Catholic Bible Study
Augustine Institute – Galatians: Chapter 2:11–21
September 25, 2025

Episode Overview

This episode dives into Galatians 2:11–21, often called the “Antioch Incident.” Catholic Scholars Dr. Michael Barber and Dr. Jim Prothero unpack Paul’s confrontation with Peter, the controversy over table fellowship and circumcision, and the meaning of justification according to Paul. Their discussion highlights crucial Catholic and Protestant interpretations, digging deeply into Paul’s theology while providing accessible insights for Catholics wanting to better understand this pivotal Scripture passage.

Key Discussion Points and Insights

1. The Antioch Incident: Paul Confronts Peter

(00:00–05:47)

• Setting the Stage:
  Dr. Barber opens by noting Galatians’ importance for understanding foundational Pauline ideas and the challenge many Catholics face engaging with Paul compared to some non-Catholic Christians.

  “For a lot of us as Catholics, I think Paul feels like an away game, right?” (01:01 – Barber)

• What Happened:
  Paul recounts opposing Cephas (Peter) in Antioch because Peter stopped eating with Gentiles after some men from James (Jerusalem) arrived, fearing the “circumcision party.”

  “Paul is saying that he opposed Peter to his face. Why? Because he stood condemned… Peter was eating with Gentiles… but when these men came… Peter drew back… fearing the circumcision party.” (01:36 – Barber)

• What’s the ‘Circumcision Party’?
  The hosts clarify it’s not a gathering, but a faction insisting Gentiles must adopt Jewish law—especially circumcision—to belong fully.

  “The reason the Circumcision Party is called that… It’s like a political party…” (05:47 – Barber)

• Why It Matters:
  Peter’s withdrawal signals that Gentiles aren’t fully accepted unless they adopt Jewish customs—a stance at odds with prior Church agreement.

2. Hypocrisy and Church Leadership

(03:09–07:30)

• Peter’s Action and Its Consequences:
  Peter’s behavior, motivated by fear of conflict, unintentionally undermines the Church’s acceptance of uncircumcised Gentiles.

  “Peter is fine eating with Gentiles… until all of a sudden these guys show up from Jerusalem.” (05:47 – Barber)

• Historical and Human Context:
  The hosts discuss how even Church leaders, “first bishops,” can make mistaken, inconsistent choices under pressure and that this narrative reveals deep tensions in the early Christian community.

  “Peter doesn’t always act in a way that’s in accord with… teaching authority… Now getting nervous about rocking the boat.” (06:56 – Barber)

3. Paul’s Rebuke: The Principle at Stake

(07:30–11:26)

• Paul’s Focus:
  Paul challenges Peter and Barnabas to recognize the deeper implication: the implication that Gentile Christians need to become Jewish to be saved contradicts the Gospel itself.

  “You might not realize it, but what you’re doing is implying all of these Gentile believers who have the Holy Spirit aren’t actually clean before the Lord… Peter, right, you’re wrong.”
  (08:46–09:19 – Prothero)

• Living the Gospel:
  Paul’s public confrontation models how defending Gospel truth sometimes means standing up against respected leaders—even friends.

4. "Justification": Meaning and Catholic Context

(11:26–19:10)

• Paul’s Statement:
  “We know that a person is not justified by works of the law, but through faith in Jesus Christ…” (11:35 – Barber reading St. Paul)

• What is Justification?
  Dr. Prothero explains:

  • Old Testament’s use of "justified" relates to restored relationship, not a cold legal declaration.
  • The initiative is always with God, who restores sinners through grace.

  “To be justified is to be put back in right relationship with God.”
  (14:54 – Barber, summarizing)

• Catholic Illustration—Infant Baptism:
  Barber points to Catholic infant baptism as an image:

  “It wasn’t like baby Paul finally slept through the night… One of the beautiful things about the Catholic practice of infant baptism is it shows us this is a gift that God gives…” (15:40 – Barber)

• Catechism Reference:
  Cites Catechism 2010: We cannot merit initial grace or justification; it is purely God’s gift.

• Works of the Law vs. Faith:
  Justification is tied especially to the controversy over circumcision, here presented as emblematic of all “works of the law.” External rituals cannot change hearts; transformation comes through grace and faith.

  “It’s still only an outward sign. It’s not actually doing anything to your heart.” (18:10 – Prothero)

5. Catholic vs. Protestant Perspectives

(19:55–21:44)

• Catholics and Protestants both agree God justifies, but differ:

  • Some Protestants see justification as a legal declaration (“counted as righteous” despite not actually being so).
  • Catholics see it as a real interior transformation.

  “Where the Catholic understanding of Paul is… when God justifies us, He’s actually transforming us… his decree corresponds to reality.” (21:13 – Barber)

  “He gives a gift that creates that new life… to make us his friends in a real way and not just on a sheet of paper.” (21:56 – Prothero)

6. Personal Application

(22:04–22:29)

• Barber shares a pastoral moment with a student who felt unworthy of God’s love, reminding her—through Paul’s teaching—that we can never earn God's favor; it is given freely even to the unworthy.

7. Faithfulness and New Life in Christ

(22:29–27:03)

• Paul’s Questions:
  What does it mean “if in our endeavor to be justified in Christ, we too are found to be sinners?” (22:29 – Barber reading Paul)

• Paul’s Logic:

  • Accepting table fellowship with Gentiles, through grace, doesn’t make Christ or his followers sinners.
  • To return to law observance for justification would be to “rebuild what I tore down”—to deny the new reality established by Christ.
  • The “new wine” can’t be poured into old wineskins.

  “If I rebuild the wall between me and the Gentiles that Jesus has torn down, that’s what would actually make me a transgressor.” (24:36 – Prothero)

• Famous Pauline Line:

  “I have been crucified with Christ. It is no longer I who live, but Christ who lives in me…” (26:05 – Barber reading Paul)

8. The Culmination: The Purpose of Christ’s Death

(27:03–28:29)

• Paul’s Conclusion:
  If one could achieve righteousness through law, “then Christ died for no purpose.” (27:50 – Barber reading Paul)

  “You have two choices. I can either say yes to the grace of God… or I can tell God I want him to save me a different way… If righteousness [comes] through the law, then Christ died for nothing.” (27:56–28:11 – Prothero)

• Final Encouragement:
  Accept grace in the way God offers it—through Christ—not by imposing our own terms.

Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• On Paul’s boldness:

  “I opposed him to his face. Wow.” (01:36 – Barber)

• On Church leadership’s fallibility:

  “Peter doesn’t always act in a way that’s in accord with that teaching authority… Now getting nervous about rocking the boat.” (06:56 – Barber)

• On the meaning of justification:

  “To be justified is to be put back in right relationship with God.” (14:54 – Barber)

• On God’s initiative:

  “He’s given us that gift, that grace of Jesus Christ’s death and resurrection.” (15:15 – Prothero)

• On transformation:

  “He gives a gift that creates that new life… to make us his friends in a real way and not just on a sheet of paper.” (21:56 – Prothero)

Important Timestamps

• 00:00–01:35: Introduction and Overview
• 01:35–04:37: Peter’s withdrawal in Antioch and setting of the controversy
• 05:47–07:30: The “Circumcision Party” and social pressures on Peter
• 11:26–14:54: Definition and Old Testament roots of “justification”
• 15:40–16:58: Infant baptism as an analogy for justification by grace
• 19:10–21:44: Catholic and Protestant interpretations of justification
• 24:36–25:56: Paul's metaphor of “drinking new wine” and not rebuilding barriers
• 26:05: “I have been crucified with Christ…”
• 27:03–28:29: Accepting grace vs. nullifying Christ’s sacrifice

Tone and Language

The hosts blend scholarly precision with warmth and humor, using real-life analogies, gentle banter, and clear explanations. Their tone is encouraging and pastoral, eager to empower Catholics to read Paul confidently, and always rooted in rich theological tradition.

Summary:
This episode unpacks a dramatic and seminal moment in early Christianity, blending biblical exegesis, theology, and pastoral application. It clarifies Paul’s message of justification by faith, not works, explores church authority (and its limitations), and connects first-century controversies to modern questions of faith and grace.