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Thank you for listening to this episode's ads. By supporting our sponsors, you support Casefile to continue to deliver quality content during the initial police interview with the Jeffrey Gillum on the morning of Saturday, August 28, 1993, the interviewing detectives weren't sure what to make of his account. They had a hard time believing that two separate slayings could have occurred in the same household at around the same time. If Jeffrey was capable of killing his brother, they thought it stood to reason that he could also be capable of killing his parents. They also thought it seemed highly strange that Jeffrey's first reaction upon seeing his parents dead bodies had been to attack his brother rather than check on his parents to confirm if they were actually dead or try to stop the fire. One of the detectives put these questions to Jeffrey directly. I don't know why I killed my brother, he responded. I was just chasing him. I don't know why. The detective pressed on. You're saying that your brother has killed your mother and father and I'm just wondering whether it's just a convenient ploy on your behalf to tell us that when in fact you've killed the whole three of them. Jeffrey kept his eyes cast downwards and mumbled back, I haven't. He also couldn't explain why he hadn't checked on his dad or tried to stomp out the fire first. I don't know why, jeffrey said. I just thought of other things and just did the wrong thing, obviously. During the interview, one of the detectives had also scribbled down a note for the other that read, if he's just stabbed his brother, where's the fucking blood? Their suspicions grew upon hearing Jeffrey's explanation for the jerrycan of petrol with its makeshift siphon that was found in the Gillums alcove. To the detectives, it sounded like Geoffrey had been trying to use the petrol as an accelerant to start the fire with before finding it too hard and using mineral turpentine instead. They'd also been curious about the timing of the events. A woman named Christine Shaw lived on the opposite side of the road to the Gillams, on a slope that overlooked their property. In the early morning hours of Saturday, August 28, 1993, Christine had been reading in bed at around 3:45 when she heard the screams of two people. One was a man making a guttural sound that reminded Christine of someone being struck by lightning. The other was a distressed sounding woman who seemed to be desperately trying to reason with someone. Christine couldn't hear what was being said, but the voices alerted a neighbourhood dog who started barking incessantly. Eventually, at around 3:57am, Christine went to the window to see what was going on. But by the time she got there, the voices stopped and she couldn't see anything. The dog continued to bark, waking its owners. At some point between 4 and 4:15am they got up to try and quiet him, but didn't hear any other voices. It was presumed that Christine Shaw had overheard Stephen Gillam in the throes of death and Helen Gillam defending herself against her attacker. But if that was the case, it meant that they had both been attacked at around 4am Jeffrey claimed that upon hearing his mother's cries for help over the intercom, he'd immediately raced to the house, which took less than a minute and everything had happened very quickly from there. Why then hadn't Jeffrey arrived at the Warner's house next door to raise the alarm until around 4.30am? What had he been doing for that unaccounted for period of around half an hour? While all of these factors were dubious, it was when the autopsies came back that the detectives really started to question things. Forensic examination had revealed that Stephen, Helen and Christopher Gillam had all been stabbed a similar number of times, with a vast majority of the wounds concentrated on their chests and none on their abdomens. If there had been two separate killers, what were the chances that both had struck in such similar manners? Testing was done of the Blood found on Jeffrey's left shin and right hand to determine who the blood came from. But the samples weren't strong enough to make an identification. Then there was the knife, which, according to Jeffrey, had been used in all three of the killings. The knife had been tested for fingerprints, but none were found. Nor was there any blood on the handle of the knife nor the blade. There hadn't been any prints on the Panadol filled syringe or any of the other items in Christopher's laundry basket either. Tony Gillum couldn't believe what he was hearing. He asked the detective why they hadn't charged Jeffrey with Stephen and Helen's murders if they believed he was guilty. The detective said that they had actually recommended that charges be laid, but the Director of Public Prosecutions declined. Tony refused to accept this. I'll sort that out, he said. After discussing the situation with his other brother, Tony rang Jeffrey and asked him to meet with them. Jeffrey refused, questioning why and saying he wouldn't speak to anyone about the night of the killings without his solicitor present. Tony then decided to take matters into his own hands. He began writing letters to the Department of Public Prosecutions, urging them to charge Jeffrey for the murders of Helen and Stephen Gillam. The DPP refused, citing a lack of evidence. Tony began reaching out to journalists and other members of law enforcement, trying to raise awareness to the situation in any way possible. Eventually, his story caught the attention of the production team at the Channel 9 television program 60 Minutes, who launched their own investigation. Stephen's mother, Jessie, told 60 Minutes she didn't believe Christopher Gillum played a role in the murders at all. She described him as a lovely chap with a beautiful personality who had no malice and was bullied by his younger brother. Jesse recalled, Jeffrey could never walk past Christopher without thumping him. They always did it. It was just a known thing. I don't think they liked each other at all. I really don't. Neighbour Ted Warner expressed his disbelief about Jeffrey's story too, saying, to have two homicidal maniacs kind of crack out of their egg in the one night in the one home, in the one suburb is pretty scary stuff. In Jeffrey's version of events, Christopher had lit his mother's body on fire and the house had blazed from there. But 60 Minutes had four separate arson investigators look into the case and they found evidence to indicate that the fire had actually started in the main bedroom near Stephen Gillam's body, thus creating further doubts about Jeffrey's story. They also consulted a leading criminal barrister who raised questions about Jeffrey's timing of the events. Jeffrey had told the police that approximately 90 seconds had passed between him hearing his mother screaming for help on the intercom, racing upstairs to the lounge room, and witnessing Christopher light her body on fire. If this was correct, it gave Christopher just 90 seconds to stab Helen 17 times before running around the house pouring out mineral turf serpentine in preparation for the fire. Before Jeffrey arrived, the 60 Minutes team reached out to renowned New South Wales forensic pathologist Dr. Godfrey Oakley to examine the case on their behalf. After reviewing the crime scene photos and autopsy reports, Dr. Oakley raised some questions about the lack of blood on Christopher's body. While the dressing gown he'd been wearing was soaked in blood from his own wounds, it was free of any blood spatter, as were his arms, legs and face. If Christopher had been the one to attack his parents, Dr. Oakley expected that his whole body would be splattered with blood. Only a few drops were visible on his neck and chin, and forensic experts agreed this could have come from his own wounds. Looking at the crime scene photos, Dr. Oakley noted that the knife was lying underneath Christopher's left arm. This positioning, coupled with the fact that there was no blood or fingerprints on the knife, led Dr. Oakley to conclude that the knife had likely been washed and then placed there. As for the lack of blood found on Jeffrey Gillum, Dr. Oakley reasoned this could only be explained by an attempt at cleaning himself or having been in contact with water. Asked if he thought the crime had been committed by one killer or two, Dr. Oakley said, I think the probability is that there was one killer. I think it's reasonably probable, and I don't think it is reasonably probable that two people killed in exactly the same way. I think that the evidence which was shown on the dead brother demonstrated that he wasn't involved. I think that he wasn't part of it. Jeffrey declined to be interviewed for the program without his explanation for all of the evidence 60 Minutes had uncovered. The host of the segment called for an official coronial inquiry to be held. He also said that DNA testing should be done of the blood found on Jeffrey's body to determine which family member it came from. Stephen Gillam's family, unwilling to accept the fact that Christopher had gone to his grave condemned as a double murderer. Strongly agreed. One of Stephen's brothers steadfastly stated, all of these questions have to be answered. The 60 minute segment reinvigorated interest in the case, and to Tony Gillum's relief, it was announced that a second coronial inquest would held to Examine all the available evidence relating to the deaths of Helen and Stephen Gillam. Jeffrey refused to speak to the press, creating further doubt about his story in the eyes of the public. After all, if he had nothing to hide, then why not share his side of the story? The inquest commenced in late 1999 with hearings scheduled to be held over several months. The counsel assisting the coroner presented the court with all of the questionable elements of the case, with significant focus on the blood evidence and the similarities between the stab wounds of the three victims. Testimony was also delivered from various witnesses about Jeffrey's physical appearance at the time of the crime. Some recalled that his hair had been wet or shiny looking, suggesting the possibility that he could have washed it. But according to testimony from one blood spatter expert, the lack of blood on Jeffrey didn't hold any major significance anyway. He told the court that it was a common misunderstanding to think that the amount of blood on an attacker was linked to the level of violence they inflicted. A detective who had attended the crime scene also gave evidence that he hadn't been surprised by the lack of blood on Christopher or the murder weapon weapon that was found lying beside him. A huge amount of water had cascaded into the downstairs space due to the firefighting efforts on the floor above. A tarpaulin had been placed over Christopher's body in an attempt to preserve any evidence, but water had already dripped onto him before this occurred. The detective therefore assumed that any blood on Christopher or the knife had been washed away. However, DNA testing had since been done of samples taken from the drops of blood on Jeffrey's feet. And while the results were below laboratory level, after five years in storage, there were some indications that the blood was Helen's. Of the four forensic experts who gave evidence, two believed that the number and pattern of the stab wounds indicated that only one killer was involved in the crimes. Dr. Christopher Lawrence, the pathologist who had conducted the Gillum family autopsies, was experienced in dealing with triple homicides and told the court, I honestly cannot recall a group of three sets of wounds that looked this much the same. However, while he found this compelling, Dr. Lawrence said it didn't necessarily prove that only one person was responsible. The forensic experts recommended that the knife be formally re examined, while Christopher's dressing gown and Jeffrey's boxer shorts should undergo full chemical analysis. After all of the evidence and witness testimony was presented, the coroner found that there was sufficient evidence to suggest that Jeffrey Gillum could be responsible for murdering his parents. And they recommended that the Director of Public Prosecutions consider laying charges There was just one problem. After Geoffrey's manslaughter plea back in 1995, key pieces of evidence, including the knife, the clothing worn by all four family members, carpet samples taken from around the bodies, the piece of freshly cut garden hose from the petrol siphon, and Christopher's fingernail scrapings, had all been destroyed by the police. Other items, like the jumper Jan Warner had given to Jeffrey to wear after the killings, had never even been taken into evidence. Anything that could be useful for further testing was no longer available. In July 2000, the Director of Public Prosecution's Nicholas Cowdery notified his decision not to press murder charges against Jeffrey Gillum. Without these key pieces of evidence, he felt there was no reasonable prospect of securing a conviction. Jeffrey's uncle Tony was outraged. Refusing to accept this conclusion, Tony continued trying to attract attention to the case in any way he could. He put a sign on the rear windscreen of his car that read, the DPP is protecting a mass killer by the name of Jeffrey Gillum and parked it out the front of Nicholas Cowdery's office in the city. He even offered his own $200,000 reward for information. Tony continued the fight for three and a half years, motivated by the blatant way in which Jeffrey continued to live his life, seemingly with no consequence for his alleged actions. During this time, Jeffrey got married and bought a house in St. Ives, an affluent suburb in Sydney's Upper North Shore. He continued to enjoy sailing using the sailboat he'd inherited from his father. In early 2004, thanks to Tony's persistent efforts, the New South Wales homicide squad finally decided to reopen the investigation. With the key pieces of evidence no longer available, their focus was on uncovering new and compelling evidence that could convince the DPP it was worth prosecuting Jeffre Gillum for his parents murders. Looking back through the case file, they noticed that several items of Jeffrey's clothing had been found in the burned wreckage of his family's lounge room. Jeffrey's girlfriend from the time confirmed this was the same clothing he'd been wearing when she'd visited the Gillam home on the night of the murders. Given that Jeffrey had shown up on the Warners doorstep wearing nothing but boxer shorts, investigators wondered what his clothing was doing in the lounge room. An examination revealed there was no blood on any of the garments. This led them to theorise that Jeffrey could have hastily undressed before attacking his family to avoid getting any blood on his clothing and had left them behind, assuming they'd get burned in the fire. The location where Christopher Gillum's eyeglasses were found was also of interest. Christopher was short sighted and had mild astigmatism, a common eye condition that causes blurred or distorted vision. He wore glasses at all times, except when sleeping or showering. According to his ex girlfriend and a former flatmate, Christopher always kept his glasses next to his bedside because he needed them to move around, even wearing them to go from the bedroom to the bathroom. But after the murders, his glasses were found on the window ledge in the downstairs bathroom. Investigators thought it was highly unlikely that Christopher would have walked upstairs in the dark to kill his parents without his glasses on. They deemed it more probable that Jeffrey had waited until his brother was asleep before moving his glasses to put him at a disadvantage. The reason Christopher wasn't wearing them was because he'd been roused from his sleep upon hearing his parents being attacked and had run upstairs in a panic without stopping to find his glasses first. Christopher's vision impairment also highlighted another crack in Geoffrey Gillam's story. Those close to Christopher said he wasn't very confident when it came to driving. He rarely borrowed the family vehicle and refused to drive at night, therefore making it highly unlikely that his desire for a car would have been a strong enough motive to kill his own parents. Detectives re interviewed the first responders who attended the Gillam residence on the morning of the attacks. The firefighter who had been operating the pump at the rear of the firetruck recalled that Jeffrey Gillam had been brought over to him by another officer. When Jeffrey was about a metre and a half away, the firefighter could smell petrol on him. Given his experience in the field, he was familiar with the smell of petrol and could distinguish it from any other accelerants. Based on this statement, investigators felt that the odour Ted Warner had smelt on Jeffrey's breath, which he'd described as kerosene, had actually been petrol. With a second witness backing Ted's recollection, investigators cast even more doubt on Jeffrey's claims that he'd tried to siphon the petrol with his father earlier that evening. Had he done so, the smell would have been washed away in the shower he claimed to have taken before bed. They were more convinced than ever that Jeffrey had attempted to siphon petrol from his car by sucking on a garden hose in order to set fire to the house. Another firefighter recalled that when he arrived at the Gillums property with breathing apparatus, Jeffrey was standing near the garage by himself in a highly agitated state. He apparently said, don't go in there. Somebody's got a knife. Investigators believed this was Jeffrey's final attempt to deflect the firefighting efforts in the hopes that the fire would obliterate all evidence that proved real killer was him. This just left the question of motive. If the case made it to trial, it wasn't the prosecution's responsibility to prove motive, but it would certainly help strengthen the brief of evidence before it was presented to the dpp. The detective leading the homicide investigation decided to search the dusty storage unit attached to the Sutherland police station where the Gillum family murders had first been investigated. Along with Christopher Gillum's student diary, he found a box containing three mini cassette tapes. It appeared that among other things, Geoffrey Gillum had used one of the tapes to record his year 12 English homework. In it he gave an audio review of the book Stories from Suburban Road by Australian writer Tom Hungerford, in which he likened some of the characters in the book to his own life. Jeffrey said that he had an older brother who was favoured by his parents and that like one of the characters in the book, he often got in trouble for things that his brother got away with. As far as investigators were concerned, the tape proved that Jeffrey Gillum had a motive to kill his entire family. Uncle Tony Gillam agreed. He had come to learn that Helen and Stephen Gillam had apparently been very tight with their money. A long time friend of Stephen's told Sydney Morning Herald journalist Shelly Gare that money was important in that house, overly important and there was no need for that. He recalled that when Helen and Stephen had lent Jeffrey money to buy a car, they also charged him interest. While this was intended to be character building, Tony believed it likely fuelled Jeffrey's hatred of his parents. He had been spending time with the sailing fraternity where most of the other members came from well off families. And Tony thought that Jeffrey came to resent his parents financial habits. This was a hate crime, the lead detective told Shelly Gare with certainty. A very passionate hate crime. Jeffrey hates his family. With a motive established, investigators believed they had a clearer picture of what transpired at the Gillam home in the early morning hours of Saturday, August 28, 1993. Having spent the last couple of weeks voicing concerns about Christopher's behaviour to his friends and girlfriend, Jeffrey Gillum had essentially been laying the groundwork for the account he later planned to give the police. The fact that Jeffrey had told his friend Wayne that he had to go home on the night of the attacks to keep an eye on things between his brother and father wasn't a premonition. But part of the plan to make it look like Christopher was in a disturbed mental state at home. The unexpected visit from his girlfriend Hayley gave Jeffrey one final chance to proclaim Christopher's so called psycho behaviour. After Hayley left, Jeffrey then waited in the main house until his family was asleep before creeping into his parents bedroom shortly before 4am he brought an axe with him as backup just in case the stabbing was unsuccessful or in case Christopher heard the struggle and came to interfere. The position of Stephen's body next to the bed and the lack of any defensive wounds indicated that he'd been stabbed while he was still asleep. The location of Helen's body indicated she had only managed to move a short distance from the bedroom to the lounge room before she too was attacked. Once he had killed his parents, Jeffrey went down to kill Christopher only to find him already coming up the stairs. Seeing Jeffrey, Christopher immediately retreated back down where Jeffrey launched his third fatal attack. Afterwards, Geoffrey showered, cleaned the knife and planted the panadol paste and associated items in Christopher's laundry basket. It to make it look like his brother had intended to take his own life after committing the murders. Jeffrey then attempted to siphon petrol from his car to use as an accelerant. But finding this too hard, he grabbed some mineral turpentine instead. He doused the bodies of his mother and father to destroy any evidence and then set them alight. When Jeffrey arrived at the Warners home next door they noted that he hadn't been out of breath and was cold to the touch. Yet in the recording of his Triple Zero call made from the Warners phone, Jeffrey sounded breathless as he spoke to the operator. To the police this indicated that Jeffrey had likely waited outside to make sure the fire had really taken hold before going next door to raise the alarm. He feigned breathlessness on the Triple Zero call to make it look like he had immediately ran from the blazing house to call for help. He then tried to prevent one of the first responders from fighting the fire by saying someone in the house had a knife. While Jeffrey's story had remained mostly unchanged, there were some small discrepancies. When he called Triple Zero, he told the operator that when he first went upstairs after hearing his mother's cries for help, his brother was standing there with a knife. He told the same thing to a detective on the scene. However, during his police interview and a subsequent video walkthrough of the crime scene, Jeffrey claimed the knife had been on the floor near the piano. Then there was the matter of Jeffrey's keys which had been found on a table near the glass sliding doors upstairs. In the video walkthrough of the crime scene, Jeffrey initially told the police that upon hearing his mother's screams, he'd locked the boathouse behind him out of habit and had placed the keys in his pocket. When shown the keys on the table, he said he must have placed them there upon entering the house, but had no memory of doing so. The police found this hard to believe. If he really had walked in on Christopher about to set their mother's dead body on fire, surely the keys would be the last thing on his mind. They thought it was more likely that the keys were on the table because Jeffrey had stayed in the main house all night and had never even gone down to the boat shed at all. Speaking about the case to ABC's Australian Story, Tony Gillum explained Jeffrey's story was fanciful. We know neighbours heard guttural screams before 4am that was when the murders were taking place. The Triple Zero call was made at 4:34am for Jeffrey's story to be true, his mother would have had at least been alive for 20 minutes before making a call over the intercom to Jeffrey in the boat. She with serious stab wounds to herself now? I don't think so. In 2005, the Homicide Squad submitted a brief of evidence to the Department of Public Prosecutions to see if they had sufficient evidence to charge Jeffrey for the murders of Helen and Stephen Gillam. The DPP not only went ahead with the charges, but served Jeffrey with an ex officio indictment, meaning that the case would go to trial without the need for a committal hearing. By this point, Geoffrey had married his girlfriend Rebecca, and the two had one young daughter and another on the way. He requested a stay on the indictment, arguing that a trial would be oppressive, unfair or in breach of the rule against double jeopardy. The request was rejected and the trial went ahead. In February 2008, the prosecution's case was that Geoffrey Gillam had been financially motivated to kill his parents and then frame his brother for the crime. They presented witnesses who testified to Christopher's good character. None of them had ever seen him act aggressively towards his father, or anyone else, for that matter. Christopher's ex girlfriend spoke about him with a genuine affection, describing him as a gentle person who didn't have a hostile bone in his body. Nobody close to Christopher could imagine him fighting with his parents over money, particularly for the purpose of buying a car. The prosecution submitted that Christopher couldn't have pulled off the attack without his glasses on. Furthermore, video demonstrations were presented by a fire expert who said that if the fire had been started by Christopher, like Jeffrey claimed, it would have started out small, slow moving and easy to put out. Jeffrey would have had 10 to 15 seconds to try and stop it. Yet in his version of events, he did nothing. The prosecution told the jury, Jeffrey didn't do a thing to try to stop that fire. And that's not what an innocent man, a man who had not killed his parents, would do in those circumstances. They also presented testimony from various experts who said that it was very rare to see such a high number of stab wounds on all three victims, particularly when the wounds were concentrated on the chests with none to the abdomen. One expert noted a distinct pattern of injury in each of the victims that implied there was only one perpetrator. The prosecutor told the jury that the similarities in the stab wounds were so remarkable that it defied logic to believe that two brothers independently got into a homicidal rage using the same knife in the same way. But the defence posited that the events had played out exactly like Geoffrey Gillum had always maintained. They said the evidence didn't suggest this was a carefully planned crime, but a frenzied attack committed by a deranged individual as the result of a spur of the moment emotional or psychiatric disturbance. With Christopher becoming increasingly withdrawn in the months leading up to the murders, they put it to the jury that the person more likely to have snapped that morning was Christopher. The fact that Christopher's glasses were in the bathroom wasn't a tactical move by Jeffrey, but indicated that it was actually Christopher who had taken a shower after killing his parents. In one of the crime scene photos, it appeared as though Christopher had a soap bubble in his ear. And a towel with his name monogrammed onto it was also found rolled up into a ball in his bedroom. This suggested that Christopher had stabbed his parents and then gone downstairs to shower under the assumption they were both dead. It was only when he heard his mother screaming for help on the intercom that he realised she was still alive. He quickly threw on his dressing gown and raced upstairs to stab her repeatedly in the back, just seconds before Jeffrey arrived. Christopher's ophthalmic surgeon testified that while Christopher's uncorrected vision was below average, and he certainly would have benefitted from wearing his glasses, he would have been able to negotiate a familiar environment and perform everyday tasks quite well without them. The surgeon felt that Christopher would have been capable of going upstairs, taking a knife out of a cutlery drawer and distinguishing between his mother and father. The defence said that any similarities in the stab wounds was pure coincidence. If Helen's blood was on Jeffrey's feet, this was simply because he had come into contact with her blood when standing alongside her body. A blood spatter expert also said it was possible that Jeffrey had brushed against something that was soaked in Helen's blood, or that a drop of her blood had fallen from the knife when he picked it up. He also said it was possible the blood spatter on Christopher's neck and chin could have resulted from stabbing his parents. As for the lack of blood or fingerprints on the knife, reports from first responders showed inconsistencies regarding the knife's original location. Some said it was lying on the floor. Others said it was propped against Christopher's body. Approximately 10,000 litres of water had been pumped into the upper level of the house during the firefighting efforts. Footage captured at the crime scene showed that Christopher's hair and body were wet and that water was dripping through the roof and down the staircase to the floor around him him. Any blood from the knife or on Christopher's body had likely washed off. The knife was also handled extensively by the police, using cloth and paper prior to it being tested for fingerprints. But according to one police expert, the material the knife handle was made of typically didn't show fingerprints anyway. The knife was never forensically examined for the presence of blood before it was destroyed by the police years later. Based on these various factors, the defence didn't believe the lack of blood or prints on the knife proved anything. The same went for the lack of prints on the syringe filled with Panadol paste and associated items that were found in the laundry basket in Christopher's bathroom room. Testing had been done on other items around Christopher's room, such as his fencing swords, a beer bottle, billiard balls and the sliding doors. And these didn't have any prints on them either. Nor did the laundry basket in which the Panadol kit was found. This suggested the prince had simply been eliminated as a result of the firefighting efforts. Or alternatively, that Christopher himself had washed his hands immediately before handling the Panadox. Testimony from one of the prosecution's own experts said that freshly washed hands don't leave fingerprints. Other seemingly suspicious details, like Jeffrey's clothing being found in the lounge room, could be explained by the simple fact that Jeffrey had showered in the upstairs bathroom before going to bed that night. He left his clothes there so his mum could wash them for him him like he always did. While this might show that Geoffrey was an untidy young man. It didn't prove he was a killer. The fact that he was cold to the touch when he arrived at the Warners home wasn't a sign that he'd been lurking outside waiting for the fire to take hold, but a common symptom of shock. One of the biggest weaknesses in the prosecution's case was explaining why Christopher had stayed downstairs and done nothing to help his parents when their screams could be heard by neighbours over 50 metres away. Their case relied on Christopher having never made it upstairs and being killed at least 15 minutes before Jeffrey started the fire. But during the autopsies, the carbon monoxide levels of all three victims had been tested to determine if they were dead before or after the fire started. For a non smoker, the normal level of carbon monoxide is between 0.5 and 2%. None of the gillums smoked, yet all three of them had higher levels of carbon monoxide than usual. Helen's blood carbon monoxide level was 3%, Stephen's was 4% and Christopher's was 6%. Such high levels suggested all three of them had inhaled smoke before they died. But If Christopher died 15 minutes before Jeffrey allegedly started the fire, how could this be explained? Testimony was delivered for the prosecution by forensic pathologist Dr. Christopher Lawrence, who advised the jury not to place any significance on this. He explained that even though the carbon monoxide levels in all three of the deceased were higher than average, they were still within reasonable limits. Dr. Lawrence stated, in the normal course of things, in looking at a person with stab wounds and fire damage, a level of less than 10% would be assumed to be that the person had died before the fire started. Appearing on the stand, Geoffrey Gillum's original version of events remained unchanged. But with the expert testimony indicating that Helen, Stephen and Christopher had all been dead when the fire started, this effectively ruled out the possibility that anyone other than Jeffrey could have lit the fire. The trial ran for several weeks before the jury were left to deliberate. Casefile will be back shortly. Thank you for supporting us by listening to this episode's sponsors.

C (72:22)

This is Paige, the co host of Giggly Squad. I use Uber Eats for everything and I feel like people forget that you can truly order anything, especially living in New York City. And it's why I love it. You can get Chinese food at any time of night, but it's not just for food. I order from CVS all the time. I'm always ordering from the grocery store. If a friend stops over, I have to order champagne. I also have this thing that whenever I travel, if I'm ever in a hotel room, I never feel like I'm missing something because I'll just Uber Eats it. The amount of times I've had to uber eat hair items like hairspray, deodorant, you name it, I've ordered it On Uber Eats. You can get grocery alcohol everyday essentials in addition to restaurants and food you love. So in other words, get almost anything with Uber Eats. Order now for alcohol, you must be legal drinking age. Please enjoy responsibly. Product availability varies by region. See app for details.

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Thank you for listening to this episode's ads. By supporting our sponsors, you support Casefile to continue to deliver quality content Members of the jury were unable to agree on a verdict and the case was dismissed, with a retrial scheduled for 2008. This time, the evidence presented by both sides was essentially the same, but the prosecution made no mention of Jeffrey's financial motive. The jury deliberated for eight days before delivering the verdict for the murders of Helen and Stephen Gillam. Jeffrey Gillam was found guilty. Jeffrey, who had been attending the trial each day while out on bail, looked completely stunned. His wife, Rebecca, let out a loud sob job. At the subsequent sentencing hearing, the judge who had presided over both trials called Geoffrey Gillum a consummate liar and a brilliant actor who had planned the killings over several weeks. He told the packed courtroom there is no reasonable possibility that the killings were a spur of the moment reaction to some unknown emotional or psychiatric disturbance that came upon the offender in the early hours of the morning of 28 August. I have no doubt that the Crown's scenario, placed before the jury contains the true account of what occurred. While the judge had instructed the jury to ignore the evidence about the Panadol paste as it wasn't helpful in indicating who had killed Stephen and Helen, he said that the guilty verdict indicated the Panadol was part of a scenario manufactured by Jeffrey to paint Christopher as deranged. Acknowledging the lack of motive. The judge also questioned the decision of the prosecutor to accept Jeffrey's manslaughter plea back in 1993. He said that decision had to be seen in the context that Jeffrey's entire extended family had been supportive of him and convinced of his innocence at that time. The judge explained, therefore, the delay in the prosecution was not due to police or prosecutor incompetence. The offender was so convincing in his behaviour and so unlikely to have killed his doting parents that initially he fooled everybody. By his conduct and his extraordinary account of the events of the night, it can be easily understood that the police and prosecutor found it impossible to believe that he could have come up with such a plan to kill his family. As has now been uncovered, it so audacious, cunning and evil was it. The judge sentenced Geoffrey Gillum to the maximum penalty of life in prison for both murders. Outside court, Geoffrey's uncle, Tony Gillam appeared vindicated. With his 13 year long campaign for Geoffrey's guilt paying off, he intended to have Geoffrey's inheritance recovered and redistributed among the family family. He also intended to seek compensation for the financial and psychological costs of pursuing Jeffrey's conviction as his marriage had ended and he'd lost his job as a result. With the gold medal that Christopher Gillum had won in fencing hanging proudly around his neck, Tony told reporters Christopher went to his grave as a convicted killer of his parents, which is not true. True. And that's why I've been doing this to clear Christopher's name. Tony also wanted a full inquiry to be done into the initial police investigation and why it took so long to secure a prosecution. He told the Sydney Morning Herald. I want some answers why this whole fiasco took place. I want an apology from the justice system. Sorry for wasting the last 13 years of your life. I want someone in authority to apologise to me for Jeffrey's wife, Rebecca. The conviction and sentence came as a complete shock back in 1999 when it was announced that a second coronial inquest would be taking place. Jeffrey had already served his good behaviour bond for Christopher's manslaughter and was relieved to be putting all of the legal proceedings behind him and moving on. Geoffrey and Rebecca had been in the throes of planning their wedding, which went ahead while the inquest was underway. It was as beautiful as the couple had envisioned, attended by all of their friends and relatives. When Jeffrey was served the ex officio indictment in 2006, Rebecca was 38 weeks pregnant with their second daughter and life had been looking good for the couple. They had never realistically considered the possibility that Jeffrey could be charged with his parents murders. And the indictment had left them completely shell shocked. While Jeffrey was out on bail awaiting his trial, the couple welcomed their third daughter. Rebekah genuinely believed that her husband would be acquitted and free to return to the happy life they had worked hard to build together. After all, the Jeffrey, who Rebecca and their friends knew was nothing like the Jeffrey the prosecution painted him out to be. For starters, Tony Gillum's suggestion that he'd been stone faced at his parents funerals was completely absurd. Several other mourners who were there recalled Jeffrey sobbing uncontrollably. A friend of Jeffrey's told Australian stories. He grieved deeply for them all. I remember going up to Jeff and giving him a hug and letting him know that I was there for him. And I just remember he was crying and tears streaming down his eyes and he couldn't even speak to me. He was just sobbing. Another friend agreed, saying, I was next to him. He was just in tears the whole time. The reason it had taken Geoffrey so long to collect their ashes was because he simply couldn't face the pain of it all. There was also no validity to Tony's claims that Jeffrey had moved on with his life unaffected after the murders. He hadn't breezed through his university degree at all, but had fallen six months behind. He'd only persevered because he knew it's what his parents would have wanted and he couldn't have done it without the help of his teachers. Geoffrey had struggled to get a job because of the criminal charge against him. It took a lot of hard work to rebuild his life, including regular counselling and ongoing support from family and friends. For those close to Jeffrey, the suggestion that he'd been financially motivated to kill his family was ludicrous. Geoffrey had never cared that much about money. And the money he did inherit was mostly used to pay for his legal fees. Far from living lavishly, he'd used the rest to buy a house that was near Rebecca's family. It was a small run down property that needed lots of work. He then invested the remainder. He'd kept his family sailboat because it was his father's pride and joy and it held a lot of significant memories for him. Him. Jeffrey had never tried to harass his grandmother Jessie, into signing over her portion of the estate. In fact, it was the very opposite. Stephen Gillam's will clearly stated that he wanted Jesse to be taken care of in the event that she outlived him. He wanted Jesse to stay in the home he had bought for her. With Stephen's trustee paying all of her rates, taxes and outgoings, Geoffrey had happily honoured his father's wishes. He'd continued paying all of Jesse's bills and for the maintenance of her home until she eventually moved into a nursing home. At this point, Geoffrey wrote to Jessie's solicitors offering to sell the house to pay for her new living arrangements. He never got a response. It was only after Jesse passed away that Jeffrey sold the house in 2007 to help pay the legal costs of his first first trial. As for all of the other claims that Tony had made against him, Jeffrey barely knew his uncle. His refusal to get together with Tony hadn't been because he was hiding something, but because he didn't have a close relationship with that side of the family and his lawyer had advised him not to discuss the case with anyone. There was no sinister reason for Jeffrey avoiding the media either. Jeffrey was simply a very private person. He had no desire to relive the traumatic events unless forced to by the courts. And he also wanted to protect his family's privacy. Furthermore, Jeffrey's legal team had advised him not to engage with the media, which in turn allowed the press to create a false image of him that fit the prosecution's narrative. Those close to Geoffrey knew him to be kind, honest, generous and quick witted. He adored his wife and daughters and prioritised family. After he was handed his life sentence, Rebecca told their eldest daughter that there had been a dreadful mistake and daddy wouldn't be coming home for a long time. But Rebecca refused to accept the guilty verdict. She knew Jeffrey better than anyone and she had no doubt that he'd been telling the truth about what had happened all along. Rebecca told Australian I have a relationship that many people probably wouldn't have the chance to know in a lifetime and it's incredibly special. If I believed that Jeff was guilty, I'd be the last person to support him. Him and in fact, I think I'd be the person most angered by having been misled for all these years. I guess I reject outright the possibility that he could never be released. I don't think I'll ever be able to accept it. I never will accept it. Geoffrey had always had a large group of supporters, but they'd predominantly stayed silent, convinced that he'd be found not guilty. When that didn't happen, Rebecca enlisted the help of a friend named Jill who had a legal background and asked her to read over the trial transcript Jill also read over all of the available evidence that the jury hadn't been allowed to see. The first thing Jill noticed was this was no clear cut, straightforward case. If it was, the first trial never would have resulted in a hung jury and the second jury wouldn't have needed eight days to deliberate. Rebecca and Jill gathered several of Jeffrey's friends and created the Geoff Needs justice support group. Together, they started going through the case in detail and sharing all of the information they found online. The more they uncovered, the further convinced they were that Jeffrey had been the victim of a severe miscarriage of justice at Geoffrey's trial. Despite the defence's objections, three experts for the prosecution had been allowed to express their opinions about the similarities in the stab wounds sustained by Stephen, Helen and Christopher Gillam. These opinions were provided without reference to any existing scientific research. One of the experts had shown the jury diagrams that supposedly showed the similarities between the wounds. The justice for Jeff support group studied these diagrams and found they weren't even accurate to the wounds the victims had sustained. There were also some important differences between Christopher's wounds and those of his parents, which were never highlighted to the jury. Stephen and Helen's stab wounds were more or less vertical, while the majority of Christopher's were horizontal and closer together, Stephen and Helen also had wounds to their necks, while Christopher did not. The group reviewed over 70 scientific research papers on stab wounds and discovered that the expert opinions presented at trial had no scientific merit. The stab wounds were no more similar to each other than they were to stab wounds sustained by victims of multiple stabbings in unrelated cases. There was also nothing unusual about the lack of wounds to the victim's abdomens. According to the research, the chest is the most common site for stab wound injuries. It turned out that the prosecution had also sought opinions from an internationally recognised leading forensic pathologist named Professor Stephen Cordner. He had given evidence at the second coronial inquest saying the only thing similar about the stab wounds was the number of wounds and the fact they were likely all inflicted with the same knife. Professor Cordner had said, I do not think it is safe to conclude that the three deaths were by one hand. The prosecution had refused to call Professor Cordner at Jeffrey's trial, claiming he was unreliable. Jeffrey's support group got hold of this report and discovered that Professor Cordner argued that aspects of the prosecution's evidence was both factually wrong and scientifically unsound. He also expressed the view that the prosecutor's arguments based upon that evidence were unfounded and misleading to the group. The Prosecution's decision not to submit Professor Cordner's evidence had been a calculated move move as it would undermine a significant argument of their case. One of the things that most astonished the group was the prosecution's claims that there was nothing significant about the higher carbon monoxide level in Christopher Gillum's bloodstream. His level of 6% was significantly higher than that of his parents and over four times the upper limit of norm. All the scientific research on carbon monoxide suggested that Christopher had been alive near the fire and inhaled smoke before he was killed, just like Jeffrey had described. They sought an opinion from a specialist American toxicologist named Professor David Penny, who had been studying the effects of carbon monoxide for over 30 years. He found that the levels of carbon monoxide in the bloodstreams of all three members of the Gillam family indicated they had all still been alive when the fire started. Professor Penny provided an affidavit discrediting the evidence presented by Dr. Lawrence at trial, stating it was preposterous to assert that the person died before the fire started. Based on Christopher's 6% carbon monoxide level, Penney said he would have been inhaling smoke for between two to four minutes prior to his death. The group examined the video demonstrations presented by the fire expert, who claimed that Jeffrey would have had up to 15 seconds to try and stop the fire if it had indeed been lit by Christopher like he claimed. The demonstrations were made using bare timber and PVC pipes to represent Helen and Stephen's legs. They didn't take into account the clothing they were wearing, which would have acted as a wick and accelerated the fire. In the demonstrations, mineral turpentine had been poured around the bodies rather than directly on them, and the fire was lit some distance from where the turpentine had been poured. In Geoffrey's version of events, Christopher had poured the turpentine directly onto his mother's body and then lit her directly. The group consulted some fire experts who added that the body temperature of the victims would also play a significant role in how the fire developed in its initial stages. They conducted their own demonstrations, taking these missing elements into account and found that the fire travelled quicker, further and higher than in the demonstrations shown to the jury and fit with the Jeffrey's description of what happened. As for the jerry can of petrol, the group had no doubt about Jeffrey's claims that he and his father had tried to siphon it the Friday night before the murders. While they didn't plan on going boating that Saturday, they did have plans to take the boat out on Sunday, with both of them already tied up with other arrangements on Saturday. Friday night had been their only chance to get things ready. The prosecution claimed that Geoffrey gave up on siphoning the petrol after it became too hard. Yet the jerry can contained one litre of petrol. If Jeffrey had really wanted to start a fire, he could have easily used this rather than sourcing the mineral turpentine. Also, if he had been responsible, it didn't make sense that he'd have left the jerrycan out in full view for investigators to find. The fire officer who claimed he had smelt petrol on Jeffrey hadn't come forward with this information until 2005, 12 years after the fact. This statement had been one of the fresh pieces of evidence that contributed to Jeffrey being charged with his parents murders. Yet petrol hadn't even been used in the fire. So what relevance did it hold? The same went for the allegation that Jeffrey had warned one of the firefighters not to enter the house because someone inside had a knife. Again, this statement wasn't given until 2005 and it directly contradicted the original statements from witnesses back in 1993 who said that Jeffrey was largely incoherent when the firefighters arrived. Two other firefighters had told police that when they arrived, it was actually neighbours who warned them not to go into the house because someone was down there with a knife. The prosecution had never disclosed that they intended to present this evidence at the trial, which meant the defence had no opportunity to counter this point. The cassette tapes found by the homicide squad that allegedly captured Jeffrey Gillum talking about his disdain for his older brother had been ruled inadmissible at trial because they'd been recorded at least five years before the deaths. However, they'd formed an important part of the DPP's decision to charge Jeffrey with the murder of his parents in the first place. It took two years before Jeffrey's support group were finally allowed to listen to them for the first time. As they pressed play on the book review of Stories From Suburban Road that supposedly suggested Jeffrey's motive, they were dismayed to realise that the voice on the tape didn't sound even remotely like Jeffrey. Furthermore, Jeffrey had no memory of ever reading Stories From Suburban Road by Tom Hungerford. Nor did any of his classmates. From the time later on in the tape, a second male had recorded himself talking about his job as a road safety engineer. The group managed to track this man down and he confirmed the voice was his. He had absolutely no link to the Gillum family. Justice for Jeff members discovered that the tapes hadn't been entered into evidence during the crimes in 1993 and that none of the original investigators recalled having seen them. Therefore, the tapes could have come from anywhere. Another piece of evidence that had been deemed inadmissible was a statement from one of Helen's work colleagues. She stated that on the afternoon of Thursday, August 27, 1993, the day before the killings, Helen had seemed agitated. She expressed concerns about one of her sons, saying she was very worried about him and didn't know what to do. Helen was uncharacteristically abrupt with one of her clients and left work two hours early, presumably to go home and meet with this son. The prosecution had wanted to call Helen's colleague as a witness, believing it was evidence that Helen had been worried about Jeffrey's behaviour in the lead up to her death. The evidence was ruled inadmissible because Helen had never mentioned which of her two sons she was worried about. Rebecca Gillam sent out a group email to a large number of former students who had studied engineering at university with the Jerry Jeffrey. One of them found an old timetable that confirmed they had a lecture scheduled between 1:30 and 4:30 on Thursday afternoons in August 1993. A friend of Jeffrey's recalled that both he and Jeffrey had attended the lecture together on Thursday, August 27, indicating that the son Helen had voiced concerns about was in fact Christopher. A member of the justice for Jeff support group named Paula was tasked with going over some of the scientific evidence. She sat down and watched the crime scene video for the first time. As Paula watched the glove investigator point to key items, she noticed something next to the call button on the intercom of the Gillums lounge room. It was quite obviously a bloody fingerprint. The investigator in the video swiped right past it without mentioning a thing. And the intercom was not taken into evidence or subject to any form of testing. To Jeffrey's support group, this bloody fingerprint was clear evidence that Jeffrey's story was true. Helen had been stabbed in the chest, neck and arm, meaning she had seen her attacker. So if Jeffrey had been the attacker, there would have been no need for her to use the intercom to call for his help. In 2011, Jeffrey's legal team used the new evidence uncovered by the justice for Jeff group to appeal against his conviction on 18 different grounds. @ a subsequent hearing at the New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal, Dr. Christopher Lawrence, the forensic pathologist who told the jury there was no significance to the carbon monoxide levels in the victims bloodstreams, admitted he was not fully Qualified to give evidence when it came to carbon monoxide levels. According to Dr. Lawrence, he had warned the prosecution that it would be more appropriate to have a toxicologist give this evidence. He said that he'd changed his view over time and now believed it was possible that christopher had been alive for at least a short amount of time after the fire was lit. The panel of three judges was highly scathing of the prosecution's carbon monoxide claims. With this evidence discredited, it called their entire timeline into question. The new evidence that disproved that similarity of the stab wounds as indicating there was only one killer Also significantly weakened their case. In December 2011, having spent over three years behind bars, 42 year old Jeffrey gillum's double murder conviction was quashed and he was released on the condition of a $100,000 surety. A statement released by the panel said, it is inevitable that a miscarriage of justice has occurred. Jeffrey walked out of the courthouse arm in arm with Rebecca, as a 50 strong group of his supporters applauded wildly. His aunt claire, who had supported him since the beginning, told reporters, we can't quite believe this has happened, that jeffrey is actually free and here with us. This has been a black cloud hanging over us for nearly 20 years. Today that cloud is lifting. But his ordeal wasn't over as the court of appeal still had to decide whether he would be subject to a retrial. It was a painful six months for Geoffrey and his supporters as they awaited the decision. As the panel deliberated in late June 2012, an article in the Sydney morning herald stated an acquittal decision would mark the end of a 19 year long saga that has involved nearly a dozen court cases and coronial hearings Occupying hundreds of hours, thousands of newspaper column inches, and an extraordinary emotional rollercoaster for the members of the extended Gillum family and their friends. It would also raise further questions about the way alleged offenders are tried in new south wales. In particular, it would raise questions about the use of forensic scientific evidence to prove a person's guilt or innocence and the ability of juries to understand this evidence and its fallibility. The panel was divided, but with a majority decision of 2 against 1. Geoffrey Gillam was acquitted of all charges and officially declared a free man. Tony gillum was outraged. As geoffrey was leaving the court, Tony yelled, it's not over yet, geoffrey. I'll fix you. But geoffrey was unfazed. Squeezing Rebecca's hand, he told reporters, this has been a horrendous experience for us. I'm glad today that I have been acquitted of the charges. I would just like to thank all the supporters that stuck by me, most importantly, my wife Rebecca, and my children and everyone that's fought for the truth to be told. I am very happy to be going home a free man. And that's just all I want to do go home. Three weeks after Jeffrey's acquittal, Tony Gillum died of a heart attack at the age of 60. A close family friend told reporters Tony was completely burnt out after the legal fight. He'd spent too many hours going over the case in painstaking detail, chain smoking and downing beer after beer. Several members of law enforcement and the legal world attended Tony's funeral to pay their respects, where he was remembered as a compassionate, caring and tenacious man. The lead prosecutor from Geoffrey's trial read a psalm to the packed chapel that said, hear Lord, my plea for justice. Pay heed to my cry, she told reporters. In the face of the tragic loss of his three beloved family members, Tony Gillum had the strength of character, integrity and decency to apply all his energies toward honouring their lives. Tony's crusade had not only deeply impacted his health, but it also cost Geoffrey Gillum three years of his freedom. Goulburn jail, where he'd served his time, was a two and a half hour drive from his home in St Ives. While Rebecca and their three daughters had visited him on most weekends, Geoffrey had missed out on so many milestones, including many of his daughter's firsts. After his acquittal, Geoffrey remained as tight lipped as ever with the media, eager to move on and live a quiet, happy life with his family. For those who knew the Gillum family, the entire saga was difficult to comprehend. Regardless of the legal outcome, with Jeffrey being acquitted, the horrifying reality was that the seemingly normal Christopher really had snapped and killed his parents, and that Jeffrey's instinct had been to kill his brother. In response, his Auntie Claire had discussed the case with her former doctor. She told journalist Shelly Gare that she'd asked him, how could this possibly have happened in a normal family? The doctor's response was abrupt. Normal people don't kill people. But when Shelly Guerre spoke to a forensic psychiatrist about the case, they disagreed. Anybody can do anything, he said. Whenever I start lecturing a new bunch of students, I always say, don't for a moment think you're immune from being a criminal, or that your father or your mother or your sister won't end up in jail. Our motives vary, but that aptitude to kill is within us all. In the right circumstances.

D (106:01)

50 years ago. On the first night in July 1975, Julianne Garcia Soleil vanished. Nine days shy of her 20th birthday, the Californian teenager who'd been living with her sister in Melbourne was just gone. She wasn't a kid that took off. If she was going someplace, she let you know. And I thought, well, she's got to come back. I never dreamed. What parent dreams of anything like this? On the evening Julie disappeared, three men shared pizza and beer with her in her inner city apartment. And for the past five decades, they've been the only persons of interest in the case.

B (106:43)

I just can't remember the details at all. Right. You know, it was, it was all happy, friendly. There was no, you know, we went over there for a drink and that was it. She went away and we got tired of waiting and left.

D (106:53)

In the days after Julie went missing, police failed to canvass her neighbours about what they saw that night she disappeared. But Casefile Presents has spoken to witnesses who say a young woman was dragged into a car that night from a phone box that was apparently Julie's last known location. Yet at the time, these witnesses weren't interviewed by police. Three men, they came and they, they.

B (107:16)

Grabbed her.

D (107:22)

Grabbed her and put her into the car. And she lost her shoe.

B (107:25)

Yeah.

D (107:26)

Was it Julie they witnessed being thrown into the car that night and what happened once the car sped off down the street?

B (107:33)

They have fully fingerprinted the flat.

D (107:35)

The chemist took samples of what appeared to be blood from the kitchen, from a tea towel located on Julie's bed, from the bathroom, from a stairwell and a telephone booth opposite the flat. Julie's mother flew to Australia a couple of times after her 19 year old daughter disappeared on the first night in July 1975, imploring police to keep investigating. I want the police never to close the case. Never. I don't want this case to be closed. And in the dead file, no charges have ever been laid in this case. In Case File Presents, Julie's Gone. We asked, is it too late for justice? What happened to Julieann Garcy Salay? And I asked him, what did you do? Please tell me what you did with my daughter. And that's when he took his finger and he went across his neck like you would cut into somebody's throat. Casefile presents Julie's Gone will be available on July 31, wherever you get your podcasts.

B (108:49)

Foreign.

C (108:55)

Hey, I'm Trisha Hershberger, gamer, streamer and Amazon Live host. I stream about tech gaming and the stuff I actually buy right here with my community and Amazon Live makes it easy. Streaming, gameplay, scouting, new gear, chatting and shopping all at the same time. That's my kind of multitasking. And it all happens on Amazon Live. Shop on Amazon Live by searching Amazon Live in the Amazon Shopping app and follow your favorite creators today.

A (109:23)

This episode is brought to you by Progressive Insurance. Do you ever think about switching insurance companies to see if you could save some cash? Progressive makes it easy to see if you could save when you bundle your home and auto policies. Try it@progressive.com Progressive Casualty Insurance Company and affiliates. Potential savings will vary. Not available in all states.