← American Scandal
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- [00:01]
Lindsey Graham
Want to get more from American Scandal? Subscribe to Wondery for early access to new episodes, ad free listening and exclusive content you can't find anywhere else. Join Wondery plus in the Wondery app or on Apple Podcasts. A Listener Note this episode contains depictions of child abuse and is not suitable for all audiences. To protect their privacy, we have changed the names of some children involved in this story. Wonder it's spring, 1933 in downtown Los Angeles, California. 41 year old Georgia Tan strides across the cathedral like lobby of the Biltmore Hotel. Bellhops wheel gleaming luggage carts toward the elevators while guests sip cocktails and plush armchairs. Tan loves it here. She's always seen herself as one of life's winners, and staying in an iconic hotel like the Biltmore feels right to her. But unlike the other more glamorous women here, Tan wears austere black pants and a simple blouse. She is also carrying a baby. She makes her way across the lobby to a well dressed couple in their early 40s sitting stiffly beside an empty stroller. Mr. And Mrs. Chapman? Tan watches as Mr. Chapman rises, extending his hand. Yes, that. That's us. You must be Ms. Tan. Yes, it's a pleasure. And this is your son. Tan gently shifts the sleeping infant in her arms to face the couple. Mrs. Chapman presses her hand to her mouth as tears well in her eyes. She leans against her husband, who puts an arm around her. Sorry, Ms. Tan. This has been a long road for us to get here. We're a bit overcome. Trembling slightly, Mrs. Chapman reaches out and Tan hands over the infant, pressing herself against his tiny cheek. Mrs. Chapman whispers something while Mr. Chapman looks on, clearly caught up in his own emotions. Mr. Chapman? Hmm? Yes. Tan removes a folded document out of the purse dangling from her arm. Well, all I need now is a signature. Oh yes, of course. I'd be glad to. Tan hands Mr. Chapman the document. Pulling out a pen, he hunches over a small coffee table and signs his name at the bottom. Well, that's it. Congratulations to you both. That. That's it. He's. He's just ours now. Yes. Officially you're his foster parents. The adoption will be finalized within a year, but there's no other requirements. You're not going to come home with us? We thought maybe. Well, you'd want to check the nursery. Supervise us. At least for a little while. Well, you've already been approved by my organization, Mr. Chapman. We trust you can take care of your son. Mr. Chapman looks suddenly terrified at this new responsibility. Tan gives him a cool look, we haven't made a mistake, have we? No, no, of course not yet. I mean, we'll be fine. It's just after waiting so long, it seems awfully sudden. There are no training wheels for parenthood, Mr. Chapman. You just start pedaling now. All I need is the final payment. Of course I have it here. Mr. Chapman pulls an envelope from his jacket and hands it to Tan. She digs her nail into the seam and tears the envelope open. Mr. Chapman shifts uneasily. It should be all correct, yes? Yeah, everything seems to be in order. Thank you, Mr. Chapman. No, now. Thank you, Ms. Tan. We didn't think this day would ever come, neither of us. But oh, look at him. As Mr. Chapman turns to his wife and new baby boy, Tan slides the check into her purse. Look at them indeed. You'll be fine, Mr. Chapman. And just remember, if you ever want a sibling for your little boy, you know where to find it. Tan bids farewell to the Chapmans and turns to walk back toward the elevators. She glances at her watch as she goes. The another couple will be arriving in half an hour, so she has to get back to her room and prepare their child for them. It's a brisk business. And one more baby to deliver means one more payment to collect.
- [04:17]
Unknown Advertiser
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- [04:49]
Lindsey Graham
Brought you the trial that captivated the nation. And one question still lingers. Did Karen Reed kill John o' Keefe? This isn't just a retrial. It's a second chance at the truth. Listen to episodes of Karen the Retrial exclusively and ad free on Wondery plus from Wondery. I'm Lindsey Graham and this is American Scandal. By the late 1930s, Georgia Tann's career was flourishing. She had practically taken over the Tennessee Children's Home Society in Memphis and had become one of the foremost advocates of adoption anywhere in America. But Tann didn't just hand out children to anyone. She was fixated on the idea that a poor child, however happy or loved, was always better off with a wealthy family. But as her profile rose and more people sought her help. Tam began to realize that she could benefit from her work as well. For those adopting through the Tennessee Children's Home Society, there were various fees to pay, administrative costs, pre adoption home visits and travel expenses. These were all legitimate. But Tann realized she was leaving money on the table. If she inflated the charges and had parents make their checks out directly to her, she could make a profit on every child she placed. Adoptions had already made Tan a powerful woman. Now they were going to make her a wealthy one too. This is episode three, sitting on a gold mine. In the summer of 1933, 24 year old waitress Mary Lee Calhoun pays a visit to the Tennessee Children's Home Society office in downtown Memphis. Calhoun is about to spend several weeks in the hospital and she needs to make arrangements for the care of her four children. A three year old daughter and sons aged seven, six and five. Calhoun has heard about Georgia Tann and hopes that her TCHs will be able to help. When she arrives at the offices, Calhoun is met by one of Tann's officials who has all the paperwork ready for her to sign. With a kind face and sympathetic tone, Mrs. Calhoun, I understand this must be a difficult day for you. Well, it's just terrible timing. My husband Danny's sick as well, but I'll be back on my feet before long. The doctor says a few weeks, a month at most. That's good to hear. And rest assured, your little ones will be safe, well fed, clothed and loved, just like all the children under our care. I so appreciate it. We got no one else to watch them while I'm laid up, but as soon as I'm home, I'll be back for him. Of course. Naturally. Now if we could just go through the paperwork together. This first document officially places your children under the guardianship of the Tennessee Children's Home Society. You'll see here it's standard language, nothing to worry about. But Calhoun frowns as she studies the document. Well, this says that I relinquished them here. Doesn't that mean I'm giving them up? That's just legal wording. What it really means is that while you're recovering, will have full authority to act in your children's best interests in terms of medical needs, housing, that sort of thing. I don't like how it sounds. I understand completely, but you know lawyers. It just simply ensures we can look after the children properly without any delays or red tape. I mean, if anything were to happen to them, if they had a little fall or gotten sick, I'd hate to think that we couldn't give them the care they needed because we didn't have the right piece of paper. Well, I just. I don't want them thinking we've abandoned them. Oh, of course not. And I'll make sure they know their mom is coming back for them. The official holds out a pen. Calhoun hesitates for a moment and then signs. The TCH official leans over the desk and then flips the document to another page. Good. Now if you'll just initial here and here. They'll be together, won't they? I'm sorry? The children. You won't split them up now? We always try to keep siblings together whenever possible. You try to. Every effort will be made, Ms. Calhoun. We take the welfare of children very seriously. I assure you they'll be in excellent hands. And when you return, they'll be just as happy and healthy as you left them. Mary Lee Calhoun does not realize that she's just signed away custody of her children and handed them over to the tchs. Within days, Georgia Tann starts looking for buyers for her four children. She doesn't find anyone to take the girl before Calhoun returns from the hospital to claim her, but Tann gets good money for the three boys. The two younger brothers are sold together to one family, but the oldest, seven year old Eugene, is taken away from the others and driven out of Memphis by Tan herself. It takes several hours to get Eugene to his new home, which is a farm deep in rural Arkansas. After a quick handshake with the owner, Tann pockets a wad of dollar bills before climbing back into her car and leaving young Eugene behind. Eugene's new parents don't see him as a member of the family, however. To them he's just unpaid labor. He's given an unheated room to sleep in, along with a meager wardrobe of overalls, a few shirts, and one pair of shoes. He's made to rise before dawn every day to feed the livestock. Then he helps the farmer plow, plant, weed, and harvest cotton until sundown. All that would be bad enough, but Eugene's new father is also an abusive man. He doles out vicious beatings for the smallest of infractions, and one time he even shatters Eugene's spine after hitting him with a post hole digger. Georgia Tann is not aware of any of this, but even if a child's new home is far worse than the one they're rescued from, Tann doesn't care. Once she has money in hand, the child's well being is no longer her concern. She's already moved on to the next adoption. By now, Tann's official salary of perhaps a few hundred dollars a month is dwarfed by what she's making illegally from adoptions. It's a scheme she continues to get away with, thanks to the support of the powerful network she's built in Memphis. People who should be protecting children and their parents, but are in fact just Tan's willing collaboration. It's 1935 in Memphis, Tennessee. 15 year old Martha Brewer sits in the back of a car, squeezed in alongside her four siblings. The youngest, five year old Annie, darts her eyes back and forth in fear. Martha gives her a squeeze and tells her everything's going to be alright. But despite what she tells her sister, Martha is having a harder time convincing herself that they'll all be okay. Their mother is dying of cancer and has asked relatives to take in Martha and the others. But it has all happened so quickly that no one is ready for the children just yet. So yesterday their mother called the welfare department and asked if they could care for her children until permanent arrangements can be made. This morning, Martha and her siblings were brought to the Juvenile Court in Memphis, where Judge Camille Kelly announced she'd be sending them to the St. Peter's Home for Children. Judge Kelly smiled at them all so sweetly in court. She had an enormous corsage pinned to her dress and spoke to them like a grandmother might. But Martha didn't get a good feeling from her and she can't shake the dread in the pit of her stomach. Still, when the car comes to a stop in front of a large red brick building, Martha puts on a brave face and ushers her siblings out. She holds little Annie's hand as they all spill onto the wide lawn and stare up at the imposing orphanage behind them. A a court worker climbs out of the car. In a few seconds, Martha feels Annie's hand slip out of hers. For a moment she thinks her sister has just run off to get a closer look at the building. But then she hears a scream. Martha and the rest of her siblings turn to see Annie being pulled away toward another car. The children rush forward to help their sister, but are blocked by a driver and one of the nuns from the orphanage. The children can only watch helplessly as Annie is bundled into the backseat and then driven away. Where she's going, they have no idea. And as they look around at each other, stunned and silent on the grass, each of them wonders if they'll ever see their youngest sister again. In the days that follow, Martha continually asks the staff at the orphanage where Annie has been taken. Eventually, one of the nuns relents and tells her what's happened. Annie will not be coming back. She's been transferred to the custody of the Tennessee Children's Home Society and has already been flown out of state to be adopted by a new family. At only 15 years old, Martha is powerless to save her sister. But even if she were an adult, it's unlikely Martha would be able to do anything. By now, Georgia Tann and the Tennessee Children's Home Society are too powerful and too well protected. Because it's not just Tann's army of influential friends and contacts that she can call on. She also employs the services of one of Memphis top leaders employers. Abe Waldauer is the city's assistant attorney and a major player in the political machine of local fixer Edward Boss Crump. As Tann's personal lawyer, it's Waldauer who protects her from any parents of stolen children who try to mount a legal challenge. One such parent is Polish shoemaker Henry Wagerman. In the mid-1930s, he files suit against Georgia Tann and the Tennessee Children's Home Society. Wagerman claims that after filing for bankruptcy in 1929, he took his young daughter to the TCHS for temporary care. But when he came back to retrieve her, she was gone, adopted out to a new family against his will. At the time, there was nothing he could do. But now he has the money to challenge the TCHs in court, and he is demanding that his child be returned to him. But Tann and her lawyer called the allegations absurd. They say Wagerman signed legal papers surrendering his daughter for adoption and that the young girl in question is now living happily with a wealthy family overseas. But Wagerman insists he was duped. He didn't know English well at the time, and no one properly explained the meaning of the documents he signed. But despite his pleading, after a one day hearing, the court sides with Tann. And when Wagerman appeals to a higher court in Jackson, the judge there dismisses his claim, too. Wagnerman never sees his daughter again. But it's not the last time a grieving parent is left disappointed by the legal system. With a Waldauer at her side, it seems that Georgia Tann is untouchable. But as her operation continues to grow, not all the threats Tann faces will be legal ones. Before they are sold to new parents, the children Tan acquires are kept in a network of private boarding homes and orphanages in Memphis. But as the TCHS takes on more children, the conditions in these facilities get worse. And worse, they are crowded, unhygienic and understaffed. And the children who live in them are often left malnourished after being fed little more than bread, water and cold oatmeal for months on end. And with such widespread neglect, it is no surprise that the child mortality rate in Memphis begins to climb. And eventually, people outside Tennessee start to take notice. It's February 1935. At the U.S. children's Bureau in Washington, D.C. 42 year old pediatrician Ella Oppenheimer reads through paperwork at her desk. The bureau works to improve the lives of children and families across America. And for the past 15 years, Dr. Oppenheimer has been researching maternity care and child health. It's the middle of the Great Depression and there are plenty of children in need all across the country. But when one of Oppenheimer's colleagues pays a visit today, he has some disturbing new findings out of Memphis that he thinks she should see. Oppenheimer waves him into the room and he passes her a report across the desk. It concerns the mortality rate of infants in Memphis. As Oppenheimer scans through the figures and charts, her eyebrows arch in concern. According to this report, for every thousand live births in Memphis last year over 100 babies died. That's twice the national average and the second highest rate in the country. Oppenheimer's colleague tells her that the numbers have folks down in Tennessee worried and that the Mayor of Memphis himself has sent a request to the Children's Bureau asking for help. They need to understand what's behind their high mortality rate so they can figure out how to address it. Dr. Oppenheimer knows there could be many reasons behind the report's shocking numbers. City sanitation, a contaminated water supply, local social or economic factors. But it worries her that it seems local officials don't have a grasp on the problem. So Dr. Oppenheimer sets her paperwork aside and makes an instant decision. She knows she won't be able to do much from her office here in Washington, so instead she's going to Memphis, Tennessee to get to the bottom of things. At the turn of the 20th century, rapid industrialization, urbanization and political corruption were ravaging America. But soon, President Theodore Roosevelt and a diverse group of reformers known as progressives would fight back. Hi, I'm Lindsey Graham, the host of Wondery's podcast, American Historytellers. We take you to the events, times and people that shaped America and Americans, our values, our struggles, and our dreams. In our latest series, we explore the Progressive Era, which came to be defined by Teddy Roosevelt and others who believed in a strong, active government that worked on behalf of all Americans rather than the privileged few. As the United states entered the 20th century, these progressives hoped to steer the nation into BO to launch an era of reform to restore power to the people. Follow American historytellers on the Wondery app or wherever you get your podcasts. Experience all episodes ad free and be the first to binge the newest season only on Wondery. Join Wondery in the Wondery App, Apple Podcasts or Spotify. Start your free trial today.
- [19:01]
Unknown Advertiser
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- [20:12]
Lindsey Graham
U.S. children's Bureau pediatrician Ella Oppenheimer arrives in Memphis, Tennessee in the spring of 1935. She's been summoned by the city's mayor as well as a coalition of worried doctors, professors and community leaders to investigate why so many children in Memphis are failing to make it past their first birthday. Dr. Oppenheimer sets to work immediately. She meets with the city's child welfare agencies and interviews healthcare workers about their experiences on the front lines. She soon concludes that gastrointestinal infections are one of the main causes of the high infant mortality rate in Memphis. Such illnesses can spread very quickly and leave young children dangerously dehydrated unless cared for properly. But that's only a partial answer to the mystery. The cause of the epidemic remains unclear, so hoping to get more information, Dr. Oppenheimer reaches out to the head of one of the city's largest child care organizations, Ms. Georgia Tann of the Tennessee Children's Home Society. Tann is such an influential figure in Memphis that Oppenheimer is sure she will have useful information to share. But getting a hold of Tan proves very difficult. Oppenheimer's attempts to schedule a meeting are repeatedly avoided or rebuffed. Finally, at the beginning of July 1935. Dr. Oppenheimer decides that her polite requests are not working, so she tracks Tann down in person at her office in the heart of Memphis. It's a searingly hot afternoon with temperatures reaching 99 degrees, so the lobby of the Dermen building is welcomingly cool and dark. Letting her eyes adjust to the gloomy, Dr. Oppenheimer peers at the directory on the wall. She finds the listing for the Tennessee Children's Home Society, then heads down a hallway. Dr. Oppenheimer is just a few steps away from the TCHS office when the door opens and a stern looking woman with neatly cropped hair strides out. Oppenheimer raises her hand. Excuse me, I'm sorry, are you Miss Georgia Tan? The woman stops and looks at the at Oppenheimer imperiously. Yes, what can I do for you, miss? Well, it's Dr. Actually. Dr. Ella Oppenheimer. I'm from the Children's Bureau in Washington. I've been trying to contact you. I do have a lot of calls on my time. I'm sorry, what was it regarding? The health of Memphis's children. I've been invited here by the Mayor. Ah, yes, I remember now. Tan turns and locks the office door, then returns to face Dr. Oppenheimer. Well, as you can see, I'm not a doctor, nor am I a nurse. I doubt I can offer you much assistance. Tann moves past Oppenheimer and then heads down the hall toward the exit. Oppenheimer falls into step with her. Nonetheless, I believe your insight would be most valuable for my report. Your organization runs several boarding homes for expectant mothers and infants in the city, correct? Not entirely. I really do have somewhere I need to be. I'm happy to walk with you. This won't take long. Well, all right. We don't run the homes ourselves. We pay a fee to the operators for each child or pregnant woman they take in to cover the costs of room and board and any medical care they may require. Excuse me, do you mind? Tan points at the door and Oppenheimer hesitates a moment, confused. Oh, of course. Then Oppenheimer opens the door and Tan bustles through. Oppenheimer follows her out onto the street. Now, Ms. Tan, I understand you're not supervising these boarding homes on a day to day basis, but presumably you have oversight at least of these facilities. You're placing young children there. I can assure you all the homes we use are of the highest standard. Tan peers down the street with an irritated expression. Oppenheimer presses on. That's good to hear. But could you tell me what kind of training the operators of these homes receive? Do you know if they have qualified, medically trained staff on hand? Ms. Oppenheimer perhaps in Washington you have boarding homes with on call doctors and nurses, but we operate on very limited budgets here. Here we rely almost exclusively on donations for funding. Around the clock medical care would Simply be unfeasible. Ms. Tan, I understand budget constraints, believe me, but I am not talking about in house teams of doctors or surgeons or anything like that. What are you talking about then, Ms. Oppenheimer? I'm talking about the alarming rate of infant mortality in Memphis. Yes, and. And I think it's preventable. There's been a spate of gastrointestinal infections. At this, at this moment, Oppenheimer is surprised to see a limousine pull up and a chauffeur climb out from the driver's seat and open the door for Tan. Ms. Tan, these illnesses spread incredibly quickly and can be serious, especially in the very young. If your staff know what symptoms to look for, how to respond, it could save lives. That's what we're all here for, isn't it? To protect the children? With her hand gripped tightly on the open limousine door, Tann pauses. Ms. Oppenheimer, as I've already said, the facilities used by the TCH are the very best in the city. You say you are here to investigate a high number of infant deaths? Well, I can tell you that not a single child in our care has died in 1935 thus far. Not a single one. Now, if you'll excuse me, I have a great deal of work to attend to. Dr. Oppenheimer stands on the street for a moment, replaying Tan's words in her head. If one if what she said is true, it would be an extraordinary achievement. Given the number of young children in TCH's care and the alarming rate of infant deaths in Memphis, it would be a miracle if Tann's organization was unaffected. So Dr. Oppenheimer remains unconvinced. She can't shake the feeling that Georgia Tann is lying. Dr. Ella Oppenheimer completes her report and submits it to Memphis city officials in October of 1935. The 129 page document is thorough but cautious. If Dr. Oppenheimer harbors any suspicions about Georgia Tann or the TCHS, they are not reflected directly in her report. Perhaps mindful not to antagonize such a powerful local figure, Oppenheimer does not point fingers or specify any one cause for the rise in infant mortality in Memphis. Instead, she sticks to more general observations and recommendations. Still, the last of the report's eight policy proposals seems aimed squarely at Tann and the tchs. Oppenheimer recommends that the local health department be given legal authority over the city's maternity and boarding homes to ensure they meet modern standards. Batan's connections at City hall ensure that any prying eyes are kept away from her boarding homes. Some of Dr. Oppenheimer's other recommendations are eventually implemented, but Tann is able to continue her business much as before. And over the next six years, Tann only adds to the small fortune she earns from her trade in babies. She has started investing in property around Memphis, and her family lives a life of quiet luxury. They enjoy fine foods, chauffeur driven cars and lavish overseas vacations. Tan often drops everything to fly away to Cuba and its many opulent casinos. But Tann knows all of it could be taken away in an instant if she's ever exposed. The report by Dr. Oppenheimer was a close call. And despite all her power, money and political allies, Tann is worried that more unwanted attention will follow. Over time, the pressure starts to wear her down. In 1941, Tann celebrates her 50th birthday. But that same year, she experiences a nervous breakdown, which forces her to retreat from public life. And soon after that, she has a heart attack. She's forced to slow down, but as she recuperates, her work becomes a little easier. The shifting attitudes to adoption she's encouraged over the years help usher in changes to Tennessee regulations. Previously, a judge was needed to verify that parents consented to surrendering their child to an adoption agency. But with a growing number of adoptions clogging up the courts, Tennessee decides to take that power away from the judges. Instead, the surrender of children will only need to be confirmed by a notary public to verify the legal documents. But Tann and many of her staff at the TCHS are already notaries. So now she can legitimize her theft of children with little more than a rubber stamp. It's the fall of 1943. In an affluent neighborhood of Midtown Memphis. 52 year old Georgia Tann stands on the white columned porch of a handsome three story mansion. A small crowd of TCHS benefactors and local dignitaries has gathered on the lawn in front of her and they gaze up at Tann expectantly. Stepping forward, Tann clears her throat and welcomes them all to 1556 Poplar Avenue, the new Memphis headquarters of the Tennessee Children's Home Society. Tann explains that the extensive property behind her has been donated to the TCHS by a local businessman. And it means the charity won't have to rely so much on private boarding homes and orphanages in the future. Instead, the TCHS itself can provide a safe and loving home for the children in its care. After a polite smattering of applause from her audience, Tan cuts a bright red ribbon strung across the front door and then invites everyone in to tour the building. The home is as beautiful inside as it is outside. There are tasteful offices and receiving rooms on the first floor, while upstairs there are bright and airy nurseries staffed by women in crisp white uniforms. Everything seems perfect, a warm and welcome home for children in need. But after the opening day's special guests have all left, 1556 Poplar Ave. Soon becomes a home of neglect and abuse.
- [29:42]
Jesse Weber
In the early hours of December 4, 2024, CEO Brian Thompson stepped out onto the streets of Midtown Manhattan.
- [29:51]
Lindsey Graham
This assailant pulls out a weapon and starts firing at him.
- [29:54]
Jesse Weber
We're talking about the CEO of the biggest private health insurance corporation in the world. And the suspect he has been identified as, Luigi Nicholas Mangioni, became one of the most divisive figures in modern criminal history.
- [30:07]
Lindsey Graham
I was targeted, premeditated. Admit to sow Terror.
- [30:10]
Jesse Weber
I'm Jesse Weber, host of Luigi Produced by Law and Crime and Twist. This is more than a true crime investigation. We explore a uniquely American moment that could change the country forever.
- [30:22]
Lindsey Graham
He's awoken the people to a true issue. Finally, maybe this would lead rich and powerful people to acknowledge the barbaric nature of our healthcare system.
- [30:33]
Jesse Weber
Listen to Law and Crimes Luigi Exclusively on Wondery Plus. You can join Join Wondery plus in the Wondery app, Spotify or Apple Podcasts. In the early hours of December 4, 2024, CEO Brian Thompson stepped out onto the streets of Midtown Manhattan.
- [30:50]
Lindsey Graham
This assailant starts firing at him and.
- [30:52]
Jesse Weber
The suspect he has been identified as Luigi Nicholas Mangione became one of the most divisive figures in modern criminal history.
- [31:00]
Lindsey Graham
I was meant to sow terror. He's awoken the people to a true issue.
- [31:03]
Jesse Weber
Listen to Law & Crime's Luigi exclusively on Wondery Plus. You can join Wondery plus in the Wondery app, Spotify or Apple Podcasts.
- [31:22]
Lindsey Graham
Before 1943, the Tennessee Children's Home Society did not operate any of the boarding homes or orphanages they worked with in Memphis. And that meant that Georgia Tan could deny that she was ultimately responsible if any of those facilities did not provide proper care. But this all changes once TCHS opens its own receiving home on Poplar Avenue. Neighbors of the building are soon calling it the House of Mystery, as no one knows exactly what goes on behind its walls and no one suspects how bad it really is. The women who work at the home may be dressed like nurses with their pristine white uniforms, but they have no medical training, and each of them must supervise up to 25 young children at a time. The house is freezing cold in winter, stifling in summer, and discipline is strict year round. But it's Tan herself the children fear the most. It's not just that she has complete power over their lives and chooses who gets to leave and who must stay. She also picks out some children for special attention, and these girls are told it's a privilege, a show of favor, while it is instead sexual molestation. 1556 Poplar Avenue enables Georgia Tann to control abuse and profit from children on a scale greater than ever before. But in early 1945, only a year and a half after the new TCHS headquarters opens, it is in threat of being exposed. That year, a bill is presented to the Tennessee legislature that will mandate the licensing and inspection of all children's boarding homes in the state. If Georgia Tann wants 1556 Poplar Avenue to pass these checks, she will have to employ properly trained staff and improve conditions. But that would eat into her profits. So Tann and her lawyer, Abe Waldauer, lobby hard against the bill. But despite all Tan's efforts and her powerful friends, it soon becomes clear that there is no stopping the new law. So instead, she and Waldauer try a different tackle. Using their connections in the state legislature, they have a special clause inserted into the bill exempting any facilities run or used by the tchs. The bill passes, but with this new clause in place, it offers no help to the children living on Poplar Avenue, and it gives them no protection from what is to come. The TCHS boarding home is overcrowded and unclean, a perfect breeding ground for disease. And in 1945, 10 years after Dr. Oppenheimer warned of fast spreading gastrointestinal disease, a vicious outbreak of dysentery sweeps through the building. In the space of just four months, dozens of children die, leading one doctor to plead for changes to be made. It's the late summer of 1945. World War II is drawing to a close. And as in the rest of the country, there's an excited mood in the air in Memphis. But Dr. Clyde Croswell looks somber as he arrives at the TCH facility on Poplar Avenue. The 48 year old Croswell is Familiar with the Holm, a respected pediatrician. He's been volunteering as a medical advisor to the TCHS for some time now. But his experience here over the last few months has him worried. He walks up the drive to the white columned porch where he's greeted by 49 year old attorney Abe Waldhauer. Dr. Croswell, welcome. Come in, come in. Good to see you again, Abe. The two men walk into a large room with tall windows. Around a table sit the other members of the TCHS board. Three men and a woman. Waldauer takes his place at the head of the table and then motions for Croswell to sit in the empty chair opposite. Well, Clyde, you've got us all here. The whole board. What is so important? Well, first of all, I appreciate everyone making the time to meet. I know you are all busy people. Croswell then reaches into his briefcase and pulls out a stack of papers. He passes half to the man on his left and the other to the woman on his right. These are my notes from the last four months of visits to this facility. There's a copy there for each of you at the other end of the table. Waldauer takes the documents but barely glances at them. Clyde, we're not doctors. I doubt any of this will make sense to us. Well, it's important and I'm glad to explain it. As you know, I've been treating an alarming number of children in this home for diarrhea and dehydration. It's been bad. Many of those children have died. But I believe those deaths were avoidable. Well, Clyde, I think we all know it's deeply regrettable, of course. And we're aware that there have been some instances where you were not contacted soon enough. But I believe the staff has been spoken to about proper protocols and such. Be sure to contact. Contact you more quickly next time. Well, this is not just about next time. And it's not about the staff either. I. I advised that the entire house needed to be evacuated. Every child removed so it could be properly sanitized and the epidemic contained. Now, Clyde, we can't shut the place down every time a few kids get sick. It was not just a few. I told Ms. Tan the house needed to be closed. Not only did she ignore me, but more infants continued to arrive during an ongoing outbreak. It was like there was a fire burning through the building and her only response was to throw on more fuel. A flicker of irritation crosses Waldauer's face. Now, Doctor, sounds to me like there must be some miscommunication here. There was no miscommunication. I spoke to Ms. Tan personally. Ms. Tan is a highly respected member of this community. She's devoted her life to helping children. What. What exactly are you accusing her of? I'm accusing her of negligence, of recklessness. Be careful, Doctor. And you know what may be worse? And if this board refuses to act, we will all have blood on our hands. After this meeting with Dr. Croswell, the TCH board appoints an internal committee to investigate his accusations. But it quickly concludes that Croswell's claims are baseless. When he hears this, Dr. Croswell is furious. He tells the board that he will no longer volunteer his services. But that does not mean he's giving up. He still wants to protect the children on Poplar Avenue. He's just got to find another way. Dr. Clyde Croswell is certain he's not the only Memphis doctor with concerns about Georgia Tann and the Tennessee Children's Home Society. So he approaches other pediatricians who volunteer at the charity. And it is not long before he starts to hear familiar stories. Some tell him that they have prescribed drugs to children at TCHS homes, but their patients haven't gotten any better. They suspect that Tann and her staff are not administering the medicine at all. Other doctors tell Croswell how Tann has ignored their advice and sent newborn babies on long, exhausting journeys to adoptive homes on the other side of the country. Hearing all this, Croswell is certain Tann is up to something, but he cannot figure out what it is. Croswell talks to five other doctors in all, and together they then write a letter about what's really going on at the Tennessee Children's Home Society. They send it to the local probate court, Judge Samuel Bates. Judge Bates oversees many of Tann's adoptions, but recently, he's also become suspicious of the TCHs. He's heard of too many cases of birth parents trying to reclaim children they insist were stolen from them. And this letter from five doctors is more direct proof of wrongdoing. After reading the accusations, Bates sends a letter of his own to the Tennessee Department of Public Welfare. He informs that department that unless the doctor's claims are found to be false or Georgia Tann is removed from her position as head of the agency, he will not approve any more adoptions for the Tennessee Children's Home Society. This is the first real opposition from someone in power that Tann has ever, ever faced. But for once, she has other things on her mind. It's 1945 at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, Georgia Tann is sitting in a doctor's office, waiting to see a specialist. She'd gone to see her primary physician in Memphis about some unexpected spotting in her underwear. At 54 years old, Tann hasn't had a period for some time, so she knew this was unusual. Her Memphis doctor had some suspicions, but told Tan that the Mayo Clinic was the very best in the country and seeing as how she can afford it, this is where Tan has come for more tests. Now she's waiting to hear the results. The door opens behind her, and the doctor strides in. He sits across the desk from Tan, opens a folder of notes in front of him, takes a deep breath, and then looks up. Tan knows at once it isn't good news. By the time the doctor finally confirms that she has terminal uterine cancer, her mind is already elsewhere. While the doctor lists treatment options, Tann is thinking of her family, of her partner Ann, and her daughter June. She wants to make sure they are set up after she's gone, and that means she needs to make more money. But Georgia Tann is running out of time. Because Georgia, just as her own body is attacking her from within, new investigations into her actions at the TCHS threaten her from without. Before long, Tan will be facing a race to see what comes for her first death or exposure from Wondery. This is episode three of the Woman who Sold Babies for American Scandal. In our next episode, Georgia Tann continues continues making thousands of dollars from her illegal adoption scheme as investigators finally uncover the truth about the Tennessee Children's Home Society. If you're enjoying American Scandal, you can unlock exclusive seasons on Wondery plus, binge new seasons first and listen completely ad free when you join Wondery plus in the Wondery app, Apple Podcasts, or Spotify. And before you go, tell us about yourself by filling out a survey@wondry.com survey if you'd like to learn more about Georgia Tann and the Tennessee Children's Home Society, we recommend the book the Baby Thief by Barbara Bazance Raymond and Babies for Sale by Linda Tall at Austin. This episode contains reenactments and dramatized details. And while in most cases we can't know exactly what was said, all all our dramatizations are based on historical research. American Scandal is hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham for Airship Audio editing by Christian Peraga Sound design by Gabriel Gould Supervising Sound Designer, Matthew Filler Music by Thrum this episode is written and researched by Joel Callen, fact checking by Alyssa Jung Perry Managing Producer Emily Burke development by Stephanie Jens. Senior producers are Andy Beckerman and Andy Herman, and executive producers are William Simpson for Airship and Jenny Lauer, Beckman, Marshall Louie and Erin o' Flaherty for wondering.
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Keke Palmer
It'S your girl, Keke. And if you haven't heard my podcast, baby, this is Keke Palmer, you're missing out. You know, I do it all. Acting, singing, hosting, producing. But this podcast right here, this is where I get to be my whole entire self with my people. And that means you. Every week we're hanging out, getting into the juiciest conversations. And trust me when I say the tea is hot and the guests are serving. We're talking entertainers, creators, thought leaders. Everybody who's everybody comes through to keep it real with your girl. But this isn't just about me and my guests spilling tea. This is about us. You and me, hanging out every week, getting into everything from crazy from career moves to life drama to being a mom. Nothing is off limits. I'm always gonna be your girl, keke. Keeping it 100. So come through and join the conversation. Head over to YouTube if you wanna watch the full experience. Or you can subscribe to Baby this is Keke Palmer on the Wondery app or wherever you get your podcast. Want it early and ad free? Join Wondery right now.