, Theodore Roosevelt enforced it. It did not make him a very popular figure, but it was one of those examples where he said, we need to have standards and systems and practices for the protection of the people. Now, in these first few positions of authority that he has, he's always running against the grain. He's not going to allow corruption. He's not going to allow the political bosses or the machine to take advantage of the people. And this is all, of course, leading up to when he'll really emerge as governor, vice president and president and make change for the nation.

[Lindsey Graham]

I'm glad you mentioned this, because Governor and vice president. Well, let's stick with governor for the moment. This is a position that he achieved despite going against the grain of the existing entrenched political machinery. How does he achieve that?

[Ed O'Keefe]

He was so famous, they couldn't stop him. He had made the charge up San Juan Heights in the Spanish American War. How did he become famous? Richard Harding Davis, the journalist that would follow him on the night rambles as police commissioner, shows up again. He catalogs the Rough Riders and their daring Heroics in Cuba. TR dispatches for Cuba in May of 1898. By November of that year, he's elected governor in the space of six months, what he called his crowded hour. He goes from a assistant secretary of the Navy who resigns his position. Everybody thinks he's insane for doing so. He's lost his mind. He's going to leave this government post and join a ragtag group of cowboys, ranchers, professional tennis players. I mean, it was the combination of the highest class and the lowest class fighting together. And from that experience, he's almost unstoppable. The bosses are very, very wary of him. He's always been an agitator and a reformer. Can they control him as governor? And think about this when TR comes into office. He's elected in 1898, so it's around 60 to 70 million in the country. The top 9% were responsible for 71% of the wealth. So it's a boiling, roiling kind of time where the population is out of sync with where the wealth of the nation is held. Corporations hold all the power. And it was an extraordinarily close election, despite Theodore Roosevelt's Popularity and celebrity. He only won by 18,000 votes.

[Lindsey Graham]

So he squeaks by and takes a seat as governor. How does he do?

[Ed O'Keefe]

Well, he is indeed what the bosses feared. He is a reform minded governor. For instance, in the winter in New York, he repurposes the armories to house the homeless. He uses regulation and tax policy to his advantage. TR Gets behind a bill in the New York legislature as governor that will limit the duration and tax the profits of corporations that control the subways, the bridges and the tunnels. The Republican bosses and the system, the political machine hates this. They call him the boy governor. And one of his legislators actually comes to the governor and says of Boss Platt, who controls the Republican machine, he'll get you soon.

[Lindsey Graham]

The entrenched party machinery strikes back. However, in an unusual maneuver, by promoting.

[Ed O'Keefe]

Him, they kick him upstairs. The best that they could do was to say, you know what? We do not support Governor Roosevelt running for reelection. We need to make him Vice President. Mark Hanna is a senator from Ohio. He's very close to William McKinley, the president who's standing for reelection. And interestingly, there wouldn't even be a spot on the ticket except for the death of the sitting Vice President Hobart. And suddenly there's a place to stick. TR this troublemaker from New York, Hannah, says to McKinley, don't you understand, President McKinley? If you put Roosevelt on the ticket, there will be one life between the presidency and this madman. When McKinley finally Kinley caves and agrees to take TR on the ticket because he's young, he's dynamic, it's Hannah who actually says to the President of the United States, William McKinley, your duty to the country is to live for the next four years.

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[Lindsey Graham]

In the first half of the 20th century, one woman changed adoption in America. What was once associated with the shame of unmarried mothers became not only acceptable but fashionable. But Georgia Tann didn't help families find new homes out of the goodness of her heart. She was stealing babies from happy families and selling them for profit. Hi, I'm Lindsey Graham, the host of Wondery show American Scandal. We bring to life some of the biggest controversies in US history. Presidential lies, environmental disasters, corporate fraud. And in our latest series, a young adoption worker moves to Memphis, Tennessee and becomes one of the most powerful women in the city. By the time her crimes are exposed decades later, she's made a fortune and destroyed hundreds of families along the way. Follow American Scandal on the Wondery app or wherever you get your podcasts. Experience all episodes ad free and be the first to binge the newest season only on Wondery. You can join Wondery in the Wondery app, Apple podcasts or Spotify. Start your free trial today. Roosevelt becomes president in 1901 upon the assassination of President McKinley. But he was re elected in his own right in 1904. Let's talk about some of the reforms he pursued, having his own mandate. We at this time did not have federal food, drug or meat inspection laws. So share with us a little bit about how President Roosevelt advocated for these.

[Ed O'Keefe]

Well, he comes to the presidency, as you said, Lindsey, upon the assassination of William McKinley, Roosevelt says, I will carry out the administration of William McKinley. Well, he does that for about 30 seconds. He goes completely in the opposite direction of anything McKinley had outlined and begins to advocate a really, truly reform minded presidency. There are no protectors for food and drug. This is the time when you have soothsayers medicating with syrups for colicky babies or morphine and cocaine. I mean, when Theodore Roosevelt is in a terrible accident as president, he is prescribed cocaine as the cure. So if you ever wondered if the President of the United States has done cocaine, the answer is yes, it was Theodore Roosevelt while recovering from a disastrous accident. There's no, there's no vaccine mandates, there's no meatpacking industry standards. There's really none of the protections that exist today. They all begin at this moment of reform in TR's presidency.

[Lindsey Graham]

And how did he specifically advocate for them? How did he use the power of the presidency?

[Ed O'Keefe]

Well, let's take the northern securities antitrust case, for instance. Basically what was happening is the railroads were consolidating and they were naturally bringing higher rates. There was poorer service for more money. And so TR uses the Sherman Antitrust act of 1890, which to be fair, prior presidents had brought cases under the Antitrust act, but they never succeeded. And Theodore Roosevelt, for the first time in American history, is successful. He blocks the merger of a major railroad because he fears that the merger will actually create a monopoly and it will not lead to better service or better prices for the American people. Just so there's context right now we look back on it and well, of course, I mean the government routinely brings antitrust cases for anti monopoly purposes. They've done so throughout American history. Well, that was the first. Stocks fell. They called Theodore Roosevelt a financial rough rider. There were fist fights on the Senate floor over this policy. It was extraordinarily controversial. And then he proceeded to do it again and again. So once it was successful on the railroads, he attacked the beef trust, he attacked the sugar trust, he attacked any monopoly that existed. And then let's use the other example from very early in his presidency, the anthracite coal strike. So at this time in 1902, 1903, coal is king. That is what powers houses, locomotives, ships, the processes that make steel. The anthracite coal strike happens in Pennsylvania. Workers wanted higher wages, safer conditions and a shorter workday. They had about a 10 hour workday and they would work six days a week, sometimes even seven days or 10 to 14 days in a row. The mine owning railroad was forced to come to the table at the, I would say invitation, but really. Order of Theodore Roosevelt to meet with union leaders in the White House. Again, this is something that pretty routinely happens. It's now expected of the President of the United States, whether they're a Republican or a Democrat. If there's a major strike, if they don't intervene, it's seen as they're inaction. Theodore Roosevelt is the very first president to intervene in a labor strike and thereafter resets the relationship between a president, labor and corporations. In 1902 you have 1.4 million union members. By 1903 you have 700,000 more. Because suddenly the people see a President who recognizes their interests, not just those who control the economy.

[Lindsey Graham]

I'm glad you brought the people up. Clearly, Teddy Roosevelt is using his executive power in expansive new ways. But one of his most famous slogans is that the presidency is a bully pulpit. This indicates that he's speaking to an audience and I assume that audience is the American people. What is the bully pulpit and how did he use it?

[Ed O'Keefe]

Well, it's an invention of Theodore Roosevelt. It's basically the news cycle. I don't know that we can claim that the news cycle exists any Longer with the explosion of the Internet. But. But Theodore Roosevelt in his time understood that if he, for instance, proclaimed something on a Sunday, it would dominate the papers on a Monday and it would be the source of conversation all week long. He used his position and power as the president to understand how to communicate directly to the people. Theodore Roosevelt understood the cadence and pace of news and newspapers, and he had a lot of help, too. His sister Connie, she actually acted almost as his press secretary, a role that didn't exist at the time. But she knew that if the American people fell in love with the Roosevelt family, he would be far more successful in accomplishing his policies. So she would slip stories to the press of the antics going on at the White House. I mean, Theodore Roosevelt is an avatar of a new age. He's 42 years old, the youngest president in American history to this day. And he's got six kids, three of whom are growing up in the White House, one of whom, Quinton, is a fairly young boy. They're bringing Algonquin the Pony into the White House and letting him go up the elevator to the second floor. So the people are fascinated by this incredibly active, rambunctious, energetic family. And that's the bully pulpit. Theodore Roosevelt issued more executive orders in his presidency than every single president who preceded him combined. So he understood the power of an executive, the power of the bully pulpit, the power of going directly to the people, having them fall in love with you and your family as people, and dominating the news cycle, not allowing anybody else to get a lion's share of the attention so he could drive his agenda forward.

[Lindsey Graham]

It's easy to characterize Theodore Roosevelt as a hard charging, rugged individualist who's able to accomplish enormous things all by the power of his own will. Your book, though, explores the influence of the women in his family and how he ran things by them and got their consult and confidence. Give us a sense of who influenced him during these years.

[Ed O'Keefe]

Well, the Loves of Theodore Roosevelt argues that the most masculine president in the American memory, Theodore Roosevelt, was actually the product of unsung and extraordinary women. Mitti, his mother, is an unsung influence in his life. She's actually the source of the books that he reads as a child. The McGuffey readers that contain phrases like the African proverb, speak softly and carry a big stick, that comes from the books his mother read to him as a child. His first wife, Alice, we talked about her reform minded family, what they did to inform his progressive outlook. His second wife, Edith, who was his childhood sweetheart and later Comes back after the death of Alice. She's basically his partner. She's a better judge of character. She sees things around the political corners that TR doesn't necessarily see. She's uniformly seen as a better compass by which to navigate by. But then you get to Bami. TR's older sister was sort of like what Robert F. Kennedy was to John F. Kennedy. TR ran every major decision past Bami. She advised him on matters of state. Her home at 1733 N Street, just around the corner from the White House House was known in the press as the Little White House. She was so influential that later Theodore Roosevelt's daughter Alice actually said that had Bami been a man, that she, not Theodore Roosevelt, would have been President of the United States. And Eleanor Roosevelt is asked about this quote in the 1950s after she's been first lady and her husband FDR has died. Eleanor Roosevelt agrees that had Bami been a man, had she lived 100 years later, she, not Theodore Roosevelt, would have been President of the United States. That gives you some sense of how these extraordinary women in TR's life propelled him forward towards success.

[Mr. Ballin]

You know those creepy stories that give you goosebumps? The ones that make you really question what's real? Well, what if I told you that some of the strangest, darkest and most mysterious stories are not found in haunted houses or abandoned forests, but instead in hospital rooms and doctor's offices? Hi, I'm Mr. Balin, the host of Mr. Ballin's Medical Mysteries. And each week on my podcast you can expect to hear stories about bizarre illnesses no one can explain, miraculous recoveries that shouldn't have happened, and cases so baffling they stumped even the best doctors. So if you crave totally true and thoroughly twisted horror stories and mysteries, Mr. Ballin's medical mysteries should be your new go to weekly show. Listen to Mr. Ballin's Medical Mysteries on the Wondery app or wherever you get your podcasts. You can listen early and ad free right now by joining Wondery in the Wondery app or on Spotify or Apple podcasts.

[Guy Raz]

In the early hours of December 4, 2024, CEO Brian Thompson stepped out onto the streets the of of midtown Manhattan.

[Ed O'Keefe]

This assailant pulls out a weapon and starts firing at him.

[Guy Raz]

We're talking about the CEO of the biggest private health insurance corporation in the world. And the suspect he has been identified.

[Mindy Thomas]

As Luigi Nicholas Mangione became one of.

[Guy Raz]

The most divisive figures in modern criminal history.

[Lindsey Graham]

I was targeted, premeditated. Admit to sow terror.

[Guy Raz]

I'm Jesse Weber, host of Luigi Produced by Law and Crime and Twist. This is more than a true crime crime investigation. We explore a uniquely American moment that could change the country forever.

[Ed O'Keefe]

He's awoken the people to a true issue.

[Audible Advertiser]

Finally, maybe this would lead rich and powerful people to acknowledge the barbaric nature.

[Lindsey Graham]

Of our healthcare system.

[Guy Raz]

Listen to Law and Crime's Luigi exclusively on Wondery Plus. You can join Wondery plus on the Wondery app, Spotify or Apple Podcasts.

[Lindsey Graham]

One of the things Theodore Roosevelt is perhaps best known for are his efforts in conservation. During his presidency, he protected over 200 million acres of public land. Where did this love of nature come from?

[Ed O'Keefe]

From the Badlands of North Dakota and his childhood, when he was suffering from asthma and had to live a life of the mind in books and taxidermy. TR bought into cattle in North Dakota. He lived there as a rancher and a cowboy for the better part of two years. After the death of his first wife, Alice, and his mother Mitti, on the same day in the same house. They died on February 14, 1884, Valentine's Day. Theodore wrote an X in his diary. The light has gone out of my life. He didn't stand for reelection to the New York State assembly. And here he goes to the nature of the badlands. He was depressed, he was dejected. He didn't know what he was going to do next in his life. And he lived what he later called the strenuous life. The Elkhorn Ranch, which is Theodore Roosevelt's private ranch, which today is a part of Theodore Roosevelt national park, is known as the Cradle of Conservation because it is thought that it is here in the beauty of the badlands. He discovered and deepened his conservation ethos. He had seen the degradation of species as he traveled from east to west. He understood that the biodiversity of nature was being trampled by rampant commercialism. And he really thought that there was something that needed to be done if he ever had the power to do it. And once he did, boy, did he make a difference. I mean, 230 million acres of land conserved. 150 national forests, the creation of the U.S. forest Service, 51 bird preserves, 18 national monuments, five national parks, and four national game preserves. Mic drop. That is an environmental and conservation record that has never been equaled. He was the conservation president because he felt that he needed to look out 100 years into the future and protect the lands, the birds, the species for not just our children, but our children's children. And it was not a popular view at the time. I mean, when he introduced his first notions of conservation. The speaker of the House said, there will not be one dime for scenery. I mean, there was no counter argument to conservation because as a concept, particularly in a political sense, there was no thought about it.

[Lindsey Graham]

We did a seven episode series actually on America's national parks a few years back. And in that series, one of my favorite stories was when naturalist John Muir invited Teddy Roosevelt to go camping in Yosemite National Park. Can you tell us about that trip?

[Ed O'Keefe]

Well, think about this, right? It's extraordinary. Theodore Roosevelt, the sitting President of the United States, takes a tour of the western states in 1903. He traveled by railroad, went through 25 states over nine weeks. He stopped at Yellowstone to hike and camp. He actually went skiing with John Burroughs, which is one of my favorite stories. John Burroughs was an American naturalist and an essayist who he called Oom John because of the kind of centeredness and stillness and amazing qualities that John Burroughs exuded. So he had this sense of humor too, m John. And so they were out skiing and John Burroughs does a header. And Teddy Roosevelt comes by, sort of laughs at John Burroughs. And as he's laughing at him because he's done a header then and TR flips over and does a header in skiing and then John's laughing at him. So I just picture this incredible scene of the President of the United States taking the time to be out in nature exploring with these naturalists. And then he continues on to California where he meets naturalist John Muir. And Muir introduces him to the beautiful Mariposa Grove and the sequoias and what he will later protect, the redwoods of California. He goes camping for three days and sleeps beneath the stars and by campfire with John Muir. This is impossible to imagine in a modern context. I think it was President Obama who would reflect upon the freedom that TR had to take time away to think and be in nature and to look up at the stars and be influenced by these incredible thinkers of the time. It's really pretty extraordinary when you think about the progression of an ideal and the birth of conservationism, which also had its connection to progressivism, because of course, this is for the people. This is the protection of the lands, the development of other lands for the enjoyment of all the people. That is something Theodore Roosevelt understood that while Europe may have its grand cathedrals and its thousands of years of history, its kings and its queens, the cathedrals of the United States were in nature. And if we didn't protect them, they would be ruined forever. And they deserve and belong to all.

[Lindsey Graham]

The People, I believe we have a quote from Teddy Roosevelt that would fit in well here, showing us how he thought about the value of public lands. Could you read it for us?

[Ed O'Keefe]

Absolutely. It is also vandalism wantonly to destroy or to permit the destruction of what is beautiful in nature, whether it be a cliff, a forest, or a species of mammal or bird. Here in the United States, we turn our rivers and streams into sewers and dumping grounds. We pollute the air. We destroy forests and exterminate fishes, birds and mammals. Not to speak of vulgarizing charming landscapes with hideous advertisements. But at last, it looks as if our people are awakening.

[Lindsey Graham]

So Roosevelt was not just a proponent of conservation, he was also an avid hunter and collector of specimens. These seem at first to be irreconcilable. How should we think about these things?

[Ed O'Keefe]

Well, certainly, I think it's true to this day that some of the greatest conservationists are hunters. And Theodore Roosevelt, remember, began his life as a child who was so sick with asthma he couldn't go out and explore the great outdoors. He lived his life in the mind through books and through taxidermy. And his greatest aspiration at that point was to become a natural scientist when he went to Harvard. He's not the Theodore Roosevelt that you know from Mount Rushmore. He was a geeky naturalist in whose wake formaldehyde lingered. What he wanted to do was to live a life in nature and science. And because of meeting Alice and that progressive Lee, Saltonstall and Cabot Lee family, it changed the direction of his professional ambition. Alice was in first class, and they were not issuing any first class tickets in natural science. And you know, some of the biggest misunderstanding of TR comes around hunting. He hunted for the purposes of scientific exploration. The African expedition, for instance, to East Africa. The specimens and ceres that were collected at the time are still used to this day to inform the biodiversity of parts of East Africa. And the reason he would often hunt so much is that in order to understand a species, you would have to have a collection in order to take it back and examine it. Now, obviously, that has changed, but in TR's time, what he was doing was living out his dream as a naturalist and a scientist.

[Lindsey Graham]

It's easy to understand, I think, why Theodore Roosevelt is such a compelling figure. His charm, his wit, his progressive politics. He's a force of nature. But what is it about this man and his legacy that captivates you so much so that you are now the CEO of the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Foundation? What does he mean today?

[Ed O'Keefe]

So Theodore Roosevelt has given up power voluntarily. He's gone and self exiled to Africa on an expedition for nearly a year. And now he's making his way back from Africa to the United States. He travels through Europe and on April 23, 1910, he's invited to speak at the Sorbonne in Paris. And he delivers Citizenship in a Republic, which is more famously known today as the in the arena speech. He says it is not the critic who counts, not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs, who comes up short again and again because there is no effort without error and shortcoming. Theodore Roosevelt is remarkably culturally relevant for someone who died in 1919. I mean, LeBron James in the arena on his shoes before every game. Miley Cyrus has the in the arena speech tattooed on her forearm. I mean, Brene Brown's entire philosophy of vulnerability is based on the resilience of hearing that famous in the arena speech. You know, it's not the critic that counts, but the man and today the woman who is in the arena making a difference. I mean, I think that the lesson of TR's life is that you are not always going to succeed, you are not always going to fail. But if you're not in the fight, you can't make a difference. And whatever change you believe you can make in the world, you need to be in the arena. That is why we're building the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential library in Medora, North Dakota, in the Badlands. We're opening July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of America, because we want to invite people to come to hike, to bike, to go on horseback, to be out in nature where TR recovered and to get in the arena of the cause they most believe in. In TR's time, it was some of the basic protections that we all continue to enjoy today. But today you need to look ahead 100 years into the future like TR did and see what tomorrow needs today by your leadership, your involvement, getting in the arena.

[Lindsey Graham]

Well, Ed o' Keefe, congratulations and good luck on the opening of the library and thank you so much for joining me on American Historytellers.

[Ed O'Keefe]

It was my pleasure, Lindsey. Good to be with you.

[Lindsey Graham]

That was my conversation with Ed o' Keefe. His book, the Loves of Theodore the Women who Created a President is available now from Simon and Schuster. The Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library is scheduled to Open in Medora, North Dakota on July 4, 2026. From Wondery this is the sixth and final episode of our series on the Progressive Era for American Historytellers in our next season. In the fall of 1906, a mysterious outbreak of typhoid fever strikes a wealthy New York family vacationing in Oyster Bay, Long Island. Suspicion quickly falls on the family's Irish cook, who had vanished after the first cases emerged. The ensuing hunt leads city officials on a frustrating, winding path through New York in their effort to find Typhoid Mary. If you like American Historytellers, you can binge all episodes early and ad free right now by joining Wondery in the Wondery app or on Apple Podcasts. Prime members can listen ad free on Amazon Music. And before you go, tell us about yourself by filling out a short [e-mail] survey American Historytellers is hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham for Airship Sound design by Molly Bach Supervising sound designer Matthew Filler Music by Thrum Additional writing by Ellie Stanton. This episode was produced dues by Polly Stryker and Aleda Rosanski. Our Senior Interview Producer is Peter Arconi Managing Producer, Desi Blaylock Senior Managing Producer is Callum Plews Senior Producer, Andy Herman. Executive producers are Jenny Lauer, Beckman, Marshall Louie and Aaron o' Flaherty. For wondering hi everyone, It's Nicole Wallace from msnbc. Listen to my new podcast called the Best People. I get to speak to some of the smartest, funniest and wisest people I have ever encountered. People like Carol Swisher, Rachel Maddow, Doc Rivers, Jason Bateman, Jeff Daniels, and Sarah Jessica Parker. They'll often say, hey Kerry, you know, they'll call me Carrie. And that's all right too. The Best People with Nicole Wallace New episodes drop Mondays. Listen now wherever you get your podcasts.