← Ask NT Wright Anything
Ask NT Wright Anything
#226 Why bother improving the world? Can Christians attain perfection? (Classic)
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- [00:02]
Rico Tice
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- [00:52]
Justin Brierley
Welcome to this replay of Ask nt Write Anything, where we go back into the archives to bring you the best of the thought and theology of Tom Wright, answering questions submitted by you, the listener. You can find more episodes as well as many more resources for exploring faith@premier unbelievable.com and registering there will unlock access through the newsletter to updates, free bonus videos and ebooks. That's Premier unbelievable.com and now for today's replay of Ask NT Wright anything, the Ask nt Write Anything podcast. Well, today I'm talking with Tom on your questions on the world, and it's going to be sort of a flow into next week's session where we're talking about kingdom work as well. But people have questions around why we should bother with improving the world about, you know, how what we do now makes a difference to the world to come, and so on. So let's leap into some of these. In fact two that I think are quite similar, and I'll ask them both in one go, as it were. Tom Stephen from Toronto in Canada first of all says, why wouldn't God just skip the earth bit and go straight to the new heavens and the new earth? I can't see how it would be just for our learning or growing, since I assume still warm babies, etc. Are not excluded. And then in a similar vein, Sam from Vancouver in Canada says, if there will eventually be a grand resurrection and a perfect new Earth, what's our motivation to lean into and engage with our physical and immediate world? I take the Sermon on the Mount very seriously and approach the Gospel fairly humanistically. But if part of the gospel is soteriologically driven, perhaps you can explain that phrase. Tom I find it troubling to hold the two at the same time. So yeah, questions here on what the point is. I suppose if this is all a precursor to the new Heaven and new Earth what difference really does it make how good a job we're doing in the here and now, and so on? Tom?
- [03:05]
Tom Wright
Yeah, these are great questions, and I think one of the exciting things about these questions is that they clearly arise from a new awareness that many people have that the Bible isn't telling a story of how we leave this earth and go to heaven, but is telling a story of how God is planning the new heavens and new earth, which both of these questioners refer to. And then the question, which is a very biblical question, comes back, how long, O Lord? How long? Why are you delaying? Why can't you make it all happen right away? Which is a question that comes in the Psalms, it comes in the prophets, it comes in the book of Revelation, et cetera, et cetera. The question of apparent divine delay has been with us for a very long time, and I think that is bound to be about our perception. I've often said to students when they're thinking about what they're going to go on and do, that you will get the guidance you need when you need it, which is probably quite a bit later than when you want it. And I think that happens the same with lots of other things as well in life. It seems to me that the underlying answer to this question is very similar to what we said in a previous episode about prayer, that God wants humans to be involved in the work. Humans are not just decoration. They're not just the sort of primary characters in God's puppet show. It's much more than that. God has created us to be responsible agents within his world. And as I've said before on the show, I think this is ultimately Christological. God makes humans to be independent but obedient agents. That's always a paradox. So that he might himself come in the person of His Son and become the agent within his world, the perfectly obedient Son who nevertheless, as Hebrews says, learned obedience through what he suffered. Now, why couldn't Jesus just come, blast all the opposition out of the way, and say, okay, we're just going straight for it now? The answer seems to have to do, as many Jewish thinkers were aware, with the patience of God and God not willing to foreclose on the evil that's out there in the world too soon. Many Jewish writers and some early Christian writers were quite clear about this. If God stepped in and said, okay, we're making the new thing right now, there's an awful lot of people who are at present rebelling and not wanting to be part of that, who would be left out who would exclude themselves from that. And God wants to wait and woo them and bring more people to be part of the great project and to have a share in the ultimate new creation. And so that's all going on in the background, as it were. And then I go to verses like First Corinthians 15:58, which regular listeners to this podcast will have heard me talk about before, where Paul says the end of the great chapter on resurrection of all things, therefore, get on with your work, because in the Lord it's not wasted. And that's the key thing, that what you do in the present will somehow, as that great theological word, somehow will somehow be part of the new world God is going to make. Jesus talks about giving a cup of cold water to somebody because they believe in him, and that that person will not go unremembered for doing that, that even small gestures like that will be taken up and woven into the great tapestry of God's new creation. Now, I don't know how, you know, the book that I'm trying to write at the moment or the painting that an artist down the road is painting at the moment. I don't know how they will be part of God's new creation. Like many things like the resurrection itself, something that we actually take as a matter of faith, as a matter of belief, you know, that the resurrection seems highly unlikely, of course, because we know that dead bodies stay dead, but all the evidence for Jesus resurrection is so strong that and the fact that when a community is built on that, it actually works and becomes what we now know as the church, that, okay, we go with that. And then we say, well, if that's what God's going to do, maybe God can and will take even the small things that we are called to do in the present and we them into this great picture. I think, Justin, you will have heard me use the illustration before, and probably other listeners will, of the stonemason working on the cathedral who has been told he's got to carve this bit of stone with this particular pattern, and he can't even see where that bit of the pattern is going to fit into the next stone. Somebody else is working on that at a different bench. It's only when all the stones are taken up and put onto the great west front of the cathedral or whatever that they all make sense. And the stonemason has been working for the cathedral. He's not been building the cathedral, he's been carving for the cathedral. In the same way we are not building God's kingdom We are building for the kingdom. So improvements in the world now are going to be part of that. And of course, we have seen. I think this is going to be a later question. We have seen all sorts of things in the world radically change as a result of the gospel. And I. And I don't think we should just say, oh, well, that was nice, but it's kind of incidental. It seems to me that is actually part of what God is up to with all of this. So this is. Sam from Vancouver in British Columbia says, I approach the gospel fairly humanistically, but if part of the gospel is soteriologically driven, I'm not sure what that meant. Soteriology is about salvation, God rescuing us from death and all that causes it, particularly sin. And. But the humanistic thing is about being genuinely human and we are saved precisely in order to be genuine humans.
- [08:58]
Justin Brierley
Right.
- [08:59]
Tom Wright
And so I think, I wonder, for.
- [09:01]
Justin Brierley
Me, I wonder if what Sam's referring to there, I thought perhaps he's hinting at that often that dichotomy that people do bring up between sort of, are we here to do social justice on behalf of the kingdom, or are we here to get people saved? And. And I suspect perhaps that's what's driving Sam's question there. So when he says, I approach the gospel fairly humanistically, I interpret it in this sort of way in which we're supposed to do good social justice and so on. But yet I can see that it's also about people being transferred from the kingdom of darkness into light. So if it's really about that, does any of this social justice stuff make any difference to that?
- [09:37]
Tom Wright
You know, the two flow, the two flow together. Here's the mantra which I've developed over the last few years. God is going to put the whole world right. That's what he's promised. It's there in the Psalms, in Isaiah, it's in the New Testament. God is going to put the whole world right in the present time through the gospel and the Spirit. He puts human beings right, that is justification, so that they can be part of his putting right project for the world. And as I've often said, if Jesus is raised from the dead and has sent his spirit to be with us, then of course this starts now. It isn't postponed until some future date. The energy of resurrection and the Spirit is there to enable us to be putting right people in the present. Which is why, if we don't care about justice in the world, et cetera, et cetera, why should we expect people to Believe us in a gospel which is about God putting the whole world right, which is, of course, soteriology, because it's rescuing the world from death and corruption and decay and everything that causes it, specifically sin.
- [10:44]
Justin Brierley
Yeah. Thank you very much. Always helpful to be reminded, I suppose, that we've sometimes falsely created this dichotomy between the two. But I do feel that's getting better, Tom, that increasingly people are sort of, you know, putting those two together.
- [11:00]
Rico Tice
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- [12:10]
Justin Brierley
Here's another question from Marshall in Boise, Idaho. Essentially, it boils down to is the world getting better or worse? He says, it seems here in America that many Christians, especially more conservative groups, think the world is much more evil than it ever has been before and that the world will continue to grow more evil until the consummation or whatever happens next. That idea is supported with text such as in the last days, there will come times of difficulty, second Timothy, and indeed, all who desire to live a godly life in Christ Jesus will be persecuted, while evil people and impostors go from bad to worse, deceiving and being deceived. Again from second Timothy and now Marshall says, I struggle with this perspective. It seems to me that if the resurrection changed the course of history, the kingdom of God should be gradually spreading and bringing more love and healing to the whole creation of the increase of his government and of peace. There will be no end, to quote Isaiah, which is it is God's world getting better or worse? And how should we think about the future of the world for Christians and all people?
- [13:10]
Tom Wright
Yeah. Thank you, Marshall. This is a great question and it's really, really important culturally because how people see the world, whether it's getting better or worse, has a great deal to do with what they then think they ought to be doing in the world. And part of the problem I see with people saying that the world is getting worse and worse and worse is that that tends to inculcate a sense that there's only a few of us proper Christians left and there's fewer and fewer, and we just have to sort of huddle together and wait for God to rescue us. That was a very popular view in the 19th century, and indeed that was the view of those Plymouth Brethren folk who basically invented the new modern version of a doctrine of the Rapture, that we're waiting for God to get us out of here, and the world is just going to get worse and worse and worse until that happens, and so on and so on. Now, it's interesting culturally, that in the early 18th century, and really behind that as well, 16th and 17th century, there was a lot of reformational thought which generated the idea precisely the world was getting better and better. And the parade example in the first half of the 18th century is Handel's Messiah, where the libretto for the Messiah, which is all taken from biblical texts, is about Jesus doing what he did and then the gospel spreading out into the whole world, ending with the Hallelujah chorus. The kingdoms of the world have become the kingdom of our God and of his Christ before the general resurrection, which happens in the next bit of the great Oratorio. So you get the conversion of the world. And there were many in the early 18th century who thought the world was getting better and better under the influence of the gospel. Well, they could see that there were many signs of that, that the missionaries went out and brought modern medicine and so on, such as it was then, to many communities that didn't have it. Unfortunately, they also brought all sorts of other things. And it was that awareness of the ambiguity of a kind of Christian optimism which then, by the end of the 18th century, produced this sense that, no, no, no, the gospel is kind of shrinking. There's only a few of us who believe anymore. And that now, this was then pushed, of course, by the secularists in Europe and America, that now the state is going to do it. The state is going to do education, the state is going to do medicine. The state will look after people. And you Christians, you go and teach people to say their prayers so that they can go to heaven one day. So all of that is going on. I and others have written at length about this great shift. But ever since then, the late 18th century, which is precisely when America and France in their modern forms, got founded as it were there's been that sense that we have the split of church and state, and the church is just about these people who are going to heaven one day. But the secular world is now doing everything else. Thank you very much. Now, of course, since the secular dream has had some pretty nasty shocks through the 20th century, whether it's the First World War or ending the beginning of the 21st century with 9, 11 or whatever, the sense of the secular dream running out of steam has been quite important. But then you do get pockets, and I guess Idaho may be one of them, where people are still clinging to the basically 19th century view of the world getting worse and worse and worse, and a few Christians clinging on for dear life, as in those apparent meaning of those texts from second Timothy. But I want to say two or three things here. My friend Tom Holland, the historian who Justin knows well, and we've talked together on this show. Tom Holland has written a book recently called Dominion, in which he's pointed out, historically speaking, that the world has changed radically through the impact of the Christian gospel, even when people deny it. So that the secular assumptions of secular modernity are themselves quite remarkably shaped by impulses which came from the Judeo Christian tradition. There was an example just this last week, we're recording this show just after the terrible earthquake in Turkey and Syria. And one of the things that's happening almost at once is that the international community, as we now call it, is pitching in with relief efforts with teams of people who are expert at digging out collapsed buildings, with people, sending blankets and tents, with people sending food and medicine from around the world. Now, I'm an ancient historian first and foremost. That would never have happened in the Roman Empire. You have an earthquake, lots of people have died. Oh, well, that's too bad. Zeus must have been cross with them, or Athenians sent a thunderbolt or something. But we shrug our shoulders and yeah, there are some very sad people out there and they'll probably be begging on the streets, but there's not a lot we can do about it. And already in the Book of Acts, fascinatingly, we see the beginning of the response to that, that when there's a famine which is prophesied, the church in Antioch, 400 miles north of Jerusalem, they say those people in Jerusalem who gave up all their possessions and are being persecuted for their faith, they're going to be in trouble. We're going to send them help. Now, the church in Antioch was not a Jewish church. They were mostly Gentiles. They were not Jewish. They weren't part of the same geographical area or family or culture, but they knew they were part of a larger family and they had an obligation to treat as family the people who were going to be suffering. Now, as I say, in ancient history, that would never have happened. The Greeks and the Romans wouldn't have bothered if something bad happened. Get out of town and run. Reestablish yourself somewhere else. Wash your hands of it. Too bad. But now the whole world, broadly speaking, not everybody, but the world as a whole, tends to think, oh, my goodness, there are human beings who are suffering there. We've got to go and help. And the fact that we now know that education is good for everybody and we ought to try and provide it, it's difficult, but we know, likewise medicine. These are signs that actually the impulse of the Christian gospel, rooted in the Jewish world, has made enormous impacts on the way that people think. The very idea of human rights. Nobody in the ancient world thought about human rights. You know, we've got slaves and we can do what we like with them. And alas, many men thought, we've got women, we can do what we like with them, et cetera, et cetera. The idea of human rights, it's a struggle. We don't always get it right. We sometimes misunderstand it, but it is rooted in the Christian gospel. So goodness knows what God wants to do in the next generation. Maybe there are other ways in which Christian witness could be transforming the world, transforming attitudes, transforming people's beliefs in what makes for a good and wise society. That's a very exciting possibility. And the negativity of saying, oh, no, the world's getting worse and worse merely puts the brake on any such creative Christian exploration of options. And I think it's time to take that break off and say what can and should we be doing.
- [20:18]
Justin Brierley
Thank you very much, Tom. That's a helpful and balanced answer to that question. Maybe we can just squeeze one more in. And having talked about, you know, the state of the world, better or worse, this is a question more at a personal level from Justin in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He wants to know about Christian perfection and is it possible? So Justin is a Methodist pastor and says, I've studied a great deal of your fellow Anglican John Wesley. I'm curious about your thoughts on Christian perfection. Wesley would not have claimed to be a theologian, and his views seemed to change over the course of his life, but he seemed to believe that Christian perfection was attainable and likely even necessary in this life through the power and gift of God's sanctifying grace and our Participation in the new Kingdom. It's hard to narrow the doctrine down to a few sentences without committing heresy. But I hope Tom had some thoughts on the matter of Christian perfection. So, I mean, first of all, I'm amused that he counts John Wesley a fellow Anglican when most people would assume he is a Methodist, obviously, but obviously he started out as an Anglican.
- [21:22]
Tom Wright
We can comment on that because John Wesley himself said towards the end of his life, I live and die a member of the Church of England, and I advise you all to do the same. In other words, he didn't want to start a new church. He wanted to be a pressure group, transforming the church from within. I very much sympathize with that. Our present church, certainly in England and Anglicans around the world, needs a lot of transforming. And there's always a danger of new breakaway movements which then just dissipate energy. That's the real problem with breakaway movements, that they take more energy than working from within the structures, if you can. So, point taken. I was recently in Asbury Seminary in Kentucky, and there is a statue of John Wesley there, and I went and paid homage. He was a very little chap, much shorter than me. I think he was only 5 foot 2 or something like that. And the thought of this little man with all this amazing energy leaping on his horse and going off and preaching the Gospel in fields and open air and to miners and so on, wonderful. Now, the question of Christian perfection actually goes back at least as far as St. Augustine, who wrote a whole treatise on this. And Augustine seemed. I'm not an Augustine scholar, but my memory is that he seemed to want to have his cake and eat it. He wanted to say, on the one hand, that if we really believe in the Holy Spirit, then in theory it is possible that the Spirit will work more and more and more in someone's life until they are fully in tune with what God the Father is doing, fully shaped according to the pattern of Jesus Christ, etc. However, Augustine knew only too well from his own experience and as a pastor and a bishop, that most people were nowhere near that. And that in fact, the Christian life seemed to be a grinding of gears between the pull of the old and the energy of the new. And certainly that's been my experience as a Christian. I suppose, as I look back, there are many things in my life where I think maybe the Holy Spirit has enabled me to improve in this way and this way. But I'm very much aware of other areas where I pray, lord, have mercy on me, a sinner, and I Pray that the Spirit will do fresh work, because the standard is pretty high. If you read Romans 6, 7, 8, which are passages I come back to again and again. We are not encouraged to settle down with the second best. We are not told, oh, well, it's all right. Just make a bit of an effort and that'll be okay. No, we are told if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body, then you will live. But if you allow the flesh or the body to have its own way all the time, then you are courting the destruction of death because you're playing with fire if you're doing that. So those warnings are real, and they imply that it is possible to advance in the Spirit, but what counts as perfection. You know, there were great movements in the 19th century of partly of Wesleyans, but partly of others, of Baptists, etc. Who reckoned that you could have a second blessing or maybe a third blessing after you've been converted. Later there would be this new infilling of the Spirit and you would attain a level of sanctity where you could no longer sin. And Charles Haddon Spurgeon, the great Baptist preacher in the 19th century, had a short way with people who said that. In one of his, I think, letters, he says that some gentleman came to see him and told him that the Holy Spirit had enabled him to live with complete, sinless perfection. And Spurgeon said so I picked up the water jug and emptied it over his head, and his perfection did not seem to remain very long after that. Spurgeon would have no truck with that kind of pompous, oh, yes, the Lord has enabled me now to be totally sinless. Now it is possible that there are some humans who, through prayer and fasting and meditation and through meeting Jesus in the faces of the poor and working for the good of the people who are at the bottom of the pile, etc. Who do start to become more significantly holy and complete. And the thing is, they would be the last ones to realize it. They would be the ones who would say, no, no, of course not. I'm a sinner like the rest of you. But other people might see in them. Some people have sometimes talked about such people with their faces actually shining without realizing it. And so there are all sorts of pathways here. I think the main thing to say is we have to be constantly cautious about making claims about ourselves. We have to hold before ourselves the model of the complete holiness of Jesus and pray for his Spirit that we may approximate more and more to that while being realistic about who we are and where we are. It's a tough thing. I think the danger is to cut the knot by saying, oh, yes, you can be perfectly holy, now get on and do it. I don't think that's realistic.
- [26:17]
Justin Brierley
Thank you very much. Something you said there reminded me of that. That phrase there is about quantum physics. If you think you've understood quantum physics, then you haven't understood quantum physics. And in like manner you could say, if you, if you think you've achieved perfection, then you probably have achieved perfection. But yeah, anyway, yeah, good stuff. Thank you very much, Tom. It's lovely to catch up.
- [26:39]
Tom Wright
I should just have quoted Philippians 3. Paul says, I haven't yet attained this. I am not already perfect, but I press on to make it my own because Messiah Jesus has made me his own. Philippians 3 is the crucial text on that.
- [26:52]
Justin Brierley
That's a good, good place to end it. Thank you very much, Tom, for these questions. We're going to continue this theme of the kingdom work and what the kingdom looks like and how we can, you know, think about that in our own lives in a practical way today. That'll be coming up on next week's show. But for now, thanks for being with me this week, Tom.
- [27:09]
Tom Wright
Thank you. Thank you.
- [27:16]
Justin Brierley
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