Lindsey Graham (5:09)
From Wonder E I'm Lindsey Graham and this is American Scandal. By January of 1901, San Francisco's bubonic plague crisis was 10 months old. But despite the rising body count Local politicians, business leaders and newspaper reporters continued to downplay the seriousness of the outbreak. They believed the health measures designed to contain the plague were a greater threat than the disease itself, and they attacked anyone who suggested otherwise. As head of the federal quarantine station in the city, Dr. Joseph Kenyon was soon in their crosshairs. But Kenyon received little support from his bosses in Washington, D.C. instead, he was demoted, and another doctor was put in charge in San Francisco. So with his reputation shredded and his career in freefall, Kenyon pinned his hopes for redemption on an independent commission of doctors. But as he anxiously awaited their report on the spread of the plague in San Francisco, powerful forces were already moving in the shadows to suppress it. This is episode three, Duty and Truth. It's February 28, 1901, at the Governor's Mansion in Sacramento, California. Governor Henry Gage paces in front of the fireplace, the heels of his cowboy boots thumping on the polished floor. Behind him, his butler pours a brandy for his visitors, the editors of the four most popular newspapers in San Francisco. For the past year, Governor Gage has been defending California's reputation against what he sees as a medical conspiracy against his state. He's convinced these rumors about bubonic plague in San Francisco are all vicious lies concocted by the federal government to punish California for its economic independence. But just a few days ago, he heard disturbing. An independent commission of three doctors has confirmed the presence of plague in Chinatown, and now the report is headed to Washington for publication. So Gage knows he must act quickly. If this doctor's report is made public, the consequences for California's economy could be disastrous. So Gage has summoned the editors of the San Francisco Chronicle, the Call, the Bulletin, and the examiner to his home in Sacramento for a talk. Once the butler has finished filling their drinks, Gage gets down to business. He tells the editors that the commission's verdict could be a death sentence for their city. Looking the man right in the eye, Gage says it's up to them to stop that from happening. News of the doctor's impending report must be buried. The newspapermen share cautious glances with each other, and after a pause, the editor of the examiner clears his throat. He says it'll be difficult to suppress the report if it's endorsed by the federal government. But Gage just waves away that objection. He's sending men to Washington to ensure the report disappears into a forgotten office somewhere. But in the meantime, the newspapers in California must do their part. He points out that they've been unified in their opposition to Dr. Kenyon so far. For months, the examiner has done nothing but mock and scorn him. Gage is simply asking that they continue. But the editor shakes his head. Criticizing the activities of one single doctor is different from taking a stand against the entire US Government. Gage tightens his grip on his brandy and then takes a moment to calm down. He knows intimidation won't work with these men. They've seen it all before. Instead, he decides to target what he knows matters to them more than anything. Money and power. So with a low growl, Gage says that if the commissioner's report is ever made public, California's economy wouldn't just suffer, it would collapse. The tycoons who own the local newspapers would lose millions. And who could say how they would react then? They might cut costs at their newspapers, or they could even shut them down entirely. The editors look at each other again, knowing most of their owners wouldn't think twice about firing them if it came to it. So with a nod, one by one, they all agree to Governor Gage's demands. So, having secured a media blackout, Gage moves on to the next phase of his plan. He sends some of San Francisco's top power brokers across the country to Washington. Among them are industrial leaders and executives from the mighty Southern Pacific Railroad. Their goal is to put pressure on Surgeon General Walter Wyman to suppress the commission's findings. But once Dr. Joseph Kenyon learns that Gage has sent this small army of influential men to D.C. he immediately dashes off a telegram to Wyman. He alerts him to the scheme and tells him that any representatives of the governor are not to be trusted. But he fears this warning will go ignored because Henry Gage and his delegates are not the only ones with an interest in burying the truth. Surgeon General Walter Wyman sits in his office at the Marine Hospital Service headquarters in Washington, D.C. wife. Rain and fog swirl outside the window, casting weak gray light on the dark wood and brass of the room. California Governor Henry Gage's delegates sit across from Wyman, and one of the Southern Pacific's impeccably dressed executives holds up a copy of the commission's report. Well, Surgeon General Wyman, may I say this is an exceptionally thorough document. Your commission has done excellent work. They are diligent men. Well, you know, in my experience, diligence only tends to flourish under strong leadership. Washington is fortunate to have such a steady hand at the helm. I think you're flattering me, sir. Well, it's true. Now, may I ask who else has read this report aside from its authors? No one outside this room. Well, that's good. The executive leans forward because Doctor, I have been empowered by Governor Gage to make a proposal. Ah, I see. And what. What does the governor have in mind? He proposes a full sanitation campaign in Chinatown, removing all the trash, fumigating infected areas. A thorough cleanup, paid for by the city and the state. I see. And in return? Well, the governor, all of us, would wish for this report to remain confidential. Its findings would cause irreparable harm to commerce, to the state's reputation, to the trust our citizens place in their superiors. Wyman leans back in his chair. Then he opens the desk drawer beside him and places his copy of the doctor's report inside. Then he closes the drawer and nods to the men across the table. It's for the greater good. Well, then, we have only one final concern. Your man In San Francisco, Dr. Kenyon, he's a. Well, he's not inclined toward discretion, is he? If he suspects an arrangement has been made, he'll shout it from the rooftops. You want him removed? We wouldn't be so bold to make any demands. But your cooperation would be more enthusiastic without him. Perhaps it would just be best if he were moved on for the greater good, as you said. Well, you know, I had high hopes for Kinian once, and I thought of him as a protege. So I understand this is not an easy decision for you. Well, sadly, for all his many gifts, doctor, Kenyon is yet to appreciate the value of compromise and diplomacy. I think it might be time for him to learn that lesson, but somewhere else. Despite the fears that he expressed privately, Surgeon General Walter Wyman has never publicly acknowledged the plague in San Francisco. He saw what happened to Joseph Kenyon for speaking out, and so he stayed silent. But if the commission's report is published, Kenyon will be vindicated. And questions might be asked of Wyman about why he refused to speak out earlier and act more forcefully. So he struck a deal to bury the report and Kenyon's career along with it. Foreign doctor Joseph Kenyon receives a telegram. In it, Surgeon General Walter Wyman explains his decision not to publish the commission's report and announces that Kenyon is being reassigned to a less politically sensitive role in Detroit. Wyman says Kenyon must set aside his pride in the wider interests of public health. It's all for the greater good. But Kenyon sees through his boss's ruse, and he has no intention of going quietly against Wyman's wishes. Kenyon uses his remaining time on the west coast to give lectures and speeches to other doctors. He justifies his actions as sharing what he's learned during his tenure in San Francisco. But he can't hide his bitterness at how he's been treated. Addressing physicians in Sacramento, he says that any doctor reporting plague must be prepared to be made a target, to submit to all the lowest forms of persecution, simply because he had no more sense than to do his duty to and to tell the truth. But soon enough, Kenyon's time in San Francisco comes to an end. In early May of 1901, he and his family pack up their belongings on angel island and take the ferry across the bay for the final time. And there's no leaving party to see them off. Kenyon stands on the deck of the ferry, watching the quarantine station fade into the fog behind him. Feels very different from the young doctor who arrived in California only two years ago. Back then, despite his unwanted assignment in San Francisco, Kenyon believed his future in the Marine hospital service was full of promise. Now he's been sidelined and humiliated. He leaves California with nothing except bad memories. But he still hopes, for the sake of the nation, that Dr. Joe White, his replacement on angel island, can succeed where he did not. Dr. White has experienced epidemics in Europe and elsewhere in the United States. But when he arrives on angel island, he understands that the scale of this new job is daunting. Between overseeing health inspections of incoming ships, tracking new cases of the plague, and managing relations between city, state and federal officials, it quickly becomes too much for him. He realizes that the stubborn, argumentative Kenyon may have been the only thing preventing a full blown public health catastrophe in San Francisco. And what's worse, White quickly sees that the deal struck between California and the federal authorities was a sham. The promised cleanup of Chinatown is half hearted at best. And despite Governor Gage's pledges of cooperation, he is in fact doing everything he can to disrupt the work of federal health inspectors. So in late May of 1901, White himself goes down to a Morgan Chinatown to conduct an autopsy on a suspected plague victim. He's still completing his initial assessment when the door flies open. Two men in dark suits and protective face masks straight stride into the room. They tell the startled White that they're representatives of the governor tasked with overseeing the plague sanitation efforts in Chinatown. One of the men steps forward and grabs White's notebook out of the doctor's hands, staring at the contents inside. He can't decipher the medical shorthand. His brow furrows. He grows angry as he demands to know what White is hiding. With this strange code, White tells him that he's just taking note that the bacteria in the tissue extracted from this body. Body indicates bubonic plague. But before White can finish, the other man interrupts. He argues that the body shows none of the usual signs of plague. There are no swollen lymph nodes, no blackened skin, no pustules. Dr. White tries to explain that plague symptoms can differ from case to case. In fact, the most deadly form of the disease attacks the lungs and kills the victim before any external signs can develop. So the only definitive diagnosis can come from a microscope. But the governor's men just scoff. One of them snatches the patient's medical file, stripping White of the documents he needs to record an official cause of death. And when he demands them back, the two men refuse, accusing him of fabricating the diagnosis. Burning with indignation, White picks up his microscope and stashes the tissue, slides inside his briefcase, then strides out of the morgue before the governor's men can do any more harm. But over the weeks that follow, Governor Gage and his agents continue, continue to obstruct, disrupt and delay the work of federal health officers as they try to track the spread of the plague. Dr. Wyatt feels increasingly overwhelmed by the job he's inherited. He writes to Surgeon General Wyman urgently requesting reinforcements. He's only been in San Francisco for a few months, but already he's drowning. So a few weeks later, yet another young Marine Hospital Service doctor will pack his bags and head west, hoping to succeed where first Dr. Joseph Kinion and then Dr. Joe White failed. Because if there is plague in San Francisco, this new doctor must turn back the time and stop the Black Death from marching across the country. American scandal is supported by AT&T. There's a certain comfort in knowing someone's looking out for you before you even need it. A roommate who remembers to lock the door. A friend who shows up unasked with dinner. When you're swamped, it's rare. But when it happens, you remember. Because staying connected matters. And that's why, in the rare event of a network outage, AT&T will proactively credit you for a full day of Service. That's the AT&T guarantee. So before today's over, take a second and reach out to someone. Those small check ins, they're the moments that matter. AT&T connecting changes everything. 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