Research Update: Maddie Mancke and Scours Management

Summary

Podcast Summary: BCI Cattle Chat

Episode Title: Research Update: Maddie Mancke and Scours Management
Date: March 16, 2026
Host: Dr. Brad White
Guests: Dr. Bob Larson, Dr. Philip Lancaster, Dr. Dustin Pendell, Maddie Mancke (PhD student, Kansas State University)

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Episode Overview

This episode centers on two major topics:

• A research update from Maddie Mancke about her innovative work on managing heat stress in feedyard cattle, specifically via alternative feeding patterns.
• Practical discussion on the management and prevention of calf scours, including protocols for intervention and environmental management strategies.

The conversation is technical but approachable, aimed at beef industry professionals and cattle producers, blending academic research with real-world application.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

1. Maddie Mancke’s Background and Research Focus

• Introduction (00:24): Maddie is a PhD student originally from Washington State, involved with BCI since 2022, completing necropsy work before starting her doctorate.
  • “I got involved with the BCI through the first summer of necropsies in 2022 and stuck around for a PhD and really glad I did…” — Maddie (00:24)
• She has conducted two consecutive summers of heat mitigation research in feedyards.

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2. Heat Stress in Cattle: Research Update

Why Study Heat Stress? (04:01–04:45)

• Host Context: Managing heat stress is a persistent challenge, especially during summer feedlot conditions. Common tools include water sprays and shade structures, both with economic and practical limitations.
• Maddie’s research explores cost-effective and feasible alternatives suitable for commercial operations.

The Feeding Pattern Hypothesis (04:45–05:55)

• Problem: Metabolic heat from digestion peaks after feeding, often coinciding with midday environmental heat.
• Hypothesis: Shifting major feedings from morning (AM) to night (PM) may offset the peak metabolic heat load to early mornings, when environmental temperatures are lower.
  • “Why are we feeding cattle in the morning to where their highest metabolic heat load is in the afternoon, which coincides with the peak environmental heat?” — Maddie (05:14)

Study Design (07:36–09:58)

• Randomized Controlled Trial: 48 pens, nearly 7,800 steers divided evenly into AM-fed and PM-fed groups, following their terminal sort based on weight and tip measurements.
  • “We allocated steers at terminal sort... randomly allocated that animal to AM fed or PM fed. That consisted of 24 AM fed pens and 24 PM fed pens…” — Maddie (07:36)
• Transition Protocol: Gradual and thoughtful, to minimize stress and avoid slick bunks or feed disruptions.
  • “We kept that feed call consistent for the following two nights... and then on the fourth night, we made cuts to the feed call to allow the steers to clean up the bunks…” — Maddie (08:20)
• Logistics: Required strong cooperation from the feedyard crew with night shifts and staggered feedings.

Key Outcomes (10:44–12:54)

• Performance:

  • No statistical difference in live animal or carcass outcomes between AM- and PM-fed groups, even during modest heat stress events.
  • Crucially, night feeding did not harm cattle, suggesting it is a feasible management alternative.
    • “We ended up not finding a difference between the AM and PM groups... we did see some heat stress effects... but not enough to where I think we could possibly see some interactions.” — Maddie (10:44)
  • The study faced a summer with lower-than-typical heat, limiting stress observations.

• Operational Impact:

  • Night feeding crews found value: less stress, greater accuracy, more training opportunity.
    • “The feeding crew... switched from day shift. They really enjoyed being a part of the research...” — Maddie (11:55)
    • “Maybe working in the evenings on July and August is better than in the middle of the day.” — Dr. Bob Larson (12:54)
  • Study logistically easier, more precise due to fewer pens and less daytime pressure.

• Research Significance:

  • Scalability: With nearly 8,000 steers, the research is robust and applicable to commercial yards.
  • Future Directions: Worth repeating in hotter years to fully assess potential of night feeding for mitigating heat stress.

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3. Calf Scours Management – Listener Q&A

When and How Should We Treat Calf Scours? (15:01–17:22)

• Prompt Diagnosis:

  • Treat calves as soon as there's concern—look for behavioral signs of illness (depression, lethargy), not just loose stools.
    • “If I'm at all concerned, it's important to get intervention in there early. And intervention is usually oral fluids... and if necessary... intravenous fluids.” — Dr. Bob Larson (16:46)

• Severity Varies by Age:

  • Biggest risk: young calves (<3-4 weeks old). Over 4 weeks, risk decreases.
  • “The high, high risk time for scours causing big problems with calves is really less than three to four weeks of age.” — Dr. Bob Larson (15:58)

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Preventing Scours with Environmental Management (17:49–23:44)

• Prevention Trumps Cure:

  • “Preventing scours is a whole lot better than treating calves with scours.” — Dr. Philip Lancaster (17:49)
  • Clean calving environments = less pathogen exposure.

• Challenges When Movement is Limited:

  • If moving pregnant cows is not possible, shift feed sources, use fencing to keep calves in clean/bedded areas, and be creative with farm layout.
    • “You have to move them... I can't leave them in a poor environment and overcome that with any type of medicine.” — Dr. Bob Larson (19:00)
    • “Try to provide an area, create a creep pen... where you bed down with straw that the calves can go in and have a clean, dry place.” — Dr. Philip Lancaster (19:29)

• Sandhills Calving System:

  • Move pregnant cows every 2 weeks to fresh pastures; newly born calves are left behind. If several pastures are impractical, even making a single move has big benefits.
    • “If you really keep track of which calves get scours, it's essentially never the calves that are born really early.” — Dr. Bob Larson (22:17)
    • “Even one move is a huge help.” — Dr. Bob Larson (23:42)

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Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• “Why are we feeding cattle in the morning... where their highest metabolic heat load is in the afternoon, which coincides with the peak environmental heat?... Why don’t we try feeding cattle at night to offset the heat load during the day?” — Maddie Mancke (05:13)
• “Intervention is usually oral fluids... and if necessary, you even go to intravenous fluids and again to rehydrate them and replace some of those minerals that are being lost.” — Dr. Bob Larson (16:46)
• “You have to move them. I mean, if you have a scours outbreak where you've got a number of calves, I have got to change the environment they're in. I can't leave them in a poor environment and overcome that with any type of medicine.” — Dr. Bob Larson (19:00)
• “Even one move is a huge help.” — Dr. Bob Larson (23:42)
• “I think if I keep doing heat stress research every summer, heat stress is going to go away.” — Maddie Mancke (13:43), joking about coincidentally mild summers.

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Timestamps for Key Segments

• Maddie Mancke Introduction & Background: 00:21 – 01:00
• Research Motivation and Design: 04:01 – 09:58
• Findings and Operational Impacts: 10:44 – 13:13
• Research Significance & Sponsor Acknowledgment: 13:53 – 14:45
• Calf Scours Management Q&A: 15:01 – 23:44

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Summary & Takeaways

• Heat Stress: Nighttime feeding can be safely implemented in feedlots without sacrificing cattle performance—even if it does not dramatically reduce heat stress under mild conditions. The trial demonstrates both operational and animal benefits, paving the way for future research on extreme heat mitigation.
• Scours: Prompt individual treatment is important, but environmental management—especially moving pregnant cows to fresh ground, providing clean bedding, and creative use of space—remains the cornerstone of scours prevention. The “Sandhills calving method” or even one movement can significantly reduce outbreak risk.

This episode is packed with practical research, actionable advice, and candid experiences from vet professionals dedicated to advancing beef cattle care.

Transcript

[A]

Hi, welcome to BCI Cattle Chat. I'm Brad White. Happy to have you with us. Happy to have our crew here in the studio. Morning, Dustin. Good morning, Philip. Hello, guys.

[B]

Bob.

[C]

Hello, everybody.

[A]

And our guest today is Maddie manke, who's a PhD student finishing up her PhD this year. Morning, Maddie.

[D]

Good morning, Dr. White.

[A]

Tell us a little bit about you, Maddie.

[D]

I am originally from Washington State. I came to Kansas State to finish my bachelor's degree and I got involved with the BCI through the first summer of necropsies in 2022 and stuck around for a PhD and really glad I did and just getting everything wrapped up now.

[A]

Excellent. And we're anxious to hear because you've spent the last two summers doing heat mitigation research in feed yards and we'll talk a little bit about your overall findings, but we really want to find out about what you did last summer because you had some novel approaches to kind of to try to mitigate heat stress problems. So we'll dive into that as well as we've got a listener question on scours and how to manage scouring calves. Before we get into those topics, I want to remind you, if you have a listener question, we sure appreciate getting those. You can send them to us at bcisu. Edu. You can also sign up for our electronic newsletter if you want to send an email to bcisu. Edu or reach out to us on social media. Before we get into our topics for today, guys, I wanted to tell you my son, who's 12, recently over the weekend mastered the Rubik's Cube. So he, he has been working on it and he figured out how to do it and now he can solve it in four minutes, which I think is really impressive. This, that he can go back. He lets me mix it up and solve it. And I wanted to know what have you guys. And he did a lot of learning on YouTube. So what have you guys mastered or had challenging and then you figured out and now you feel good about that you're good at.

[C]

Oh, so it is interesting. Somebody on YouTube is willing to train you anything.

[A]

Isn't that impressive?

[C]

It is kind of impressive. So we tend to buy really old junky cars for our children to drive, mainly because, you know, they're going into high school and college parking lots. And why get a nice car? Well, with that though comes all, I mean, little wiring, things that go wrong, just all kinds of things go wrong. And I have found YouTube quite useful to keep that old 92 Ford pickup truck running.

[B]

Trying to think I don't no. The Rubik's Cube makes me remember that. I mean, we had one. Was a kid, and we messed it up so bad. Didn't have YouTube back then. We could never solve it. We messed up, and you could never get it figured out. But kind of like Sam, Caleb is. He was. He's gotten Rubik's Cubes the last few years, and he's got lots of different ones. There's triangle ones, there's hexagon ones. There's all kinds of different shapes. And he likes to try to figure them out. And he'll use YouTube and stuff to.

[A]

Yeah, because there's all kind. It's not just the same Rubik's Cube, I would say I know a little by little. I mean, a little about a lot of things, but not a lot about. I'm not gonna say I've mastered anything, but I'm with Bob. I've a lot of stuff around the house, whether it's vehicles or the vacuum. Yeah. Last. On Saturday.

[C]

You can at least get them taken apart.

[A]

YouTube. And then I can figure things out. Somebody has done it and they showed. Exactly. What about you, Maddie?

[D]

This is the girl in the room. I. A month ago, I think, when we had those snow days, you know, I was stuck inside and I was like, I'm gonna learn how to crochet. So I youtubed how to crochet little daisies. And that's what I did all weekend.

[A]

See, that is good. That's a good skill. Bob already knew how to crochet, so he didn't have to look that up.

[D]

I should have just asked you.

[A]

Exactly. So, Mattie, let's talk about your research, and I'll set it up a little bit in that we've been working. We've had several feed yards that have asked us about heat stress in cattle. And one of the concerns, especially in a feeding environment, is it's hard to manage heat stress in the summer when we have fed cattle. And there are different tools that we try to use, but it may involve watering the cattle, shades, other activities. You've spent the last couple summers kind of working broadly in that area. We're talking about your project for this summer, which was focused on feeding patterns. And tell me kind of what led to this idea and what you tested.

[D]

Yeah. So in the summer of 2024, I did a shade trial up in the Pacific Northwest at a commercial feed yard looking at the impact of shade on steer performance and found really good results with that benefiting the cattle performance under shade. But shade is Very limited on how we can use it. And there's a huge economic investment in getting shade. So a question formed on what can we do with the cattle that they don't have access to shade? So how can we help mitigate heat stress on the yard level without having that initial investment of having all the animals under shade? So, so we were talking about how when heat stress occurs, it's the total heat load on the animal. So that includes environmental and metabolic heat. And when that surpasses the animal's ability to dissipate that heat, that's when we see heat stress. So a question formed on, well, why are we feeding cattle in the morning to where their highest metabolic heat load is in the afternoon, which coincides with the peak environmental heat? So we asked, why don't we try feeding cattle at night to offset the heat load during the day?

[A]

Yeah, an excellent question. And Philip, that's one of the things we talk about, that metabolic heat load. We're talking about the digestion of the feed, and it's actually heating up the cattle. How much of a lag is there between the time that they eat and the time that they would produce the most heat?

[B]

Well, it depends a little bit, but generally we think about four to six hours after they eat. Now, with feedlot cattle, they're eating several meals during the day, but if we're feeding in the morning, we're generally starting to feed, you know, real early in the morning, you know, 5, 30, 6 o' clock in the morning. Then we feed them a little bit mid morning or later morning, depending on if we're feeding twice a day or three times a day. So if they're eating the bulk of their feed before it gets hot in those early morning hours, because that's when their appetite is going to be highest. The then that peak heat of fermentation is going to happen there early to mid afternoon when we've got peak thermal stress. And so it makes sense that maybe if we feed them in the evening, then that peak heat of fermentation will happen in those early morning hours when the environmental stress is at the lowest for the day, and they'll be able to dissipate that heat better at that time of day.

[A]

So, and that was the thought process behind this, Mattie. Although one of the concerns was the nighttime hours are when cattle typically cool. And so is that a problem? Because now they're using, they're heating up metabolically through. And that's one of the things you wanted to investigate is does this help or not help? So Tell us, how did you design this trial? What did you, what was the plan to test this hypothesis?

[D]

So, so this was a randomized control trial. We allocated steers at terminal sort, which is about 60 days from their projected ship date. So while the animal was in the chute, it got sorted into its respective terminal sort pen based on weight and tip measurements. And then I randomly allocated that animal to am fed or pm fed. So that consisted of 24am fed pens and 24pm fed pens, totaling just under 8,000 steers total in the study.

[A]

Excellent. So a nice size study. One of the questions is, when you, after you allocated them, all of them had been fed in the morning, how did you transition those cattle to go from being fed in the morning to the evening?

[D]

Yeah, so this took a lot of discussion with a lot of different industry professionals and experts on how are we going to transition these already fat cattle to completely offset their feed intake to the opposite part of the day. So we decided to, on the day of terminal sort of, we fed all the pens normally. So they all got fed normally in the morning. So when the steers went back after their terminal sort event, they had feed in the bunk for the remainder of the study. The AM pens got fed normally with conventionally with the rest of the yards. Three feeding starting at 5am however, the PM pens on that day of terminal sort, we ended up feeding their next day's feed call that evening. So rather than thinking of pushing them behind on feed, we actually moved them forward. So, so they had a lot of feed in their bunks. We fed them essentially day one's feed on the evening of day zero. So they got two feedings that or two, six feedings that day. And then we kept that feed call the same for two additional nights. We didn't want the cattle to go hungry, we didn't want those feedback bunks to get slick. So we kept that feed call consistent for the following two nights so the cattle had plenty of feed. And then on the fourth night, we made cuts to the feed call to allow the steers to clean up the bunks, clean up the feed they had in there. And then we slowly just started moving them up to kind of where the AM pens were so we could get back to what we considered their seven day average. And essentially by day six or seven, the PM pens, their feed delivery was back, matching the AM pens.

[A]

So a good smooth transition process. And that was one of the questions is can we transition cattle? And yes, was the answer through your research?

[D]

Yeah, it was very successful. We kind of just we watched them really closely every day, all day, all night and watched kind of their behavior and what they wanted to do, but they transitioned very successfully.

[A]

So excellent. And then as far as outcomes for this study, you between the AM fed and the PM fed pens, you evaluated our typical live animal performance outcomes, carcass outcomes. You also evaluated water intake and an open mouth breathing score to tell how well they were panting or not panting. What did you find as far as differences between those feeding systems?

[D]

So differences between the treatment groups. We ended up not finding a difference between the AM and PM groups. Regardless of the temperature humidity index, all the cattle performed very well, including the PM pens. So we didn't detect a difference between the two treatment groups. But we also didn't see a detriment to the PM pens, which I thought was really cool. So it does give us the opportunity to be able to feed cattle at night and know that we aren't causing a detriment to their performance. We did see though, regardless of treatment group, that as the temperature humidity index increased, we did see heat stress in both treatment groups. So it wasn't a super hot summer. We were expecting a little more heat. So we did see some heat stress effects on the cattle, but not enough to where I think we could possibly see some interactions between the temperature humidity index and treatment group.

[C]

Well, you said earlier just to make this transition you had to talk to some nutritionists and things like that. But I'm also thinking about just did you have to change like feed mill operations, did they extend some time and you had feed drivers and you had, you know, cowboys out there. So there's some labor changes. How many parts of the feedlot were involved in this transition?

[D]

So the biggest part was the feeding crew. We had two really, really, really great guys that put a lot of effort into feeding at night. So they, they switched from day sh shift. They were kind of staggered throughout the night, but they really enjoyed being a part of the research and being involved and trying something new. So we had, we had two guys there feeding at night, every night. This included calling feed at 7pm and then first feeding at 8pm, second feeding at 11pm and third feeding at 2am and again only 24 pens. So there wasn't a huge rush logistically with time. So so that helped with a lot of loader accuracy and kind of honing in on some details. Without having that pressure of the normal day to day feed yard operation, they were really able to hone in on their loader accuracy, their feed delivery accuracy. And as far As I know they really enjoyed it and I had a blast working with them.

[C]

Well, as an employee, maybe working in the evenings on July and August is better than in the middle of the day.

[D]

Yeah. And I think, you know, I think it depends employee to employee, but these guys really found it beneficial and really, really enjoyed working nights and having the late morning and afternoon off so well.

[A]

And you mentioned before, the training value is huge because you don't have the same rush that you're going through. So you have a little less pressure, you're feeding less pins going through the night. So there's some value in the training side. You also mentioned, and I want to go back to it, you didn't have a high heat stress challenge in that particular summer. Now, typically in that area they have a higher heat stress challenge, but you didn't see it this summer. Maybe you didn't see differences because that didn't have the severe challenge.

[D]

I think if I keep doing heat stress research every summer, heat stress is going to go away.

[A]

Yeah. That's the best way to get rid of heat stress is to do the

[D]

heat stress is to try to research it. Yes.

[A]

So, and in both your studies, your shade study from the previous summer, you saw some differences relative. The shade was valuable in terms of performance. This you didn't see any differences. But I appreciate you trying the different strategies to try to mitigate heat stress of things we can do and we don't know until you research them. And this particular research was sponsored in part by a Sustainable Ag Research and Extension grant or SARE grant, S A R E grant and sponsored in part by the feed yard. So we appreciate that opportunity to go test something that's practical and applicable in the field situation. And you had enough animals, right? I mean, just to remind us, how many, how many cattle did you have enrolled in this and I know it was a pen level study, but how many cattle and pens did you have enrolled?

[D]

We enrolled about 7,800 individual steers to 48 pens.

[A]

Yeah. So with the 48 pens, you've had 24 in each treatment. A reasonably powered trial to assess some of these questions and probably worth evaluating again. And now you've got some of the kinks worked out of how to transition those cattle. So thanks for coming to share this research with us, Maddie.

[D]

Thank you.

[A]

The next question, we had a listener question. Bob, I'm going to go to you first. And the question was protocol on treating a calf with scours and how soon should we treat them? So should I treat an individual as soon As I see that they have scours and how quickly should I jump on it or should I wait a day or two to see if maybe they're gonna get better?

[C]

Yeah, well, scourge is an important disease. So basically, diarrhea, loose runny stools. And if you think about what's going on, those animals are losing a lot of fluid, so they're becoming dehydrated. But not only that, they're also losing minerals that balance ph and have a number of important things. So those animals can actually get quite ill, quite pressed very rapidly if we don't intervene. Now, that being said, loose stools or diarrhea scours by themselves. I also add to that, well, how does the calf act? Is he depressed? Is he laying down, can't get up, or standing with his head hung? That would indicate. Well, we are getting some of these mineral imbalances, dehydration, acidosis, all due to the lack, the loss of fluids and the minerals that go with it. If, on the other hand, you had a cat that's got some loose diarrhea, but man, he's up and playing and things like that, I do interpret that a little bit differently. The other thing that often goes with that is their age, in that the high, high risk time for scours causing big problems with calves is really less than three to four weeks of age. So once they get above about four weeks of age, they can have some mild bouts of scar scours. But I don't expect it to have the negative consequences as those younger calves. So all that being said, scours is more than just loose stools. It's really about the health of that calf. And because they lose fluids so rapidly, if I'm at all concerned, it's important to get intervention in there early. And intervention is usually oral fluids if they're not too sick, too depressed. And if necessary, you even go to intravenous fluids and again to rehydrate them and replace some of those minerals that are being lost. So work closely with your veterinarians. They usually have a couple of different kind of recipes of both oral fluids and IV fluids that they will use in specific situations.

[A]

Because at that point, and as you said, you want to catch them when they're starting to get depressed. So activity of the calf, not when they get down and can't get up. Yeah, we're probably too. It's much harder at that point to cover them. So you want to keep a close eye on them. Not all calves would necessarily need to be treated, but sometimes you have an Outbreak of those calves. And then, Philip, what do I start thinking at that point?

[B]

Well, I mean, scour. Preventing scours is a whole lot better than treating calves with scour. Oh, I agree with that. And so the environment is a huge component in that. It's, you know, fecal oral contact. And so you got calves being born in a dirty environment where the cows have been there all winter. The cows are shedding those bacteria and viruses that are causing the scours. And so those calves are picking it up at a very young age. And so one of the best methods is to move cows that haven't calved to a clean pasture or a clean pen so that they're calving in a clean environment. And those calves are not exposed to a high pathogen load shortly after birth.

[A]

All right, so here's my question for you, Phil. Based on what you just said. You know, growing up, we brought our calves or cows back home, and there's only a few acres, right? You had your water, you had your hay and a little bit of grass, but not a lot. And that's where they were during the winter. Of course, in the summer, we put them off on summer pasture. What if you can't move them? Then what. What do you do?

[B]

That becomes a real challenge. And Bob, what are your thoughts?

[C]

You have to move them. I mean, it's just one. If you have a scours outbreak where you've got a number of calves, I have got to change the environment they're in. I can't leave them in a poor environment and overcome that with any type of medicine.

[B]

You're not gonna treat your way out of the.

[C]

And I've had this conversation with clients, and they say I can't move them. I talk to the students about hills to die on. And you don't want too many hills to die on because, you know, you gotta work with people. But this is one of the things. I can't solve this problem if they stay in that same environment. So now. So then you come up with creative things like move the feed sources. Because a lot of times the worst contamination is right around the feed source. Let's stop feeding hay in this area and move it to another area. So I'm moving it. Or use a hot wire to keep them out of the worst contaminated. Because usually the whole pasture isn't contaminated or the whole area isn't contaminated. It is. So then you start being creative about, well, get them to the very best place that is available.

[B]

Well, the other thing is too. I mean, calves will try to go lay down like around the hay ring, you know, or climb into an empty hay ring or something. And like, that's the worst place. That's where the cows spend all their time. That's where most of the manure is. So maybe trying to provide an area, create a creep pencil where you bed down with straw that the calves can go in and have a clean, dry place to lay down. And they're not laying down and don't have as much contact with that area around the hay ring and things like that, or giving them a place where they can least. The cows can least go off and calve out away from all the feeders.

[C]

And we're talking about the first three weeks are the. The most critical. And so the more I can. And you know, maybe you've heard of the term sandhills calving. And that's a. That's a really good, extremely effective way. And basically it's the way you started conversation, Philip, was any cow that hasn't calved yet, move them out of the current situation. And so that all of the calves that are born from today forward are in a clean environment. And those. It's the calves that are born in the next three weeks that are at the big risk. And for the calves that are currently on the ground, I'm going to try really hard to move them to the best place possible. And that might be again, using electric fencing to keep them out of the worst area, moving feed sources, those types of things. And then, you know, like you were saying, Dustin, the initial idea might be, well, I can't do anything. But then if you really kind of pressure a producer to say, okay, we've got to come up with a plan. People are pretty creative about how they figure out how to make the environment as good as possible. It may not be pristine, but it's as good as possible.

[D]

And I think if you, if you can't move the calves out of that environment, at least, you know, you could bring in straw or clean bedding, something to entice them to a cleaner environment,

[C]

pull them to another area if you

[D]

can't physically move them with a fence.

[A]

And I think, as you said to summarize, you got to be specific about who you're moving. So ideally, you'd move the pregnant cow so that they calve in a new environment. And you have very few calves that get sick and have scours the first week that are born the first week of the calving season. So you're trying to replicate. I'm trying to replicate that of the calving season.

[C]

That's actually something that's interesting and a lot of people haven't recognized that. But if you really keep track of which calves get scours, it's essentially never the calves that are born really early

[A]

because we talked about and Philip said it's the environment. True. It's the cows that are shedding it in the environment. True. But the real problem is older calves. Older ones are the ones that give exposure to the younger ones. So if I can keep the very young away from the older calves, I can have success at breaking the scour side.

[C]

So the, the true classic sandhills calving system, you're every two weeks you move non pregnant cows out of the pasture into a new one.

[B]

Move the pregnant cows.

[C]

Yes, the pregnant cows, not the non pregnant cows so that they. Yes, yes. Because then they calve on a clean environment. If you stop and think about that, Dustin, to your point, well, that might be six or seven pastures depending on how long your calving season is. And so in that case, I'll work with you. Well, let's get it to three pastures. Let's get, you know, let's move when the bulk of, you know, let's move what we can accomplish. So if I can move them so that every two weeks cows are calving on a clean pasture, I'll be bet my scour's risk is extremely low. If I have to kind of tweak that a little bit, I might have a little bit of a scour's risk, but I shouldn't have that major outbreak that I would have if I do nothing and leave them where they are.

[A]

You get most of your gain with even one move.

[C]

Even one move is a huge help.

[A]

So excellent, great thoughts on scours. And so as we talked about, yes, treat the individuals but probably need to bring the scope up a little bit and look at the herd and how am I managing that herd to try to prevent it long term. Also appreciate Maddie sharing her research on heat stress. And thank you for joining us. If you have questions or comments, you can send us an email. Bcisu Eduardo.