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Lindsey Graham (7:12)

From Wondery I'm Lindsey Graham, and this is American Scandal. Foreign by the summer of 1958, the TV quiz show craze had reached its peak, with dozens of shows appearing on the air, many of them among the most watched on television. But even as it dominated the airwaves, the entire quiz show genre was facing an existential threat. Allegations that some shows were rigged were making headlines as the public and the press became fixated on the growing scandal. And while the show's producers scrambled to protect themselves, investigators inside the Manhattan district Attorney's office tried to separate fact from fiction until one contestant came forward with proof that could not be ignored, forcing TV quiz show's most famous champion to make an agonizing choice. This is episode four deception. It's September 3rd, 1958, in Manhattan. Assistant District Attorney Joseph Stone is Seated at the desk of his office, looking over a handful of documents in preparation for a meeting with quiz show whistleblower Herbert Stempel. In the past week, Stone has interviewed Stempel several times, and on every one of these occasions, Stone has found him sober and credible. But then, just yesterday, 21 producer Dan Enright held a press conference where he not only vigorously denied Stempel's allegations, but but presented hard evidence to make his case. Stone has heard the tape, and it's left him with doubts about whether Stempel can be trusted. If he can't, then Stone will have to decide whether his investigation into 21 is worth pursuing any further. But before that happens, he wants to give Stemple the opportunity to explain himself. Stone's secretary buzzes him over the intercom, announcing that Stemple has arrived. Stone instructs her to show Stimple in. As soon as Stempel takes a seat, Stone presses play on the reel to reel tape machine sitting on his desk. The room fills with the grainy sound of the now infamous Enright recording, on which Stempel admits to attempting to blackmail the producer and also says he invested a large chunk of his prize money into a Florida gambling scheme. When the tape finishes, Stone asks for Stempel's response. And immediately Stempel goes on the defensive. He says the tape is highly edited and that Enright cut out the parts where the producer admitted to scripting the outcomes of matches on 21. He reminds Stone that Enright was a longtime radio producer and certainly knows his way around a tape machine well enough to cut and splice portions together. Stone concedes this point and says he already suspected the tape was manipulated. But even so, Stempel has questions to answer about his extortion scheme. Then, to Stone's surprise, Stempel admits to everything. He explains that he was feeling desperate, he was bitter about being eclipsed by Charles Van Doren, and he made a terrible mistake. But Stemple insists that his story about Enright Rigging 21 is still 100% true. Stone sits back in his chair and puts his hands on his head. He wasn't expecting a confession from Stempel today, but he seems genuine. Stone then leans forward and tells Stempel he has no idea who to believe at this point. While he's inclined to accept Stempel's account of what went on behind the scenes, right now it's just Stemple's word against Enright's. And Enright is the only one who's come forward with corroborating evidence unless Stempel can do the same. Stone's investigation doesn't have enough to go on. Then, as if waiting for the opportunity, Stempel explains that he might be able to produce some evidence. He says that on 21, the returning champion is forced to risk a portion of their winnings when facing a new challenger. So when the contestant finally loses, a good chunk of their winnings is handed over to the player who defeated them. For that reason, it's impossible to say how much a champion will be paid out until they're off the show. However, in Stempel's case, he was paid out several times while he was still competing on the show. He says there's no way Enright would pay him tens of thousands of dollars in advance if the producer had no idea what the final tally would be. The only explanation is that Enright was sure that Stempel would win the only way Enright could be so confident as if he were giving Stempel the answers. Stone's eyes grow wide as he listens. This is certainly something worth exploring. And Stempel goes on reasoning that he wasn't likely the only player being paid in advance. Enright almost certainly did the same with other contestants. In fact, Stempel says if Stone can get his hands on all of 21's payroll records and compare the dates to when each champion was eliminated from the show, he might be able to prove Stempel's claim. Stone smiles and tells Stempel he might be onto something. For now, he'll keep the investigation open. And once he gets his hands on those payroll documents, who knows how big this investigation could get? Shortly after his meeting with Herbert Stempel, prosecutor Joseph Stone reaches out to Dan Enright's lawyer, asking for 21's payroll records. But Enright's lawyer is slow to hand them over, offering a series of excuses that further arouse Stone's suspicions. Then, just days later, yet another quiz show comes under fire. On September 6, 1958, a former contestant on the $64,000 challenge, spin off show to the $64,000 question, publicly accuses the show's producers of colluding with contestants. With mounting evidence of widespread fraud across several quiz shows and public interest growing by the day, Stone and his boss, District Attorney Frank Hogan, decide to press forward with full force. On September 12, 1958, Hogan announces he's forming a grand jury to look into the matter. That same day, the $64,000 challenge is pulled from the air. Still, Dan Enright's 21 stubbornly presses forward. Host Jack Berry even opens one episode with a message to the audience denying all allegations. But behind the scenes, the show's biggest champion of all, Charles Van Doren, is starting to get nervous. He left 2118 months ago, and since then, his star has only continued to rise. He's dated celebrities and taken a job co hosting the Today show while continuing to teach at Columbia. Over the past few weeks, as stories about collusion spread, Van Dorn has felt like he's under a cloud of suspicion. Suspicion. And he's fearful that if the truth comes to light, he'll lose both of his careers and embarrass his family. So when 21 producer Albert Friedman calls and invites him to lunch one September morning, Van Doren is eager to hear what he has to say. Around noon that day, Van Doren arrives at an upscale Manhattan restaurant. He scans the patrons and sees Friedman sitting at a table near the back. Then he makes his way over. Albert, good to see you. You, too. I just wish it was under better circumstances. Yes, Stemple seems to have a real axe to grind. He's taken a lot of shots at me personally, and I've been tempted to defend myself, but I didn't want to bring any further attention to this story. Well, you're a smart man. I do have to ask, though, how bad do you think it'll get? Well, we're winning so far. The press thinks Stempel is a nut, and NBC is still in our corner, but we're not exactly out of the woods yet. I just heard from the district attorney this morning, and he wants me to come in for a talk. A talk? Well, that's a bit concerning. What are you gonna say? I'm gonna tell him that Stemple's a con man. His story is pure baloney. They got nothing on us. But the only people who know what happened are me and Dan Enright, and we're not talking. Well, and me, of course. Yeah, and that's why I called you. You think the DA Will bring me in? Well, it wouldn't shock me, but like I said, they have no evidence. You just need to stick to the story. You won the games fair and square, and you have no idea what Stemple is talking about. You played the role of trivia genius perfectly for three months on the show. Now all you have to do is play the role one more time. Well, playing a part on TV is one thing, but the DA Is a bit different, don't you think? I don't want to go to jail. Look, nobody's going to lock you up over a silly quiz show. That's. That's bananas. But. But here's the real Danger. If you tell the DA about what happened behind the scenes, it's bound to leak. Our careers would be finished. Not just mine and Dan's, but probably yours, too. I can't imagine your bosses at NBC or Columbia would be too pleased, for example. Yes, I imagine you're right about that. So, Charles, look, I need you to be a team player. Stick to the story. I swear this will all blow. Van Doren nods, trying to maintain his composure. But inside, he's panicking. He's not sure what to do. When he first agreed to appear on 21, he never imagined it would lead to this. Being pressured to lie to a state prosecutor. If he somehow folds under pressure, his entire life as he knows it, would be over. But what Friedman said is right. There are only a few people in the world who know the truth. And if the others are sticking to their story, then maybe the easiest way out of this mess is to do the same. As Albert Friedman continues working to keep Van Doren and other contestants quiet, the district attorney's investigation pushes Forward. And on September 18, 1958, they begin presenting evidence to the grand jury in the case against quiz show Dotto and announce they'll also be looking into a growing number of other quiz shows, including 21, the $64,000 question, and the $64,000 challenge. Outside the courtroom, Assistant DA Joseph Stone continues building each case by calling in a steady stream of contestants and producers from each of these shows. And then, on September 23, 1958, he makes a pivotal breakthrough. That day, Stone calls Friedman into his office for an interview. Friedman arrives with his lawyer, Myron Greene. Stone invites the men to have a seat, and then he opens the interview by asking the producer about his role on 21. Freedman explains that he's responsible for screening contestants and preparing them for their appearance on air, but he unequivocally denies ever supplying Charles Van Doren or any other contestant with answers. As Stone listens, he studies Friedman's words and demeanor closely. He finds the producer to be polite and articulate and not coming across as a man who's hiding something. But just as Stone prepares to drill down with more specific questions, there's a knock at the door, and he's pulled from the room by a colleague. When he steps into the hallway, the contestant explains that James Snodgrass, a former contestant on 21, has just arrived and is promising a juicy story of his own. So Stone peeks his head back into the room with Friedman excusing himself for a moment and heads down the hall. To meet with Snodgrass. Stone finds Snodgrass sitting with his lawyer in a vacant office, and the lawyer wastes no time spelling out why his client is here today. He gestures to three envelopes on the desk. All three are unopened certified mail sent from Snodgrass to himself. Intrigued, Stone asks, what's inside? The lawyer explains that before each of snodgrass appearances on 21, he was given the answers to that episode's questions by Albert Friedman. Snodgrass thought that seemed odd and decided to collect proof of what was happening. So for three straight weeks, he wrote out all of the questions and answers and mailed them in letters addressed to himself. Sent via certified mail. They're clearly postmarked with the date sent, and in each case, several days prior to that week's taping. He even saved carbon copies of every letter so Stone can review the questions and answers before opening the envelopes in court. Stone's eyes grow wide as he grabs one of the envelopes off the table. If what the lawyer is saying is true, then Stone will have irrefutable physical evidence that 21 was rigged. And there's yet another bombshell revelation. The lawyer goes on to say that just days ago, Friedman approached Snodgrass and instructed him to deny the collusion. When interviewed by authorities, Stone knows that in the room down the hall, Friedman is still sitting there waiting. He's blissfully unaware that his denials about this scheme have been proven to be lies or that he's just been implicated in the crime of witness tampering. This is a situation Stone can take advantage of. So Stone thanks Snodgrass for the information and instructs a colleague to quietly usher Snodgrass and his lawyer out the back door, careful not to walk past Friedman's room. And when the coast is clear, Stone heads back back down the hall to continue his meeting with Friedman. He tries to stifle a grin as he thinks about what will come next, because he's going to let Friedman keep lying and seal his own fate when he testifies under oath to the grand jury. Culture evolves at the speed of light, just like your financial needs. 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Lindsey Graham (21:48)

16, 1958, with the New York District Attorney's investigation garnering daily headlines, NBC pulls 21 from the air. Just a few weeks later, the show that kicked off the quiz show craze, the $64,000 question, is also canceled. The grand jury hearings stretch on for another eight months. Over 200 witnesses are called, including Herbert Stemple and James Snodgrass, the whistleblowing contestants from 21. But producer Dan Enright and host Jack Berry refused to sign waivers of immunity, a move comparable to pleading the Fifth, and so cannot be forced to testify. Still, dozens of other contestants and producers do choose to testify and proceed to lie on the stand, including Albert Friedman and Charles Van Dorn, completely unaware of the evidence that James Snodgrass presented to prosecutor Joseph Stone. So in late October 1958, Friedman is indicted for perjury. Then, several months later, he has a change of heart and asks to testify again. This time, he comes clean about supplying answers to contestants on 21. And when the grand jury finally wraps up In June of 1959, there is hope among the public that they'll finally learn the truth behind the quiz show scandals. But when the grand jury presents its report to Judge Mitchell Schweitzer, he shocks the country by sealing it, shielding the findings from public view. The judge cites an obscure legal technicality but otherwise offers no explanation for his decision. It's a devastating result for prosecutor Joseph Stone, who's devoted nine months of his life building and presenting the case. But soon after, Congress takes an interest in the scandal, and In July of 1959, an ambitious young staffer named Richard Goodwin travels to New York in hopes of securing the sealed grand jury report. That day, the 28 year old Goodwin is greeted at the courthouse by an assistant from the district Attorney's office and then quickly ushered toward a courtroom. Walking down the hall, Goodwin is feeling way out of his depth. Although he's a graduate of Harvard Law School, he has yet to pass the bar exam. But he volunteered to spearhead this effort to retrieve the sealed grand jury report, thinking it'd be a good way to distinguish himself. Upon reaching the courtroom, the doors are thrown open and Goodwin is directed to the front of the room just as Judge Schweitzer takes his seat on the bench. The judge bangs his gavel and then begins reading through formal legalese to begin the hearing. Goodwin begins to wonder if he's bitten off more than he can chew. Then Schweitzer looks up and asks the room if there are any motions. Goodwin isn't sure what to do, but a moment later, he feels the elbow of the DA's assistant poking him in the ribs. So Goodwin clears his throat and begins to speak, trying to cobble together an official sounding motion as best he can. He declares that on behalf of the House Committee on Interstate Commerce, he requests the release of the grand jury records in question. Schweitzer quickly replies that the motion is granted, banks as gavel and adjourns the hearing. As Goodwin stands frozen in silence, he feels the assistant's arm around his shoulder, congratulating him. Then, as the shock fades, Goodwin realizes he'll be heading back to Washington with the now unsafe sealed report. And just like that, the quiz show investigation will continue, this time led by the US Congress. Within days of this hearing, Goodwin receives the massive 12,000 page grand jury report and begins reading. What he finds leaves him convinced that there was rampant fraud across a half dozen quiz shows. But he doesn't see much that would meet the high legal bar for criminal convictions. Still, tens of millions of Americans tune in each night to watch these shows, and they have a right to know if they were being deceived. Received. So Goodwin decides it would be worth it for the US House Committee on Interstate Commerce, which oversees the television industry, to investigate the issue for themselves. Goodwin spends the next few weeks interviewing a variety of people involved, including both Herbert Stemple and Charles Van Doren. Stempel repeats the same story he's been telling to the press and prosecutors for the past two years. Van Doren sticks to his story too, denying any involvement in the collusion. And in their initial meetings, Goodwin finds Van Dorn believable, even grows fond of him. But as Goodwin continues making his way through the details of the massive grand jury report, he discovers sworn testimony from Albert Friedman admitting that he personally provided Van Doren with answers on more than a dozen occasions. Now Goodwin is forced to conclude that Van Doren has been lying. But despite all this, Goodwin still sympathizes with Van Dorn. He finds him to be an otherwise decent man who's trying to save his public reputation. So just days before the public congressional hearings are set to begin, Goodwin invites Van Dorn to meet one more time to offer some advice. That night in September 1959, Goodwin is at his home in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington when he hears the front doorbell ring. Opening the door, Goodwin finds Van Doren on the doorstep and steps outside to greet him. He explains that it's important that they talk, but that they should do it somewhere private. His house is small, and he doesn't want his family overhearing their conversation. Van Doren says he rented a car and offers to take Goodwin on a drive while they talk. Goodwin nods. Van Doren starts the car and begins driving aimlessly through the upscale residential streets of Georgetown while Goodwin and the passenger seat explains the situation. So here's the thing, Charles. I know you've been lying to me about what happened on 21. I wanted to believe you, I really did, but all the evidence says otherwise. There's just no reason Friedman would testify that he gave you questions if he didn't do it. Well, that's unfortunate, because I promise you, it never happened. Perhaps Friedman was bullied into telling the prosecutor what he wanted to hear. Is that what you're trying to do with me now? No, far from it. That's not even my job. And maybe I'm crazy, but I don't even take the lying personally, because I know you're in a tough spot. We've got a plum job on the Today Show, a promising academic career. I'm sure you've got your family's reputation to worry about as well. Well, all of that is true. But I must insist that I am innocent. That's fine, But I need to give you a warning at least. The congressional committee has decided to make all testimony voluntary. You won't be forced to tell them anything. And that's. That's good news. But it comes with some bad news. If you make any statement from this day forward that contradicts other witness testimony, you're gonna force their hand. They're gonna have no choice but to subpoena you. So you're telling me just to stay quiet? I guess so, yeah. Even if you feel you can't. Because when Stempo gets up there, he's gonna try to tear you apart, call you a phony, the whole nine yards. You'll be tempted to respond, but if you don't do, you will be forced to testify publicly under oath. I won't be able to help you. I'm just a junior staffer. They won't listen to me. I probably shouldn't be talking to you right now. Well, I appreciate you looking out for me. If you really want to show your appreciation, take my advice and have the good sense to stay quiet. Two men drive in silence for a moment before Van Doren pulls the car to a stop outside Goodwin's house. Then Van Doren finally speaks up. You know, Dick, I consider you a friend. And someday when all this is over, I'll be able to tell you why everyone else has been lying to you. Goodwin shakes Van Doren's hand and then steps out of the car. But as he turns back toward his home, Van Doren's cryptic statement rings in his ears. He wonders if Van Doren has been deceiving the public for so long now that he's actually actually come to believe his own lies. If that's true, Goodwin just hopes Van Doren can find the wisdom to keep that delusion to himself. Rakuten is the smartest way to save money when you shop because you earn cash back at over 3,500 stores. Fashion, beauty, electronics, home essentials, travel, dining, concert tickets and more. Your favorite stores like Lowe's, Levi's and Nike. Pay Rakuten to send them shoppers and Rackuten then passes on a part of that payment to its members as cash back. You're already shopping at your favorite stores. Why not save while you're doing it? It's a no brainer. Membership is free and easy to sign up. 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Lindsey Graham (31:18)

Listen to Law & Crime's Luigi exclusively on Wondery Plus. You can join Wondery plus on the Wondery app, Spotify or Apple podcasts by early October 1959, the Congressional Committee looking into the quiz show scandal is ready to begin public hearings. It's been more than two years since former 21 champion Herbert Stempel began reaching out to reporters, saying the show was rigged, and nearly one year since he testified to the Manhattan grand jury. And in that time, Stempel's claims have been contradicted by both the show's lead producer, Dan Enright, and the man who defeated him, Charles Van Doren. Time and again, Stempel's name has been dragged through the mud. He's been called a liar, a criminal, and psychologically unwell. But now, for the first time, Stempel will get the opportunity to tell his story under oath to the entire country. So he volunteers to testify. On the very first day of the hearings, and on the morning of October 6, 1959, Stempel sits down at a table near the front of the hearing room on Capitol Hill. As he looks around, he takes in the intimidating scene behind him. The gallery is packed with reporters and members of the public here to see the spectacle. And in front of him sit nine members of Congress, along with various US Attorneys and their staff. Stempel's heart begins to race. He chose to appear without his lawyer at his side, hoping to send the message that he has nothing to hide. Now he's beginning to wonder if that was a mistake. But it's too late now. The hearing begins with a brief introduction from the chairman, and then the lights in the room are dimmed, and a clip from Stempel's final episode with Van Doren plays on a large projector screen at the front of the room. Stempel squirms in his chair, watching himself on the big screen and reliving that humiliating experience. When the film concludes, the committee's chief counsel, Robert Lishman, begins the questioning. Mr. Stemple, I have a question about what we just saw here. I noticed you were sweating quite a bit in that isolation booth. Was that intentional on part of the producers? Yes. It was explained to me that they turned off the air conditioning in the booth in order to make me perspire. They even wanted me to dab my brow for dramatic effect, as if I was sweating over the questions, when in reality, of course, I already knew the answers. And you knew the answers because they were provided to you beforehand? Yeah, that's right. Before each episode, I would meet with Dan Enright, and he would show them to me. He would then instruct struck me on which questions to get right or wrong, how many points to go for with each. Let's back up. Mr. Stempel. When did you first meet Mr. Enright? A few days before my first appearance. He asked to meet at my home, and in that meeting, he explained how the show really worked. I would be receiving the answers beforehand, and I was guaranteed to win at least one game, and possibly more. He said I I was taking it back, but he said I would make a minimum of $25,000, so I agreed to it. I see. And you went on to win a number of games on the program due for a big payout. But I, I I understand you did not get all the money that was promised. That's also correct, yes. After I had already been on the show for a month, Mr. Enright explained that he had a limited weekly budget for prize money and forced me to sign a letter agreeing to accept a significantly reduced payout. I was happy with that, but there wasn't much I could do. I knew he would just get rid of me if I didn't sign him. But then, even though you'd done everything Mr. Enright asked, including taking less money, he removed you from the show anyway. Yes, I knew I couldn't be on the show forever, but the way they went about it greatly upset me. They wanted me to lose to Charles Van Doren, and they played it up in the press as me being a nobody from City College versus Van Doren, the fancy Ivy League professor. They also had me throw the game on an exceedingly easy question. And that question was about which film won the 1955 Academy Award for Best Picture? Yes, and I knew it was Marty. I saw that movie three times, but I had to pretend I didn't know. The whole thing, sir, was humiliating. I knew I could easily beat Van Dorn if it was a real game. And then Van Dorn just kept winning for about three months, with the press fawning over him. But I knew the whole thing was phony. They were feeding him the answers just like they had with me. And to make sure you left the show quietly, did Enright offer you anything in return for your cooperation? Yes. He promised me various jobs on the quiz shows his company produced, but nothing ever came of it. It was just another Deception. At that point, I had nothing to lose. And that's why I contacted the press. I wanted people to know I wasn't just some schlub. I could have been the greatest champion the show ever had. If only they'd let me play the game straight. If only. Indeed. Thank you, Mr. Stempel. When Stempel finishes testifying, he feels a weight lifted from his shoulders. Maybe now that he's told his story under oath before Congress, people will see the truth about how he was manipulated and then cast aside by Dan Enright. He just hopes that now Van Doren will have the courage to finally admit his role in the scheme. After Herbert Stempel wraps his testimony, fellow 21 contestant James Snodgrad also testifies. In a dramatic moment, he unseals one of the dated certified letters he mailed to himself with the correct answers, offering up definitive physical proof that he was given the answers before taping. The following day, NBC begins pressuring Charles Van Doren to answer Stempel's accusations publicly. At the time, Van Doren is still co hosting the Today show and the network wants him to distance himself from this scandal. But Van Doren doesn't issue any public statement. Instead, he sends a private telegram to the committee in which he once again denies any role in the collusion. He even offers to tell the committee as much in person, the very thing congressional staffer Richard Goodwin had advised him against. Later that same day, producers Dan Enright and Albert Friedman testify to the committee in a closed door session, admitting their roles in engineering the hoax. Friedman's testimony is immediately leaked to the New York Mirror tabloid and the paper runs a front page story accusing Van Doren of being a fraud. Van Doren now decides he can't possibly testify. If he continues to deny that 21 was rigged, everyone will know he's lying. Feeling overwhelmed and humiliated, he takes a leave of absence from the Today show and goes into hiding in rural New England while the press have a field day with the story painting Van Doren as a fugitive on the run. And when he finally returns to New York a week later, he's handed a subpoena forcing him to testify. So on November 2, 1959, Van Doren takes his seat at the witness table before the House Committee on Interstate Commerce. The room is packed with reporters waiting to see the final climax to the quiz show scandal. Even his old rival Herbert Stemple is standing off to one side with arms folded and sporting a devious grin. Van Doren hates the idea of giving Stempel the satisfaction of admitting he's A fraud. And for a moment, he considers backing out. But then Van Doren catches the eye of his father, Mark, who gives him a solemn nod. The previous night, Van Doren promised his father he would do the right thing today and finally tell the truth. He's already let his family down so much, and he can't bear the thought of doing so again. So Van Doren begins his testimony by reading from a prepared statement. The pages flutter slightly in his hands as he reads the words aloud. My responsibility now is to tell the truth. I was deeply involved in a deception, and I allowed myself to become the public face of that deception. Van Doren then admits that what he told the grand jury in Manhattan was not in accord with the facts. But today, he promises to finally tell the whole truth. Van Doren takes a deep breath and then begins laying out the whole timeline. He explains how he was recruited by Albert Friedman and pulled into the collusion with a promise that his performance would shed a positive light on the teaching profession. But as Van Doren stayed on the show for several months and became one of the most famous faces in America, the situation grew out of control. When Stempel and the other contestants began revealing the truth about the fraud that had taken place behind the scenes, Van Doren found himself caught in an impossible situation. Not wanting to betray the teachers and school children around the country who looked up to him, he chose to deny everything. But as the scandal grew, Van Doren admits he could no longer escape from it, saying there was one way out, and that was simply to tell the truth. When Van Doren finishes his statement, he looks around the room. Herbert Stempel is absolutely beaming, having finally gotten exactly what he wanted. But Van Doren's father looks ashen as tears form in his eyes. Van Doren knows admitting the fraud will likely cost him a great deal his position with NBC and Columbia. But what was always most important to him was living up to his family's prestigious name and making them proud. He knows he's brought them shame with his actions over the past three years, but he hopes that by finally telling the truth, he's taken the first small step toward earning back their respect. Following Van Doren's statement, the committee's response is mixed. Some Congress members praise him for finally coming forward with the truth, but others castigate Bandoren for engaging in fraud in the first place, suggesting that he was motivated by money, not lofty notions about elevating the profile of the teaching profession. In the following weeks, a stream of contestants, producers, network executives and sponsors all also testified and desperate to repair the public's trust, the networks quickly moved to fire nearly everywhere one associated in the scandal, whether guilty or not. They also wrest away control of the remaining shows from the sponsors, ensuring that producers will no longer be intimidated into manipulating outcomes under pressure from their corporate benefactors. Then, as hearings conclude, President DWIGHT Eisenhower directs U.S. attorney General William Rogers to prepare a report on the scandal. In it, Rogers recommends new legislation giving the FCC see more power in their oversight of quiz shows to ensure they are fair and honest. And In September of 1960, Eisenhower signs a bill making it illegal for the networks to present game shows that are intended to deceive the audience. A month later, 18 quiz show contestants and producers are indicted for perjuring themselves to the grand jury, Charles Van Doren among them. By the end of 1962, all 18 are convicted, with many already having pled guilty. All receive suspended sentences and avoid serving jail time, but many, including Charles Van Doren, never work in television again. From Wondery this is episode four of Quiz Show Rigging from American Scandal. In our next episode, I speak with Howard Blumenthal and Bob bowden about the 1950s quiz show, and Blumenthal's father was a producer on 21, and between the two of them, they've known, worked for or interviewed many of the people that were part of the scandal. If you're enjoying American Scandal, you can unlock exclusive seasons on Wondery. Binge new seasons first and listen completely ad free when you join Wondery in the Wondery app, Apple Podcasts, or Spotify. And before you go, tell us about yourself by filling out a survey@wondry.com survey if you'd like to learn more about this story, we recommend the books Television Fraud by Kent Anderson, Prime Time and Misdemeanors by Joseph Stone and Tim Yawn, and the PBS American Experience documentary the Quiz Show Scandals. This episode contains reenactments and dramatized details. And while in most cases we can't know exactly what was said, all our dramatizations are based on historical research. American Scandal is hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham for Airship Audio editing by Christian Peraga Sound design by Gabriel Gould music by Thrum this episode is written by Corey Metcalfe, edited by Emma Cortland, Fact Checking by Alyssa Jung Perry produced by John Reed Managing Producer Joe Florentino, senior producers Andy Beckerman and Andy Herman, development by Stephanie Jens and executive producers are Jenny Lauer, Beckman, Marshall Louie and Aaron O'Flaherty. For wondering.