How do we know whether the things we do every day actually work? Why do so many practices in medicine, parenting, education, conservation, and public policy begin as intuition, authority, or anecdote rather than careful evidence? What can the tragic history of front-sleeping advice and sudden infant death syndrome teach us about the danger of untested conventional wisdom? How should we distinguish between a bad outcome, a bad decision, and a reasonable decision made under uncertainty? When does intuition work well, and when does it fail because we lack repeated examples, tight feedback loops, or meaningful outcome data? What makes randomized trials so powerful, and why are they still only one part of the evidentiary picture? How should we weigh anecdotes, observational studies, randomized trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical guidelines, expert judgment, patient values, and political constraints? Why do people resist evidence when it threatens their identity, authority, or past decisions? What does evidence-based medicine get right that fields like education, policing, business, and conservation still struggle to embed? And in a world of social media, declining institutional influence, polarized trust in science, and AI-generated scientific output, how can we build better habits for finding, synthesizing, communicating, and acting on evidence?

Thanks to Animal Charity Evaluators for sponsoring this episode. Find out more about their mission and the Movement Grants Matching Challenge.

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Helen's Book: Beyond Belief

Helen Pearson has been a journalist and editor for Nature, the world’s leading science journal, for over 20 years, including five years leading the team as Chief Magazine Editor. She was named European Science Journalist of the Year in 2025, and Editor of the Year at the Association of British Science Writers awards in 2022.

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