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In the back alleys of Calcutta, where the forgotten waited to die, a tiny woman and a white tsari built an empire of compassion. To millions, she was a living saint, proof that goodness still had a place in the modern world. But behind the halo, there were questions. Doctors who doubted her care, writers who challenged her motives, and critics who accused her of glorifying suffering instead of ending it. She won the world's highest honors, yet sparked its fiercest debates. How could one woman be both angel and accused? This is the story of Mother Teresa, A paradox that forces us to ask, can pure intentions excuse painful truths? And what happens when the world's desire for heroes turns people into myths? Mother Teresa, as you may know, is a controversial figure. And today we're going to be going through the entire story and all of the accusations to get to the bottom of. As a Catholic, I'm obviously gonna ride for my lady, all right, for my girl, Mama Teresa. But in the interest of being unbiased, I will explain everything that people have said. And I'll be honest. The answers might change the way you see sainthood forever. But without further ado, sit back, relax, and welcome to History Camp. What's up, people? And welcome back to History Camp. My name is Mark Gagnon, and thank you for joining me in my tent, where every single week, we explore the most interesting, controversial, fascinating stories from all history, from all times, from ever. Yes, this show is my attempt to understand everything that's ever happened in the world that's ever. Yeah, basically all the time. So there's a lot of stuff and no time to waste, I guess. But as always, thanks for joining me. And I'm not alone in my tent tonight. No, I'm not. I'm here with my dear friend Christos Bacadaporos with a brand new Fred Durst facial hair. How are you, buddy? Doing great, Christos. So today we're talking about Mother Teresa. Let me just say before we begin, a few things. One, I apologize that my voice sounds so sensual. I didn't mean for this to happen. I got sick over the weekend because my baby was crawling on the playground and stuck his fingers directly in my mouth. I saw him literally crawling at one point, like, putting his hand into, like, some unknown liquid. I swooped him up real quick and then try to wash his hands off. And then as I'm going to do that, he puts that in my mouth. So that's what I got. Did it happen in slow motion? Yeah. No, it was happening in. Right fast food. It was fast forward. He was going so quick. I mean, he's a crawling machine. I can't stop it. It's like a real issue. So as a result, he must have put his hand in some type of. Of just amazing elixir that turns my voice and just Barry White sounds great, baby. Lock them doors and turn the lights down low. Thanks for that because it's so. It's so on the money, right? Hell yeah, dude. Sorry to deviate from other Teresa. I just want to make that clear. If my voice cracks or if I sniffle, that's all that's going on with me. Secondly, Mother Teresa is a complicated lady. All right, Let me just say that as much, obviously people in society will be like, oh, yeah, you're a modern, modern day Mother Teresa. And seen as like a very positive compliment. But in the interest of being fair and unbiased, I think it is worth, you know, looking at people as actual people and not as like their mythical sort of divinations of what we want them to be. So we will be talking about all the things Mother Teresa did, obviously the amazing stuff helping the poor in Calcutta, but also maybe the things that, you know, she was criticized for, how legitimate are the criticisms, etc. So, you know, as a die hard Catholic, I'll just say right now, Mother Teresa is innocent, but I will be explaining everything that's going on and who knows, maybe I'll, you know, get into some stuff where I'm like, oof, maybe not. But where does all this start? It's gonna go all the way back to Calcutta. Yes. You know, Calcutta, this is one of the, at the time, one of like the poorest slums in the world in India. And among the sick of this slum was basically a tiny woman with like a plain white kind of sari, like a little like dress thing that became just like a global phenomenon. She became an icon, like around the world. And many called her like a saint. And they saw her as like a symbol of compassion. And she inspired millions to basically believe that, like, compassion could change everything. And that devotion carried her far Beyond Calcutta. In 1979, the World Spotlight turned to her. She accepted the Nobel Peace Prize. This is basically like the highest honors on earth bestowed upon one of its humblest figures. So to many that this was proof that like, you know, goodness still matters in such like a, you know, fast paced, capitalistic and different world. But her story is not so simple. For as many as she comforted, there were some voices that doubt. Doctors would question her care, writers would challenge her motives, and critics would basically like, accuse her of, like, having, like this, you know, like a masochistic, like, suffering complex where she would glorify suffering rather than trying to stop it or ease it. So how could one woman, the same lady, be worshiped as an angel by so many and also denounced as, you know, deeply flawed by so many others? So this, her legacy is kind of a paradox, right? A woman that's, you know, admired but also criticized, and her life kind of forces us to ask, like, can these noble intentions that we have excuse some of the questionable methods? Do the means justify the ends? And does the power of a symbol matter more than its impact? And even maybe bigger than all this, it's like, you know, is it better to sort of, you know, deify people and kind of mythologize them, or is it better to see them in the totality of who they actually are? So this is the story of Mother Teresa, a woman whose life reveals a lot about us and our desire for heroes, but also the messy realities of, you know, trying to save the world. So let's go all the way back to the beginning with a young girl who's known as Any Gonja Boyajiu, and she would later become Mother Teresa. Now, that name, you know, you're thinking like, oh, she was in India, she might be Indian. No, she's not Indian at all. Anya Gonja Boyaju. She is born in 1910 in Skopje. @ that point, it was a part of the Ottoman Empire. Now it's North Macedonia. She's basically Albanian, okay? And she comes from a strong Albanian Catholic family who was, you know, pretty middle class. Her father, Nicolay, was a businessman and a part of, like, the local government. And he basically instilled in his children this sense of charity. So from a young age, Anje, also known as Agnes, which is kind of the, you know, English translation, was captivated by stories of these missionaries in India. And by 12, she felt drawn to a religious life. So when she was 18, she joined the Sisters of Loretto in Ireland. And this is basically a Roman Catholic religious congregation of woman within the Catholic Church. You can become a nun or you can become a priest. And many of them will fall under some type of religious order, right? There's the Jesuits, there's Opus dei, there's Carmelite nuns, there's all sorts of different ones. So she joins this order to basically train to become a missionary. And in 1929, she was sent to India to teach at a Loretta school in Calcutta. Now, this was a school for wealthy girls in Calcutta. So for nearly two decades, she lived a relatively comfortable life, separated from the extreme poverty that surrounded the school. But everything changed on September 10, 1946. This is a day that she would later call her day of inspiration. So basically, traveling by train to Darjeeling for a retreat, Agnes experienced what she called a call within a call. Jesus, she claimed, spoke directly to her, picked up the phone. Yo, Jesus, what's up? And he basically asked her to leave the convent and live among the poorest of the poor in Calcutta. And she was like, this might be the wrong number, but, you know, she later wrote, I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. So she did it. And for those who revered her, this moment was extraordinarily spiritual and really, like, showcased her courage. Right? This was a comfortable nun, you know, from a comfortable family back home, abandoning the security that she had within, you know, the school to basically serve in these unimaginable conditions. And it took nearly two years of bureaucracy and eventual papal approval before she could actually leave the convent in 1948. She then spent months learning basic medical skills before entering into the Moti Jill slum. And this basically was. She was basically starting, like, an open air school with just, like five rupees in her pocket. Now, critics will argue that at this moment, this call that she got from the Lord Jesus Christ was less about helping the poor and more about spreading the Catholic faith. And this was a point that would, you know, shadow her later work. I mean, at this point, if that's the criticism, I'm like, come on. Like, I'm. I'm kind of. You got to be cool with that, right? Like, if Mormons are going around building, you know, wells or something, it's like, oh, they're just doing it to spread Mormonism. You're like, yeah, but they're building a well. So it's like, you know, we can look the other way. Do you think if they go build a well, they're still wearing the suit and tie? This isn't about Mormons, Christos. We got to focus on Mother Teresa. All right? Regardless, Agnes basically underwent this transformation. She was wearing, like, a black, what they call Catholicism, like a habit. It's kind of like what you would see, you know, nuns wearing. And she traded in for this white sari with blue trim that you've probably seen her wearing in a lot of the photos. And this was actually reflecting the Virgin Mary, and she took on the name Sister Teresa after Saint Therese of Lisieux. Now, in Calcutta's scorching heat, and, you know, these monsoon rain seasons. The former schoolteacher began her work among those who were suffering the Most. So by 1950, Sister Teresa had received Vatican approval to found a new congregation, the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta. Starting with 12 members, the missionaries of Charity grew into a global community of over 4,000 sisters in more than 130 countries. This makes it one of the most significant expansions in modern Catholic history. So the early years in Calcutta, they were genuinely heroic. Like, no one even criticizes her basically at all. For, like, these first few years, Teresa and her small band of followers worked in conditions that would challenge, you know, like even like, the UN or something, right? Like, they picked up dying children from the streets. They would care for abandoned children that were, you know, just, like, orphaned. Just, you know, in the slum. And she would even minister to lepers when family members wouldn't touch them. If you don't know, leprosy is obviously a disease that is highly contagious, but, you know, you'll die. You'll just get these wounds that just kill you. So as a result, they would create these leper colonies and send people away because they didn't want everyone else to get infected. But not Mother Teresa. She wasn't afraid. So Dr. Marcus Fernandez, who worked with Teresa in the 50s, recalled, and he says, quote, she would carry people others wouldn't go near. I saw her pick up a man whose face was half eaten by worms and maggots, cradle him, and bring him in to our makeshift clinic. I mean, it's really beautiful. Like, if you genuinely, like not to be too gay about it, but, like, to take someone who's in the most destitute position in the world, like, literally just on the street, will die, and some lady comes over and just, like, cradles your head and, like, it's like, hey, you're going to be okay. I mean, it's like, make you emotional. Not me, though. Come on. All right, fellas. Sorry to interrupt this wonderful program, but it is that time of the year. The air is cooler, days are a little shorter, the leaves are falling. And maybe you're feeling a little reflective, maybe thinking about life. So let's reflect on something. How's the old P word treating you? You know. You know what I'm talking about. Talking about the porn word. You've heard me talk about it. Porn messes with your brain, your relationships, maybe even your soul, if you believe in all that. And with no nut, November finally here. There's no better time to just hit pause and see what life would be like without just, you know, gooning all the time. But here's the thing. Quitting anything is pretty difficult. You know, quitting something hard, this hard, as hard as this is extremely hard. It is very difficult. And that's where the November project comes in. It's a 30 day global movement to stay porn free for the month of November. Thirty days, that's, that's nothing. You got that right. The goal, basically, 1 million people taking it, you know, together to just retain just their precious life, fluid all, all up in their body. So once you sign up, you'll get daily texts or emails with quick reflections, some tools and maybe challenges to even help you through the month. You'll basically be a part of a movement, something bigger than yourself, right? Thousands of people all working towards the same goal, focused, you know, focused on freedom, focused on controlling your life. And I'll be honest, me and all the people here in this wonderful studio have already, you know, signed our pledge. Croesus, you're off, right? That's right. Starting early, I can tell. I mean, you're glowing. You're just, you have a, you have a vitality to you I've never seen before. So come on through. Not literally, but more don't come. You get what I'm saying? So let's see what we're capable of when we put the phone down and we show up for ourselves and just tap in with the boys. Let's take control just for November. How hard could it be? Let's get back to the show. So Mother Teresa's most famous facility became the Nirmal Hriday. And now this is the home for the dying destitutes. And this was established in 1952 in a former Hindu temple. Sorry, Hindus. Teresa's philosophy was simple but powerful. It, you know, basically, if people couldn't live with dignity, they should at least be allowed to die with dignity. The home became a symbol of her work and, you know, caring for thousands of Calcutta's most abandoned citizens. So by the 60s, her reputation was spreading internationally. The Missionaries of Charity opened houses across India, then went to Venezuela and Australia, Tanzania and just a bunch of other countries around the world. And what made this expansion remarkable wasn't just the speed, but the consistency. Every new house followed the same sort of like, you know, simple model with sisters basically taking vows of poverty and dedicating themselves entirely to serving the destitute. Admirers would, you know, see this growth as proof of Theresa's extraordinary vision and her ability to organize. You know, like you have a woman who Basically had built a global movement from literally nothing. Just, literally just the symbol of her undying, you know, faith and dedication to the people that needed it most. And this inspired thousands of of followers to dedicate their lives to doing the same thing. So the sisters received no salaries, they owned nothing, and they worked in some of the most difficult conditions in the world. Yet applications to join continued to pour in from all over. I mean, this is like, like you couldn't, like, literally when people are like, oh, you're a Mother Teresa, it's like, yeah, literally she just exists to serve people. She wants nothing. It's really remarkable. However, as always, there's going to be the haters. All right? So critics began noting concerns and, you know, in some of the expansion, you know, Missionaries of Charity prioritized opening new houses over improving the existing ones. And resources that could have been used to upgrade medical equipment were, you know, instead directed towards establishing the next facility. Dr. Robin Fox, editor of the medical journal the Lancet, actually visited this, this facility, the Nirmaral Hiradae, in 1994 and was shocked by what she found. She says there were too many people, too few resources, too little medical knowledge among the staff. She said that basically, like, reusable need were being washed in water rather than being sterilized, and that pain medication was rarely administered. Now, I mean, it's like, yeah, dude, they built a hospital with five rupees in the middle of the poorest slum in the world. And then she goes over and then she's like, there's no resources. Yeah, dude, there's no resource. The British did bad stuff to the whole subcontinent and took all their money and stole their crown jewels. Yeah, you could say that through a lot of the slums in India and around the world. You go there, oh, there's no resources. Regardless, I'm getting annoyed. So Teresa hears these criticisms and, like, reveals, you know, some more layers of complexity in her response. She genuinely believes that suffering brought people closer to the divine, to Jesus, and that her mission was to provide spiritual comfort rather than cutting edge medical care. She says, we're not nurses, we're not doctors, we're not teachers, we're not social workers. She said, we are religious sisters. It's a good point because it's like, how are you going to get doctors to also take on this vow of poverty and sit in this hospital, you know, for 20 years, you know, helping people? It's like, yeah, if you're a doctor, you're gonna go do doctor stuff. So this distinction made sense within her religious framework. But it really frustrated secular observers who wondered why someone receiving millions in donations couldn't invest in the basic improvements. So to understand her impact, you kind of have to understand Calcutta in the mid 20th century. 1943, you have the Bengal famine that caused millions of deaths. I feel like in America, we don't really. We can't really wrap our heads around just how violent famine is. Like, 1943, this famine caused millions of. I don't even remember exactly how many million, but, like, millions of people die from this famine. It's, like, insane to even think about. I mean, you think about, like, you know, parts of Ethiopia, the Tigrayan famines, like, it's like it's. It ravages entire populations. So that's happening in Bengal not far away. And then you have the partition in 1947 that, you know, if you don't know, look it up. Uh, but basically you have now, like, the delineation between India and Pakistan, and now you have all these refugees that are now, you know, people without land, yada, yada. So poverty's everywhere, and people are dying on the streets. And municipal services could barely cope with, you know, the surge of people needing care. And in this chaos, Mother Teresa steps in with her sisters. So the stories from Nimral, her day, were heartbreaking but also inspiring. Patients arrived in the final stages of tuberculosis, cancer, malnutrition, abandoned by families who couldn't afford to take care of them or were afraid of, you know, getting sick themselves. And her approach was simple. Give everyone a clean bed, Everyone gets regular meals, basic care, and above all, spiritual comfort in the final hours. Seems pretty noble. You know, volunteers who worked alongside her would witness these profound moments. So one woman, Susan Shields, was an American volunteer who spent nine years with the Missionaries of Charity, describes seeing Teresa cradle dying men and whispering prayers, almost like a mom, like, holding their child, and would offer this tenderness that patients had never known and probably a level of care that you wouldn't get in some type of traditional medical facility. And this compassion brought a lot of dignity to those that were abandoned by society completely. But volunteers also reported some troubling practices. They again, say medical care was minimal, painkillers were rarely used, and treatable conditions were often left to worsen. Christopher Hitchens was one of her fiercest critics. He cited interviews with former volunteers that described a lot of this preventable suffering, noting that some of the patients died of tuberculosis despite the availability of proper treatment, and they received, you know, some aspirin and some prayers instead. Despite these criticisms, many acknowledged the context in which Mother Teresa works. So for people who otherwise would have died in the streets, her facilities offered shelter, food, companionship. Like, okay, yeah, would it be great if they had, like, a pristine medical facility with, you know, 50 doctors on staff that was actually saving people's lives? Sure, but in her mind, it's like, either you die on the streets or you die in a clean bed with food in my arms. Like, that is obviously better. But yet this debate remains right. Was minimal care better than none? Or should she have done more with the resources that she had and poured it all into one facility to bring up the standard of care? I guess that's for you to decide. One of the most controversial aspects of Mother Teresa's work was the attitude towards suffering. And again, this is rooted in a very traditional Catholic, you know, theology, something that I myself, personally, I'll admit, am kind of cozy too. I'll be honest. I don't reject suffering. I think suffering is like a sort of, I don't know, necessary, inevitable, perhaps. I mean, obviously there's scales to this. I don't think all people need to be suffering the most. I think we should try to reduce suffering. But I do think that suffering is an inevitability in this life and that it shouldn't be seen as something to avoid completely, but rather something that we can learn to cope with and grow from. So she believed that suffering brought people closer to Jesus, and this led to some type of spiritual purity, purification. So she often described suffering as a gift. So, for example, to a group of AIDS patients, she said, pain and suffering have come into your family, but, you know, they are gifts from God. They are signs that you have come so close to Jesus on the cross that he can kiss you. Now, some observers see this philosophy as troubling when, you know, imposed on people who had no choice in their suffering. So Christopher Hitchens would say, it's easy to find meaning in voluntary suffering, right? Like you go for a run and you say, I'm going to go for 10 more miles, and you try to, like, channel in that inner beast that's going to be able to, you know, overcome this difficult task. But imposing that interpretation on people dying of preventable diseases crosses an ethical line. That's what Christopher Hitchens said. Now, many medical professionals in Calcutta were also frustrated by what they saw as this romanticizing of the conditions that could be improved with proper care. Now, criticism intensified after reports emerged that Mother Teresa received medical treatment at well equipped hospitals in the 80s and the 90s, including in California now, critics said this was hypocritical, and they questioned why she would, you know, why. Why not just embrace the suffering as a gift? Why are you going to California to get medical care? And, you know, she often sought advanced care for herself when she told other people just to, you know, pray more. And perhaps the most revealing thing in her saga were her private struggles, which personally, I'm not going to hold against her because, again, this is, you know, this is her own private journal. But after her death, the Catholic Church basically published her private letters, which she had asked to be destroyed. But they were not destroyed. Instead, they were the exact opposite destroyed. They were multiplied a million times over on the Internet. So these letters basically revealed that for almost 50 years, she lived in what she would call the darkness. This was a deep sense of emptiness and doubt about even the existence of God. So to one confessor, she wrote, I feel that God does not want me, that God is perhaps not God, and that he does not really exist. To another, she admitted, there is so much contradiction in my soul, such deep longing for God, so deep that it is painful and yet not wanted by God. Repulsed, empty. No faith, no love, no zeal. This spiritual desolation began around 1948, just as she was starting her work in Calcutta, and lasted until her death in 1997. And for nearly five decades, the woman celebrated as a global symbol of faith and service to the Lord felt abandoned by this very God that she served. Now, the Catholic Church viewed these revelations as proof of extraordinary holiness. Serving the poor while enduring such spiritual darkness showed a remarkable faith. Right? Like she was continuing to walk the walk, even though internally she was like, I just. I don't know. And she was having these moments of doubt. But critics saw it differently. They said that she was a fraud, that she was preaching a faith that she didn't actually believe, and that these letters cast a new light on her teachings about suffering. Knowing that she endured such intense spiritual pain, some wondered if she was projecting her own torment when she told the poor that, you know, their suffering was a gift from God. You know, to her defenders, Teresa's hidden despair makes her legacy more powerful. She served without reward, even without feeling God's love. And whether this makes her more admirable or more troubling kind of just depends on how you view the balance between personal faith and, you know, public service. So as Mother Teresa's worldwide fame grew, so did the money. Yeah, we're talking about cash. So by the 80s, millions of dollars are pouring in from individuals and from governments and from organizations. However, the wealth sparked some controversy over how it was managed. You see, the Missionaries of Charity accepted donations from, you know, potentially controversial figures, which. This, to me, I'm like, all right, let's just. Let's get into it, okay? Charles Keating was an American businessman. You can look him up. He was later convicted in 1980s in, like, a savings and loan scandal, but he gave 1.25 million and the use of his private jet. When prosecutors asked Teresa to return the money, arguing that this was stolen funds, she never responded. She also accepted funds from a man known as Jean Claude Duvalay. If you're Haitian, you probably know who that is. He was also known as the Baby Doc. He was basically a brutal dictator. And, you know, Mother Teresa actually praised the Duvalis for helping the poor. And this praise shocked a lot of human rights activists. Her explanation was simple. I don't ask where money comes from. If someone wants to give money to help the poor, I take it pretty simple, right? I think that's a pretty reasonable stance. So to her, the source mattered less than the intended use. Now, as you can imagine, with many of these sort of, you know, charities at the time, and even charities to this day, financial transparency is always a point of contention. The Missionaries of Charity never published annual reports. They offered no detailed accounting and didn't really give a ton of public information about the spending or, like, you know, where the money was coming from, where it was going. So former Sister Susan Shields described being told that money was dangerous and that focusing on it too much was probably sinful. And, you know, despite millions potentially sitting in idle bank accounts, you know, they had these facilities that urgently needed basic improvements. That seems like they were a little slow to fix. Now, critics would question the scale of impact relative to the funds raised. So, you know, Mother Teresa became famous for helping the poor. Her organization's reach was seen as limited when compared to how much money they were actually pulling in. Now, of course, her defenders will argue that, you know, the critics. Critics are missing the point. The Missionaries of Charity weren't trying to, you know, solve poverty efficiently. They were trying to give spiritual ministry to the people that needed it the most. Teresa herself lived in voluntary poverty. She owned basically nothing and spent money only on her work. Unlike others, you know, later exposed for lavish living, she genuinely was practicing what she preached. It's not like she had, like, a, you know, a little chateau she would retire to. No, like she was on the streets doing the thing. This is not the end of, you know, the criticism. So Mother Teresa's religious Convictions shaped not only her work with the poor, but also her position on, you know, highly controversial social issues. So as a devout Catholic, she often held a lot of conservative views that often clashed with, you know, progressive activists. So she held, you know, an opposition to abortion. In 1994, the National Prayer Breakfast in Washington, D.C. in the presence of Bill Clinton and his wife, Mother Teresa said, I feel that the greatest destroyer of peace today is abortion, a direct killing of an innocent child. That is Mother Teresa's statement. And her pro life stance went just beyond words. The Missionaries of Charity ran adoption services in several countries, taking in unwanted babies and, you know, finding families for them. So her opposition to contraception was equally rigid. She rejected all artificial birth control, insisting only on natural family planning. Basically, it's like, you know, God will provide and he will give you as many children as you need. Now, I mean, this is pretty like down the middle, you know, Catholic teaching. Like, if you are a Catholic, you. You don't use birth control. If you're a Catholic, you know, you don't get abortions. This is pretty much like in line with just like what basically every practicing Catholic believes. And if you disagree with that, I mean, that's, you know, that's your prerogative. But that I don't think, like, her position on this is radical in the Catholic sense. But as you can imagine, you know, this was raising some issues with a lot of the more liberal and progressive activists that she was often, you know, working. So her political associations also raised some questions. She publicly praised the Indian Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi. During the emergency period when civil liberties were suspended in India, she maintained friendly relationships with Albanian communist dictator Enver Hocha. And, you know, despite his brutal persecution of religious believers. And, you know, she continued to accept donations from various what you could describe as authoritarian figures. Now, supporters argue that she was apolitical and was just focused solely on helping the poorest people. And wherever the money came from, it doesn't matter, she'll take it and help the people that need it. Now, one of the most persistent charges against Mother Teresa was that her work was less about, you know, alleviating the suffering and more about winning souls. And we mentioned this a little bit before. So in India, you know, where religious conversion has, you know, for a long time been politically sensitive, the allegations struck a, you know, a nerve. Now, the controversy focused on, you know, the practices at Nirmal Red Day and the other missionary charity homes. And basically former volunteers came out and said that the dying patients were quietly baptized, often without their knowledge or Their consent. This involved a brief ritual of water being poured on the head and words intended to prepare the soul for the afterlife. Now, Teresa defended the practice, insisting that she was only ensuring that people met God at the end of their lives. Now, critics viewed baptism as violations of personal dignity and religious freedom. Local families were sometimes horrified to learn that their loved ones had been baptized without consent. You can imagine, you know, you have an uncle who's Hindu or he's sick or, and by sick I mean like Sikhi. He's like a Punjabi practitioner of the, you know, the gurus or, you know, they're Zoroastrian or some other religion. And now they're getting baptized within the Catholic faith. They're like, whoa, this is not what he would have wanted. In the children's homes, critics alleged that the abandoned babies were routinely raised Catholic regardless of their backgr, with non Catholic families facing more obstacles in the adoption process. Now, Mother Teresa consistently denied forcing conversion. She said, I converted no one. She told interviewers, my job is to love. However, some former sisters suggested that her motivation was more layered, that, you know, her love and her desire to save souls were kind of inseparable. So this ethical dilemma is pretty obvious, right? Many in Theresa's care were destitute, dying alone, hardly in any type of position to make like a deformed, like an informed decision about, you know, the afterlife or where we came from or religion or any of that stuff. So the Indian government occasionally investigated allegations related to these forced conversions or these, you know, non consensual baptisms, but rarely ever pursued formal charges. Defenders argue that these criticisms overlook a lot of context. Teresa had never hidden the fact that she was a Catholic nun. I mean, her name was Sister Teresa. And so to them, her baptisms were not manipulations, but acts of mercy intended to offer what she believed was the greatest gift of all, eternal life. Now, ultimately, the debate just once again reflects a clash between two models of aid. The modern secular one that separates humanitarian work from this religious mission and the older tradition where charity and evangelization were bound together basically inseparable. You know, again, I just think it kind of depends on your philosophy. If you are of a, any type of really, like, religious persuasion and you are devout in your practice, I imagine that you see, you know, health holistically, and you're like, okay, this person's dying. The afterlife is 100% true. They're probably going to go to hell. I'm going to do something to, you know, that's very small. It's not invasive. I'LL just baptize them and then they're going to go to heaven, like so. Again, if you believe that, then what she did makes complete sense. If you don't believe it, then you're like, why are you doing these weird, kooky occult rituals on people that don't want them? Again, it just comes down to your worldview. Do you believe that age should be purely secular, or do you think that human beings are mind, body and soul and that these three things are, you know, inextricably bound? There's also the media component to Mother Teresa's legacy that other people would find criticism with. So Mother Teresa's fame, you know, it didn't just happen. It was built by Western media largely. And the turning point came in 1969 when British journalist Malcolm Muggeridge, that's his real name, Malcolm Muggeridge, which is just an all time British name. You don't even have to say British journalist. You could have just said Malcolm Muggeridge. He basically released a documentary called Something Beautiful for God. And one of the scenes became super famous. This was known as the Miracle of Light. And it basically showed the dimly lit home for the dying looking unusually bright and heavenly. Now, Muggeridge claimed that this was some type of divine intervention, but the BBC sound recorders later explained that they had simply been using new Kodak film that worked better in low light. Still, Muggeridge's version spread quickly, and the idea of Teresa being touched by this divine grace was now just stuck in the public imagination. Western journalists often called her a living saint without, you know, typically looking too closely at her facilities for the actual scale of her work and really getting into like, the criticisms. Because again, you see this, you know, woman that lives like a pretty good life going now to the poor and living among them and helping them, you're like, oh, yeah, this is probably like the best person ever, right? The story of fighting poverty alone in one of the toughest cities in the world is irresistible. So many visitors to Calcutta expected, you know, miraculous operations, but instead found these modest facilities that were serving, you know, the, you know, relatively few patients as they were going on to die. Now, Teresa's Missionaries of Charity was just one of many organizations working with the poor in Calcutta, yet they received disproportionate international attention. Her fame also reflected what some people would, you know, call this white savior narrative, which is, you know, you basically have a history, like a heroic figure from outside, typically from like a white country that can solve the deep rooted problems and, you know, all these Brown people's lives through personal sacrifice. So for a lot of donors, this was easier to believe than facing the complex realities of, you know, global inequality and, you know, the harsh. The harsh truth that kind of goes along with that. So despite claiming to dislike publicity, Mother Teresa in some ways used her fame to raise funds and expand her organization. She traveled extensively and met with world leaders and tailored her message to diverse audiences, emphasizing faith when speaking to Catholics and compassion when talking to secular listeners. And her Fame peaked in 1979 when she received the Nobel Peace Prize, which really just cemented her status as an icon. Now, critics noted that unlike other Nobel prize winners, she had not worked on peace negotiations or tackled the actual root cause of conflict. And so the prize seemed to award kind of the symbolic value rather than the measurable achievement. Now, this media crafted image played a crucial role in establishing her legacy and, you know, a lot of her fame, I guess you could say worldwide. But also people criticize that it shielded her work from closer scrutiny and critique. Now, a lot of people assume that Mother Teresa, you know, just became a saint immediately. You know, her path to sainthood began shortly after her death in 1997. Now, typically, the Catholic church requires some stipulations to becoming a saint, and this is typically a five year waiting period before initiating the canonization process. But Pope John Paul II waived this waiting period, recognizing her widespread reputation for holiness. And the formal process started in 1999 when she was declared a servant of God. Now, the process for sainthood within the Catholic Church is actually pretty interesting. I mean, like, I think a lot of people don't even really know what it means to be a saint. I mean, we could get into it a little bit here. Maybe I do a separate episode on that. Basically, what you need to know a saint is anyone that's in heaven with God. So anyone that goes to heaven is a saint. But we don't know who is in heaven because that is obviously a mystery that only God knows. But the Catholic Church will basically, you know, they will go through a process where they will put someone into the saint category and they will say, we believe that this person is likely in heaven due to their, you know, faith and their life on earth. And in order to prove that, they have, like, a strict stipulation of what they did. And so this typically involves, you know, confirmed miracles. You need two of them for sainthood. And these involve, you know, medical recoveries. You know, an Indian woman's abdominal, like, tumor and a Brazilian man's brain tumor, both said to have vanished after prayers, you know, with Teresa. Skeptics and some medical professionals argue the patients were already receiving treatments and that the doctors credited medicine, not miracles. The church insisted both cases were fully examined and had no scientific explanation. Again, that is, you know, church politics. Basically. Her canonization sparked debate about her legacy. Critics said that her order, you know, overstated the poverty in Calcutta and, you know, it kind of was a warning that sainthood could legitimize poor medical care, you know, as holy work. Now the Vatican replied that sainthood was about heroic virtue and not being, you know, the perfect missionary. Now the canonization became a global event, but again highlighted divisions. So for Catholics, she was a merciful mother to the poor. In India, protests broke out. Hindu nationalist groups accused her of using charity as a front for conversions for all the reasons that we said. While secular critics saw her canonization as this reinforcement of this white savior narrative that, you know, many people rebuke now. Since her death, the Missionaries of Charity has continued to operate globally, though with much less media attention. But in recent years, some homes have faced scrutiny over adoption practices and care standards, leading to modest reforms in certain regions. Still, the order can maintains Theresa's original sort of austere model, emphasizing the spiritual ministry over the most up to date advanced healthcare approaches. A 2019 testimony from Rajesh Kumar, whose mother spent her final days at the Nimral Hrade facility, kind of captures this complexity, I think in a pretty, in a pretty simple way. And basically, Rajesh says, the sisters were extremely kind. They held my mother's hand, they prayed with her and they made sure that she wasn't alone. But the medical care was basic, sometimes painfully so. I'm grateful she died with dignity, but I also wonder if she could have lived longer with better treatment. Mother Teresa cannot be neatly labeled as, you know, this perfect, you know, Christ like, person that didn't make any mistakes. But I also don't think you could say like, oh, she was a fraud that was, you know, ripping off people and making people suffer for no reason. She was profoundly human, a woman of deep conviction who sacrificed her own comfort to serve the abandoned, yet also had some blind spots and maybe did some things that, that, you know, potentially cause pain in some specific individual cases. Right. She inspired millions through compassion, but also, you know, often fell short in the, you know, highest standard of care that many secular, you know, missionaries would want her to, to have. Her story reflects a bigger debate about the role of religion in fighting poverty. In today's world of evidence based interventions, her model of faith driven service can Seem, you know, too limited. Yet it offered something that many secular organizations cannot meaning dignity and spiritual companionship for people who are literally in the lowest tier of society. And perhaps what makes her legacy most revealing is how it mirrors our own need for heroes. Right. Early media portrayed her as this flawless saint who. Who was a perfect woman who never did anything wrong, while later critics just swung to the opposite extreme and said the exact opposite. And the truth is that neither of them are right. Teresa was a woman whose convictions drove her to extraordinary service, but, you know, she was also a human being limited by her worldview and her methods and probably made some mistakes. Ultimately, Mother Teresa's life matters not because she was perfect, but because she was imperfect in this really brave way. I think, you know, she was acting on her faith despite the doubt, giving herself to others, despite feeling empty in certain moments, and kind of became like this symbol while remaining deeply human and humble. And in a world quick to divide heroes into saints or villains and kind of compartmentalize people. Her story reminds us that I think the hardest moral questions rarely have super simple answers. And that often, you know, that, you know, the change often comes from flawed individuals doing their best with imperfect tools. And that, ladies and gentlemen, is the historical account of Mother Teresa. So, I don't know, dude. I'll be honest. I mean, I'm giving Mother Teresa, like, an A in terms of life report card. She gets an A. Could it be an A plus? Maybe? Again, I think it depends on your philosophy on missionary work, right? Like, if you go to a population, again, I think if you. I think you have to put yourself in the mind of a believer, which. And I don't just mean Catholic. Like, if you're like a Muslim missionary or like a Hindu missionary or a Mormon missionary, whatever you are, if you believe that, like, okay, I have the keys to eternal life. Like, I believe that if you follow Allah and you read the words of the prophet, peace be upon them, that you can get into Jannah. If that is what you believe, then you're like, yeah, I need to tell people about this. So you can see Mother Teresa's point here. As a Catholic woman, she's like, these people are dying. I want them to go to heaven. I know heaven's real. Again, she had her own personal doubts, but she's like, I have faith in the church. I'm going to baptize them so that they can go to heaven. It's like, I get why she did what she did. Again, if you don't believe these things, then what she did is like, why are you baptizing people? Why are you doing this Again? Even if those claims were even true, it's difficult to tell if she was forcing people to get baptized against their will. But if she's trying to proselytize and spread the gospel, it's like, yeah, well, she fully believes that this is the key to eternal life. Should she be doing that? If you believe 100 that that's what you need to do, then it's like, all right. I mean, I guess in a secular way, you could think of it this way. Like, oh, this person, you know, is, you know, dying from this preventable disease. They don't believe in medicine, but they're gonna die if they don't get this one specific shot. Should you just, you know, give them the shot without them knowing while they're sleeping and say it was a mosquito that bit them and saved their life? Or should you let them die because they don't believe in, you know, medical intervention? I don't know if you're. If you're. I imagine most people would be like, oh, I would give them the shot anyway, because I. We should preserve human life. This is what she basically did. But instead of, you know, medicine, her ultimate, you know, belief was in the Catholic faith. So, again, it just comes down to perspective. I think, all things considered, she did a pretty great job. I will say, I think, like, literally giving up your life and comfort to go live amongst the poor and, like, comfort them with whatever she had. Again, she's not a doctor. She's not a nurse. She's, like, a teacher at best, and just like a, you know, spiritual missionary. And she's just comforting people as they're dying. Like, I feel like we. I don't know, maybe in her story, we're, like, understating how important that is. Like, dying alone is like. Like, it's the most brutal thing. And, like, maybe in existence, like, to just be on your deathbed getting maggots eating you, and you're going to pass away with no legacy. No one will know your name. No one will mourn for you. Your funeral will be completely empty. I mean, that is a terrifying reality. And to have one person sit with you and say, you know what? Your life matters, you matter. What you've done on this earth is enough, and you're worthy of dignity, I think is, like, beyond beautiful and is far more than I've ever done for anyone. And I imagine for most people listening, probably more than any of us have done. I mean, it's truly like, like saintly behavior. So all that to say it's like, yeah, could she have had the best medical facilities? Again, I think it misses the point of what religious missionary work looks like. Is the goal to prolong people's lives as much as possible, potentially they suffer more? Or is it like, okay, death is a natural part of life. You will pass with dignity. You have this incurable cancer and you're 80 years old. We're going to let you die with dignity? Or are we going to just prolong your life so much and you're going to suffer for more time, but you will be alive for another three years? Again, this is a personal ethics debate that people come down to. But I think taking someone like Mother Teresa and calling in this ethical question, I think is kind of missing the point. I think we're scrutinizing people that have dedicated their lives to service and attempting to overly scrutinize it just because it doesn't fit in the exact worldview that we want. Which I think is kind of a big problem. Right? Like, if there was like, again, like, if there was like a, like a, like a Muslim charity that opened up and they said, like, hey, we serve people, but like, we're not going to serve people, you know, pork. Because that is against our religion. I'm not going to be like, oh man, they're forcing their faith on me. I'd be like, yeah, that's what you guys believe is haram. You think that, you know, according to the Quran that Allah said not to eat this. So yeah, like, it would be, it'd be strange to me if I went to like a, you know, a Muslim charity or like a Muslim food bank and they were giving me pork, I'd be like, well, this is strange, you know, like to me it's like, yeah, they fall within the order of what they do. Again, it's not like she was like, she didn't have Munchausen. It's not like she was like giving people diseases so that they could suffer more to be closer to God. I think she was giving them a psychological justification to deal with their suffering. Like, hey, what's happening is terrible, but what if you looked at it like, oh, this is actually a good thing. Like, to me, like that is the basis of like every self help book ever. Like, hey, life is 10 what happens 90%, how you react to it. You can't change what's happening to you right now. You have this incurable illness, you have tuberculosis, you're gonna die. But instead of looking at it like, oh, woe was me. Life is terrible. What if you look at it like, oh, this is a beautiful thing. I get to suffer and be closer to God, and in the suffering, I'll eventually enter into eternal life again. If you don't believe in these concepts, then this idea of eternal life and going into the afterlife is absurd. But if you do believe, then you're like, oh, wow. Maybe there is something that can be beautiful about the suffering even in the most terrible situation. But it's either like, hey, yeah, your life is meaningless. You're gonna die. Nothing matters. Everyone you know is gonna die, and you're just gonna suffer in silence. Or you give them, like, a little bit of hope. Like, hey, there's a purpose to your suffering. And in some ways, what's happening to you right now is noble. I don't know. I think it just really comes down to, like, perspective. And to me, it's like, kind of like an ethics debate thing more than it is like. Like, I don't know, like, was she good or bad? It's like, there's minutiae to, like, the little details, but overall, I'm giving Mother Teresa a pass. I like this lady, and in many ways, I'm inspired. I really want to start a charity. I don't know exactly how to do it, but I do think doing something to, like, help and give back would be awesome. I hope I can look back on this clip in, like, 10 years and be like, oh, nice. I'm glad I figured it out. But if anyone knows how to start a charity, let me know. Anyway, Christos, what do you think of Mother Teresa? Overall net positive? I'd say overall net positive, right? Like, I don't know. Like, again, but I'm sure I don't know. I want to. What do you guys think if you didn't grow up religious? If, like, if you have a purely secular worldview, I want to know what you think specifically. Like, was this wrong? Tell me if there's anything that I'm missing here. Like, write a comment. Give me, like, a hypothetical that maybe would make me think about this in a different way. I would love to know what you think. If there's anything I missed also, please let me know. Drop it in there. This is not a mission intentionally. Sometimes I just miss stuff in the research. But I would love to know what you think. If I got anything wrong also, just, like, drop that in there. I read all the comments. YouTube, Spotify, all that. Additionally, the top comment on this video, on YouTube and Spotify, we'll be getting free merch. There's been a few people that reached out to me that the merch has been coming slow. We're figuring it out. All right? We're getting the process, you know, sorted. So don't worry. This is my first step in charity, giving some people some hoodies. All right. It's a small step, but we're doing the best we can. Anyway, thank you guys so much for joining. Joining us for another episode of History Camp. Like I said, this is my attempt to understand everything that's ever happened. We're doing our very best. So I will see you guys in the future to talk about the past. Peace.