Do dogs know that they're dogs?

Summary

Podcast Summary: Brains On! – "Do dogs know that they're dogs?"

Podcast: Brains On! Science podcast for kids
Episode Title: Do dogs know that they're dogs?
Date: November 18, 2025
Host: Molly Bloom
Guest Co-Host: Evelyn from Horsham, Pennsylvania
Featured Expert: Dr. Alexandra Horowitz, Dog Cognition Lab, Barnard College
Special Guest: Vanessa Woods, Duke Puppy Kindergarten

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Episode Overview

This episode tackles a kid-submitted question: Do dogs know they’re dogs? Molly Bloom and her co-host Evelyn explore canine self-awareness, memory, dreams, and communication with the help of expert Dr. Alexandra Horowitz. The episode also dives into fascinating research on dog cognition, discusses whether dogs “speak” different languages, and features the show’s signature fun, including a doggy “advisory council” and an inventive mystery sound.

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Main Themes & Key Insights

1. Do Dogs Know They're Dogs?

Discussion with Alexandra Horowitz

• Dogs recognize themselves as dogs, despite differences in size and breed.
• Studies show dogs can visually identify other dogs among various animals.
  • Quote: “...in studies, it looks like they recognize all of those types of breeds as one category of things, which is dogs.” — Dr. Alexandra Horowitz (07:04)
• Dogs do not pass the “mirror test” for visual self-recognition (used for humans, dolphins, elephants, etc.).
• The mirror test might not be fair because dogs are “smelling creatures”; scent is more important than appearance.

  • Dr. Horowitz developed an “olfactory mirror” experiment using marked scents and found dogs notice changes in their own smell, suggesting self-awareness.

  • Quote: “I think that they do have some kind of sense of themselves, but that it’s rooted in what they smell like, which is a little bit different than us…” — Dr. Alexandra Horowitz (09:25)

2. Dog Favorites: How Do Dogs Pick Their Person?

• Dogs are most attached to those who pay the most attention—walking, playing, and feeding them strengthens bonds.
  • Advice: “There’s no fail-safe way to become a dog’s favorite person, except to pay them a lot of attention.” — Dr. Alexandra Horowitz (09:54)

3. Dog Memory: What Do They Remember?

• Dogs recognize people, places, and can remember them over long absences.
• Their episodic memory (memory of life events) is hard to test, but dogs show clear signs of recognition.
• Dogs likely tell how long you’ve been gone by how much your scent fades from the house.
  • Quote: “The dog can tell how long you’ve been gone by how much of your smell has disappeared from the house. Isn’t that wild?” — Dr. Alexandra Horowitz (13:14)

4. Dog Cognition and Communication

• People often misunderstand dogs by assuming they experience the world like humans.
• Dogs primarily experience the world through smell rather than sight.
• There is no evidence of dog dialects; all dogs bark the same, but humans interpret or transcribe dog sounds differently in various languages.
  • Quote: “Dogs speak the same way no matter where they're from. There are no dog dialects that we know about. The only difference is how we, as different language speakers, refer to the sounds they're making.” — Dr. Alexandra Horowitz (19:03)

5. Do Dogs Dream?

• Dogs sleep about half the day, often in short naps (“dog naps”).
• Like humans, dogs have REM and non-REM sleep phases. REM sleep (occurring 20 minutes into sleep) is when dreaming commonly occurs.
• Physical signs like twitching legs indicate a dog is dreaming.
• Dogs prevented from muscle paralysis during REM have been seen acting out their dreams, e.g., pointing, digging.
  • Funny Moment: In a playful aside, “French Fry” the dog claims she dreams about eating garbage, humorously compared to owning a bed and breakfast. (17:14)

6. Theory of Mind and Dog Intelligence

• Dogs, like human babies, exhibit a form of “mind-reading”—noticing human gestures and inferring intent.
  • Quote: “They...understand our gestures and our body language in a way that almost no other animals do...In some cases, they can also read our minds.” — Vanessa Woods (22:15)
• Service dog research uses this understanding to select/train helpful dogs.

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Memorable Quotes & Moments with Timestamps

• On Canine Self-Knowledge:
  • “They recognize other dogs as dogs...Even though they come in all shapes and sizes.” — Dr. Alexandra Horowitz (07:04)
• On the Limitations of Human-Centric Tests:
  • “Dogs are smelling creatures. They smell the world first, just the way we see the world first.” — Dr. Alexandra Horowitz (08:30)
• On Memory and Scent:
  • “Your dog can tell how long you’ve been gone by how much less of your smell is in the house.” — Dr. Alexandra Horowitz (13:08)
• On Language and Barking:
  • “Dogs speak the same way no matter where they're from...There are no dog dialects that we know about.” — Dr. Alexandra Horowitz (19:03)
• Funny Advisory Council:
  • “Oh, and if you see anyone from the Alpaca Advisory Council wandering around, tell them that got pushed to Thursday.” — Sandon (02:55)
• Doggy Dreams:
  • “A pointer dog might get up and point at dream birds, or a terrier might dig for dream rabbits in a dream Warren.” — Sandon (17:18)
• Dog Mind-Reading:
  • “Dogs really also seem to understand us in a really special way...In some cases, they can also read our minds.” — Vanessa Woods (22:15)

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Timeline & Key Segments

| Timestamp | Segment | |------------|-------------------------------------------------------------| | 03:22 | Intro to main topic; Evelyn’s question about dog awareness | | 06:38-13:18| Interview with Alexandra Horowitz (dog awareness, memory) | | 13:33 | Mystery Sound segment begins | | 15:10 | Dog dreams and sleep cycles explained (Dog Council skit) | | 18:23 | Listener question about dog “languages” | | 19:03 | Dog dialects & communication, Alexandra Horowitz returns | | 20:44 | Mystery sound answer revealed & research at Duke | | 22:15 | Vanessa Woods on puppy research and theory of mind | | 23:29 | Wrap-up and “Dog Advisory Council” returns | | 23:53 | Summary of learnings by Molly & Evelyn |

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Conclusion

The episode enchanted listeners with a playful yet scientific look into how dogs perceive themselves and the world. Dogs may not pass the visual “mirror test,” but evidence shows they understand they are dogs, likely through scent and social behaviors. They don’t have spoken dialects, but can learn “commands” in any human language. Our canine companions have strong social intelligence, show evidence of dreaming, and can “read” humans in remarkable ways.

For both kids and adults, this episode was a joyful, fact-filled exploration of the question: Do dogs know they’re dogs?

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For more fun, photos, and to send questions: Visit brainson.org or tag @BrainsOn on social media!

Transcript

[A]

Patrick, let's go. The clue is floating away in a hot air balloon. Hey, sorry, this is kind of a bad time. Claire and I just found a major clue and now it's airborne. Anyway, I wanted to let you know that the parents behind Law and Order have something brand new for families. Our podcast, Patrick Picklebottom, Everyday Mysteries. Patrick, it's headed towards the water tower. Gotta go listen on Apple or wherever you get your podcasts.

[B]

Lemonade.

[C]

Brains on Universe. You're listening to Brains on Where? We're serious about being curious.

[B]

Hey, Evelyn, did you have any trouble finding us?

[C]

Nope. The Brains on Headquarters looks just like you said it would.

[B]

Yeah, it's pretty distinctive. Let's head up to the studio. Can you press that button right there?

[D]

Welcome to Brainzone headquarters. Which floor?

[B]

Elevator. Please take us to the studio.

[D]

Holding doors for additional passengers.

[E]

Of course.

[B]

You're welcome.

[C]

Aw, what a cute dog.

[B]

Is there a human coming to join this dog?

[D]

Next up, Brains on Boardroom.

[B]

No elevator. I said the studio. Yes.

[D]

First stop, boardroom. Second stop, studio.

[C]

Is the dog going to the boardroom?

[B]

Here we are.

[D]

Brains on Boardroom.

[E]

Hey, Molly. Hey, Evelyn. I don't remember adding you to the invite list for this meeting.

[B]

What's going on in here, Sandon?

[E]

Oh, this is the monthly meeting of the Brainzond Dog Advisory Council. I've been doing these for years.

[C]

I didn't know you had a Brain Zawn Dog Advisory Council.

[B]

Neither did I. Oh, yeah, I post.

[E]

About it all the time on my blog. Which you guys totally read. Right?

[B]

Uh.

[E]

Okay. With Archie here now joining us, the dog board is fully assembled. Oh, what's that, Penelope? Oh, don't mind the water on the floor. We had the Octopus Advisory Council meeting in here yesterday. They have quite the sense of humor. Did you know they could turn off a light switch just by squirting water at it? What? Pranksters. Oh, speaking of which, Molly, that board, the octopus one said they'd like the show a lot better if you had eight arms. So I told them you'd work on that.

[F]

Sure.

[E]

Okay, let's get started. Take a seat, everybody. Oh, I'm sorry. I mean, sit. Good, boys and girls. Stay. Good. Good, good. Now we're gonna share ideas on how to improve the show. Speak.

[B]

Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa.

[E]

One at a time, one at a time. Molly, Evelyn, are you guys gonna stay and help with this or.

[B]

I kind of want to, but we have to get to the studio.

[C]

Yeah. Bye, cutie fluffer faces.

[E]

Alright, suit yourself. Oh, and if you see anyone from the Alpaca Advisory council wandering around. Tell them that got pushed to Thursday. Alright, bye.

[D]

Next stop, Brains on studio.

[E]

Here we are.

[D]

Have a good taping.

[F]

You are listening to Brains On. I'm Molly Bloom and my co host is Evelyn from Horsham, Pennsylvania. Hi Evelyn.

[C]

Hi Molly. Thank you for having me today.

[B]

Oh, thanks for being here. Now, Evelyn, it is a very funny coincidence that Sandon chose today of all days to hold his Dog Advisory Council meeting. Because this episode is based on a canine centric question that you sent in to us.

[F]

What was that question?

[C]

Do dogs understand their dogs the way a human knows it's a human?

[B]

Tell us about your dogs.

[C]

I have a full size Goldendoodle and a mini sized goldendoodle and the oldest one is named Titus and then the younger one is named Pickle.

[B]

So Evelyn, what made you think of this question?

[C]

Do you remember I was laying in bed with my dog and I was just thinking, does he realize that he's a dog? Because sometimes I think he thinks he's one of us as a human because he lays in bed with us the.

[B]

Way we lay in bed.

[C]

He sits with us in a chair, but at the same time he interacts with other dogs the way that they're supposed to. Like they run around with each other, they play with each other, all the usual stuff.

[F]

You can go to our Instagram Brainson.

[B]

To see Evelyn's adorable dogs and listeners.

[F]

We'd like to see pictures of your your dogs too. You can send them to [e-mail] contact.

[B]

Or post them on Instagram or Twitter and tag us.

[F]

That's Brainson.

[B]

And bonus, we would love a caption.

[F]

Telling us what you think is going through your dog's mind in that photo.

[B]

Well, one step to understanding an animal's state of mind is to find out if they are aware of themselves as distinct individuals in the world. It's called self awareness. There's a famous test that's supposed to let you know if an animal is self aware. No. Known as the mirror test, it works like this. When an animal is asleep, you draw a little red mark on their face somewhere prominent. Then when they wake up, you put them in a room with a mirror and you wait to see if they notice.

[G]

Hey, what's this red mark on my face?

[B]

The theory is if they are self aware, they'll recognize themselves in the mirror, see the dot and try to get it off. Or at least move around to get a better look at it.

[G]

Is it a pimple? Am I going through animal puberty?

[B]

Most animals totally ignore the mirror, and they never notice the dot. Only a few have been shown to recognize themselves in the reflection, like dolphins, elephants, chimpanzees, and of course, humans. But humans can only do it after about the age of two.

[G]

Ah, this dot won't come off. Why are all these people in lab coats staring at me? This is the last time I agree to be a part of any study run by humans.

[C]

So do dogs pass the mirror test? Are they self aware?

[B]

No, dogs do not pass this test. Sometimes dogs even think the reflection is another dog. But keep in mind it's not concrete proof of self awareness. Dogs may still be self aware, but this test might not be the best way to find out. Luckily, we know a scientist who spends a lot of time thinking about dogs and how they think.

[C]

Alexandra Horowitz runs the dog cognition lab at Barnard College. Welcome, Alexandra.

[H]

Thanks, Emily.

[C]

Do dogs understand their dogs the way we understand we're humans?

[E]

Wow.

[H]

It's such an interesting question. Do dogs understand their dogs? Well, I think all the evidence that we have shows that they do, that they think about themselves as dogs and recognize other dogs as dogs. And this is a little surprising in some ways because dogs come in all sorts of different shapes and sizes, from tiny, tiny toy Chihuahuas to Great Danes and mastiffs. But in studies, it looks like they recognize all of those types of breeds as one category of things, which is dogs. In fact, there was one study that showed dogs pictures of dog faces which all looked really different, and also pictures of other animals faces like a cat and a cow and a donkey. And these dogs had been trained to pick out the dog face and get a reward for it. And then when they were shown all these faces, they had no trouble at all distinguishing who were the dogs from what were the other animals. So I think it's safe to say they know their dogs.

[C]

Could dogs fail the mirror test and still be self aware?

[H]

I love the idea of the mirror test, that animals might look in the mirror like we do and notice, hey, you know, that's me in the mirror. And especially notice if something is different about how they look. Now, dogs don't pass that test. I don't know if you've ever seen a dog look in the mirror. They're interested in the mirror. They seem to think there might be a dog there, but they don't seem to care if there's a little mark on their head. At least they don't seem to try to remove it. I thought, though, that this doesn't show that they don't think about Themselves. I thought that maybe it was that they just don't care that much about how they look because in fact, they are smelling creatures. They smell the world first, just the way we see the world first. So I designed a little study which I called an factory mirror, which is just a smell test, where I got a little bit of their scent, like a mirror reflection, and then I changed it a little bit. And I wanted to see if they were way more interested in that marked version of themself than just the regular picture of themselves. And they were. They sniffed that mark a lot longer, as though they were looking in the mirror and noticing that there was something different a except for about their smell instead of about how they look. So I think that they do have some kind of sense of themselves, but that it's rooted in what they smell like, which is a little bit different than us, because we might not even know really what we smell like.

[C]

Why do dogs sometimes pick a favorite person in the family? Do you have any advice on how to become my dog's favorite person?

[H]

Well, I think there's no fail safe way to become a dog's favorite person, except to pay them a lot of attention. So if you think about a dog's life in a normal family, they spend a lot of time kind of waiting for things to happen which have to do with them. That might be feeding, that has to do with them, that might be play, if somebody's going to play with them or take them for a walk. There are lots of different ways we pay attention to our dogs and the people who pay attention in most of those contexts, the ones who take them for the walks, the ones who notice when they're feeling rambunctious and want to play, the ones who give them their food wind up usually being the favorite person. So I'm pretty sure you can do that.

[B]

And what kind of memories do dogs have? Can they remember their early lives as puppies? Can they remember how long ago you left them when you go away to work?

[H]

Well, we know that they have pretty good memories. It's not as though just because they can't talk to us about their memories, they don't have memories. And we see this every day in their behavior. You know, they recognize you even if you've been gone for a day or a week or a month or a year, you know, they can remember you and will recognize you pretty quickly, but we don't know. And it's hard to get evidence for how much of what we would call episodic memory that they have. In other words, memory for episodes of their life. So if they were at a shelter early in their life and it was a scary place, and it's hard to test for episodic memories. You know, we can ask a person, what do you remember about when you were 4 years old? But we can't ask an animal, a non verbal animal that. So you have to get to it by just seeing. Do they recognize being in particular places? Do they show familiarity with people who they've met once before? And it does look like they recognize people in places, just as we would expect. So their memory is pretty good.

[C]

What is the thing that people misunderstand about dog's mind the most?

[H]

It's a great question. I think that most people think of dogs as just like us, only smaller, furrier, maybe a little less smart. But I think in many ways they think really differently than we do. And that starts with the fact that they smell the world where we see it. I should say to that question that I have a theory that they can pretty much tell how long you've been gone, if you're gone the same amount each day, by how much less of your smell is in the house. Because everybody has a smell. Your house has a smell. It smells like the people who live in it and the dogs who live in it. Sometimes when I go on vacation, I come back and I open the door and I smell dogs. And that's because there's a smell in the house. And I and I don't usually notice it, but our smell would diminish over the course of the day. So if you're in the next room, your dog can smell it. If you leave the room, there's still some smell of you in that room. Normal smell of person. But as the day goes on, the smell would dissipate. So in some sense, the dog can tell how long you've been gone by how much of your smell has disappeared from the house. Isn't that wild?

[C]

That's really cool. Thank you for answering our questions.

[H]

Yeah, my pleasure.

[C]

Molly. Speaking of dogs, do you think we can sneak back into the Dog Advisory Council meeting? They were all so cute.

[B]

We can try, but we have something else to sneak in first. It's time for the mystery sound. Mystery sound. Here it is. Uh.

[C]

I don't know. Maybe it's someone pouring dog food into a bowl.

[B]

Hmm, very good guess. We're gonna be back with the answer in just a bit.

[C]

Do you have a mystery sound you want to send us?

[B]

Maybe a drawing of Sandin leading the Dog Advisory Council meeting or a question.

[C]

We want answered on the show, send it to us.

[B]

You can go to brainson.org contact and keep listening.

[F]

You may already know PJ Library as the program that sends free Jewish books to kids around the world every month, but now the stories are floating off the page and into Afternoons With Mimi, a cozy storytelling podcast for ages 2 to 5. Listeners will fall in love with Mimi as she shares everything from classic folk tales to modern fables. Just search for PJ Library wherever you listen to your favorite podcasts.

[E]

Who is that?

[C]

It's me, Evelyn. Can I come in and hang out with you guys?

[E]

Sure. We're doing some testing.

[C]

Oh, fun.

[E]

So, everybody. Okay, let's see which of these questions would make a better episode topic. Why do cats lick themselves or do dogs dream? Wow. Unanimous vote. Dog dreams it is.

[C]

Wait, dogs dream? Are they like our dreams?

[E]

Oh, yeah. Researchers think dogs totally dream. Well, Pepper the pointer over there says dogs are expert sleepers, and their sleep is a lot like ours. Interesting, huh?

[H]

What?

[C]

What did she say?

[E]

Oh, she said dogs typically spend about half their day sleeping, which. Totally jealous. But scientists think they are only dreaming for a small portion of that. Also, we tend to sleep in kind of like one long chunk overnight. But dogs, they get a lot of their sleeps in little chunks. You know, like cat naps, dog naps. Oh, good point, Mr. Muffin.

[C]

What did he say? Now I really need to learn to speak dog.

[E]

Oh, just that dogs have both rapid eye movement sleep or REM sleep, and non rapid eye movement sleep or non REM sleep. Just like us, us non dog people, we've been known to dream during both phases of sleep, but the dreams we typically remember, you know, like the weird ones where your best friend shows up, but they're also a bee, and they sting you and you swell up and explode. But it's okay, because it turns out you were really a pinata this whole time. And now there's candy, and everyone gets candy. And you know, those kind of dreams, those are mostly associated with REM sleep.

[C]

Oh, interesting. Weird, but interesting.

[E]

Yeah, dogs enter REM sleep about 20 minutes into a snooze. And that's when you might see their breathing change a little or their legs twitch, and that's a sign they're dreaming. In fact, there's a part of the brain called the pons that seems to keep humans and dogs from acting out their dreams when they sleep. Some studies have found that when that area is not working in dogs, they actually get up and do the stuff in their dreams. Like they act it out.

[C]

Like what?

[E]

Well, a pointer dog might get up and point at dream birds, or a terrier might dig for dream rabbits in a dream. Warren. Oh, French fry over there says she dreams about owning a small bed and breakfast in wine country where the dogs and people can go and sign up for spa treatments. Oh, oh, I'm sorry, I misheard. She dreams about eating garbage. It sounds a lot like owning a bed and breakfast. It's easy to confuse the two. Time for our break. Alright, everybody, take five. There are bowls of water on the table in the back and a fire hydrant outside if you need to use the restroom. We'll meet back here to review new taglines for the show. Right now, the top contenders are. Let's see. Brains On. Where we're serious about chasing squirrels. And Brains On. Bark. Bark. Woof.

[F]

Bark.

[B]

Brains On.

[C]

Thanks for letting me duck out for a second. Sanon's quite the facilitator.

[B]

That he is. Are you ready to answer another listener question about dogs?

[C]

Yes. My name's Claire and I'm from Vancouver, Canada.

[G]

My question is, do dogs bark in different languages like humans do in different countries?

[B]

We definitely hear their barks differently. Like, what word do we use in the United States?

[F]

Evelyn.

[B]

For the sound a dog makes, I.

[C]

Say bark or woof.

[B]

Exactly. But if you grow up speaking Spanish, you say that, the dog goes, wow, wow. Or in Somali or Hmong.

[C]

Oh, lolo.

[B]

Or like this. Guff. Guff.

[F]

How.

[B]

How? Hoo, hoo, hoo.

[F]

That was Russian, Polish, and Chinese.

[B]

But the answer to whether or not.

[F]

Dogs actually speak different languages is no. Again, our friend Alexandra Horowitz.

[H]

Dogs speak the same way no matter where they're from. There are no dog dialects that we know about. The only difference is how we, as different language speakers, refer to the sounds they're making.

[B]

Dogs will learn whatever language you can teach them, but it's not like they speak English.

[C]

Like, you could train a dog to say whenever you say the word larp or roll over when you say schmagozle.

[B]

Yes, and I would love to hear that next time I go to the dog park.

[C]

Glorp. Did you glarp?

[B]

Exactly. And speaking of things I want to.

[F]

Hear, it's almost time to go back to that mystery sound again. But first, a quick break. Brains on is an independent podcast featuring real science and made by real people. If you want to support this kind of. It would mean a lot if you subscribed to our SmartyPass. Not only do you get ad free.

[B]

Feeds of all of our shows, but.

[F]

You also get access to virtual Smartie parties with me, Mark, and Sandon. In fact, our next Smartie party is in December. So if you want an invite to the party, head to brainzon.org and subscribe to our Smarty Pass. Your support means the world. Thank you. Okay, Evelyn, it's time to hear that mystery sound again.

[B]

So any new thoughts after hearing it again?

[C]

Not really.

[B]

Yeah, it's a tricky one for sure. Well, here is the answer.

[I]

So that was the sound of a toy T. Rex dinosaur stomping on the floor.

[C]

Oh, yes.

[B]

Does that make sense?

[C]

I would have never gotten that.

[B]

Well, the woman you just heard is Vanessa Woods. She's often surrounded by dogs. At Duke University, where she helps run the Duke Puppy Kindergarten.

[I]

We're actually using this with 16 week old puppies to see if, just like kids, if they are attracted to new things or scared of new things, if they, if they're brave or a little bit shy. And understanding what the personality of a puppy is really helps us understand also how they think and what kind of problems they'll be able to solve. Dogs are becoming this amazing research model for us because they have such a special relationship with humans. So it's very, very rare to have an animal that, you know, we can read. Like, if a dog is, like, happy, you can tell if they're happy. If they're sad, you can tell that. And not only that, but dogs really also seem to understand us in a really special way. They, you know, understand our gestures and our body language in a way that almost no other animals do. And not only that, but in some cases, they can also read our minds. Mind reading dogs, what say, you know, there's like a baby in front of me and I hide a toy from them under one of two cups, but then I point to the cup where the toy is hidden. Even though the baby can't talk yet or really understand language or, you know, is just basically brand new, by the time they're about nine months old, they'll start following my gestures because, and, you know, it might seem really simple, but actually they know that I know that they don't know where the toy is and that I'm trying to help them. So that's what we call theory of mind or, you know, one variation of mind reading. And it looks like dogs also do the same thing in a really sophisticated and flexible way that we don't really see in any other animal.

[B]

Vanessa puts this T. Rex stomping puppy research to use by helping service dog organizations better train and choose dogs that will go on to help other people.

[E]

Hey, Molly and Evelyn. Sorry to intrude. Look, I know you're in the middle of a taping, but we were just finishing up our dog advisory council meeting and we're doing a quick tour and the council just really wanted to see the studio.

[B]

Alright.

[E]

I mean, I'm sorry. They really wanted to smell the studio.

[F]

Sure, sure, sure. Come on in.

[B]

We're almost done.

[F]

Dogs have a sense of themselves, but it probably has more to do with smell than anything else.

[C]

We think dogs stream in a pretty similar way to humans.

[B]

Dogs don't bark differently depending on where.

[C]

They'Re from, but they can learn to respond to whatever language their humans are speaking in.

[B]

You can even teach a dog to read your mind.

[E]

The council is very impressed with the canine representation here. They pass along their kudos.

[C]

Aw, thank you. Little cute snug machines.

[E]

They prefer prefer to be known as daring, brave squirrel hunters, but they appreciate the sentiment. All right, I'm gonna walk them out. Oh, no, no. I meant I'm gonna like, walk out. Like it's time for you guys to leave. I'm not taking for a walk. I don't have time. Like, I got appointments, there's other council meetings, and I mean, I'm not even wearing my good walking shoes.

[B]

That's it for this episode of Brains On.

[C]

Brains on is produced by Mark Sanchez, Sandon Padden and Molly Bloom.

[F]

We had production help from Ned Liebergstreicher and Otis Gray. We had engineering help from Matt Porter, Johnny, Vince Evans and John Miller. Many thanks to John and Barb Ebersole, Margaret Gruen, Ellen Furlong, Angie Johnston, Vicki Kreckler, Nancy Yang, Abdi Warsami, Jacob Maldonada Medina, Elizabeth Shockton, Ralphie McInerney, PoorMort, Lisa Guenther, Chrissy Peace and Jinju Yu. Now it's time for the Brains honor roll. These are the kids who make this show possible with their questions, ideas, mystery, sounds, drawings and high fives. Ava from Harvest, Alabama, Freddie from Alpharetta, Georgia. Rebecca from Plymouth, Michigan. Ethan from Cupertino, California. Aniket from Belmont, Cal. Elodie from Albany, New York. Elizabeth from Springfield, Virginia Riley from Toronto, James and Lydia from New York City. Ruby from Houston, Dylan from Medfield, Massachusetts. Paige from Naperville, Illinois. Amato from Laredo, Texas. Lola from Duluth, Minnesota. Tamon and Juni from New York City. Joanna from Gray's Lake, Illinois. Zoe from Brooklyn, New York. Juno from British Columbia. Emmy from Dallas, Texas. Cirrus from St. Adolf, Dward, Quebec, Kennedy and Cade from Indiana, Pennsylvania Amelia from Illinois Maslow and Listen from Springfield, Vermont Leah from Edmonton, Alberta Charlotte from Tuscumbia, Alabama Emma from Holly Springs, Georgia Everly from Hermantown, Minnesota Abigail and Ido from Israel Hannah from Boca Raton, Florida Hugo from Kingston, New York Nathan and Jedediah from Lake Worth, Texas Maggie from Dedham, Massachusetts Casper from East Hampton, New York Johanna from San Jose, California Noah from Eureka, Australia Kesley from Lake Bluff, Illinois Arabelle and isla from Athens, Georgia Robin from Evanston, Illinois Oliver from Huntsville, Alabama Theo from Norfolk, Virginia Ellie from Lafayette, Colorado Mallory from LaGrange, Illinois Hayden from Sela, Washington Finn and Rowan from Altoona, Pennsylvania Casey from Milton, Massachusetts Sam from Paradise Valley, Nevada Helena and Vernon from Reading, Pennsylvania Lucille from Roseville, Minnesota Lucas and Noah from Madrid Maisie from Huacus, Costa Rica Harper and Finn from East Brunswick, New Jersey Iris from Memphis, Tennessee Miri and Penny from Berwyn, Pennsylvania JB from Wasco, Oregon Michael and Zoe from Atlanta John from Seattle Sammy and Charlie from Beaverton, Oregon Colson from Chicago Gemma from Olds, Alberta Chammy from Philadelphia Cecilia and Timothy from Norwalk, Connecticut Claire from Arlington, Virginia and Ariana from Apex, North Carolina. Brains on your own High five. Make sure to tune in next week when we might get an answer to this question.

[G]

How do they get music into CDs, tapes and records?

[C]

Thanks for listening.