Loading summary
Transcript55 lines
- [00:03]
Narrator 1
Out here, we feel things the sore calves that lead to epic views, the cool waterfall mist during a hot hike, and the breeze that hits just right at the summit. But hey, don't just listen to us. Experience it for yourself. Alltrails makes it easy to discover the best of the outdoors with more than 450,000 trails around the world, points of interest along the trail and offline maps for always on navigation. Download the free app today and find your next outdoor adventure. This summer, Instacart is bringing back your favorites from 1999 with prices from 1999. That means 90s prices on juice pouches that ought to be respected, 90s prices on box Mac and cheese and 90s prices on ham, cheese and cracker lunches. Enjoy all those throwbacks and more at throwback prices only through Instacart. $4.72 Maximum discount per $10 of eligible items limit One order expires September 5 while supplies last discount based on CPI.
- [01:03]
Narrator 2
Comparison Does it ever feel like you're a marketing professional just speaking into the void? Well, with LinkedIn ads, you can know you're reaching the right decision makers. You can even target buyers by job title, industry, company seniority skills. Wait, did I say job title yet? Get started today and see how you can avoid the void and reach the right buyers with LinkedIn ads. We'll even give you a $100 credit on your next campaign. Get started at LinkedIn.com results terms and conditions apply.
- [01:38]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
Welcome back, Curiosity crew. I'm Dr. Samantha Yamin, and if you've ever wondered how one tube of spit can give ancestry and health answers to anyone, well, me too. And it turns out it's not that simple. Not all spit tests are equal.
- [01:53]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
It's not just a sample size problem. It's partly a sample size problem, but it's also a technology problem. It's also a community engagement problem. It's also a science and STEM education problem. There isn't as much representation.
- [02:09]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
That's population geneticist Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo. I'm going to talk with her about race history and medicine in the US and also why those spit tests and other genetic research doesn't serve everyone equally. And then rice is in trouble. And with climate change bringing more heat waves, especially hot nights, that trouble is growing. Recently, scientists revealed a big breakthrough, a genetic variant that helps rice keep its quality and yield even under heat stress. We'll dig into what that means for global food security and maybe even for your next bottle of sake. Before we get into that, let's talk about cacio e Pepe because who doesn't love a creamy, cheesy bowl of pasta with just the right kick of pepper? It turns out the best sauce has everything to do with physics. And don't forget to leave a review on Apple Podcasts and drop a comment or question about something you want to hear about next. While you're at it, we might just cover it on a future episode. Cacio e Pepe it looks simple, just pasta, cheese and pepper. But anyone who's tried to make it knows just how easily it can all go wrong. You know, you get those cheese clumps, the sauce breaks, and suddenly you've got a mess instead of your delicious masterpiece. Researchers recently published a study in the journal Physics of Fluids, where they investigated how to scientifically achieve the perfect Cacio e Pepe pasta sauce recipe. What a name. The perfect Cacio e Pepe Pasta Sauce recipe say that 10 times. It's more complex than you think. There's fluid dynamics, phase behavior, emulsification. But let's back up a bit. Cacio e Pepe is a simple pasta dish traditionally made with pecorino, romano, cheese, black pepper and pasta. Though the ingredients are pretty straightforward, Cacio e Pepe can be kind of complicated to make because the sauce is an emulsion. An emulsion is a mix of liquids that don't usually combine, like oil and water. Once you add an emulsifier, the liquids are able to mix and remain stable in their new form. The classic example is mayonnaise. If something goes wrong in the emulsification process, the mixture can split, making it have a bad taste and texture. Texture In Cacio e Pepe sauce traditionally, starch is the emulsifier binding together cheese and water into a delicious, creamy and smooth final product. The starch is usually introduced to the mix through boiling the pasta in salted water. Then, once the pasta has released its starch, the pasta water is added to the cheese. It's a delicate balance because if you put too much starch, the sauce becomes stiff, too little, and the cheese clumps together. So these researchers wanted to know what factors create a stable, uniform, creamy emulsion when it comes to Cacio e Pepe. Here's what they found. There are actually two main factors that determine the stability of the starch concentration and temperature. To nail down the starch concentration and maintain consistency, the team used cornstarch instead of pasta water. They kept the cheese to water ratio the same and just adjusted the amount of cornstarch between each sample. They measured the results both by eating the sauce. Of course and looking at the quality of the emulsion under a microscope. The ideal starch concentration, according to researchers, lies somewhere between 2 to 3% of the cheese weight used for the recipe. When it comes to temperature, the team noted, using water that's too hot will cause the cheese to form clumps too cold and the starch won't mix properly in. They found that the best sauce was the result of cooling the starchy water after boiling but before mixing it in with the cheese. This allows the water to go through starch gelatinization or becomes more viscous. The team also found that using a blender to mix the starchy water with the pecorino cheese resulted in the best emulsification because the cheese was more evenly distributed than it would be if you were just grating it. The researchers summed up their findings in the form of a scientifically perfect Cacho e Pepe recipe. To feed two people, use 300 grams of pasta, 200 grams of cheese and 5 grams of starch dissolved in 50 grams of water. That recipe creates a smooth, stable sauce that maintains its texture even after being reheated. Mmm. Delicioso. No, absolutely not. Mmm. Delicious. I can't.
- [06:40]
Narrator 1
Out here, it's not only the amazing views, but the way time stretches out a little longer, how laughter bellows louder among friends, and how the breeze hits just right at the summit. With Alltrails, you can discover and experience the best of nature with over 450,000 trails worldwide and navigation right at your fingertips. Find your outside with Alltrails. Download the free app today and find your next outdoor adventure.
- [07:07]
Narrator 2
Does it ever feel like you're a marketing professional just speaking into the void? Well, with LinkedIn ads, you can know you're reaching the right decision makers. You can even target buyers by job title, industry, company seniority skills. Wait, did I say job title yet? Get started today and see how you can avoid the void and reach the right buyers with LinkedIn ads. We'll even give you a $100 credit on your next campaign. Get started at LinkedIn.com results terms and conditions apply.
- [07:37]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
You have reviewed the CBC, interpreted the CMP, analyzed the ECG. Everything's within range. As a Navy doctor, you've assessed vitals.
- [07:45]
Narrator 1
And cleared red flags.
- [07:47]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
A seal returned to duty.
- [07:48]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
A submariner fit for the depths. Here, medicine makes the mission. Navy Medicine lets you focus on patients who protect us all while we focus on administrative hassles and even cover your medical school loans. Start your mission@navy.com Medicine America's Navy forged.
- [08:06]
Narrator 1
By the sea Ever wanted to stay on vacation longer. Us too. With VRBO's long stay discounts, you can stay longer and save more on select properties. Gotta love a win win book. The perfect summer getaway today with VRBO Private Vacation Rentals. Your future self will thank you later.
- [08:28]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
Imagine this. You spit into a tube, mail it off, and a few weeks later you get a report that claims to tell you who you are, your ancestry, your health risks, maybe even find a long lost cousin. But for many black Americans, those DNA results are often incomplete, complete, confusing, or just plain wrong. There's a bigger story to tell here about race history and medicine in America and why genetics research doesn't serve everyone equally. Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo is a population geneticist as well as the creator and host of the podcast in those Genes where she uses genetics to decode the histories and futures of African descended Americans through the lens of black culture. Dr. Jeff Ringo has spent her career studying the human genome to identify risks and treatments for diseases while making sure that everyone can benefit. Hi Janina.
- [09:20]
Narrator 1
Hi.
- [09:20]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
How are you?
- [09:22]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
I'm great. I'm so thrilled to have you on our podcast. Now, correct me if I'm wrong, but at least on the actual research side, I feel like it's a really exciting, albeit overwhelming and sometimes scary time to be a geneticist. Like sequencing DNA has never been cheaper or faster, and we have the computational tools to dig deeper into genetic information than ever before. Is that the sense you have?
- [09:47]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
Yes. One of the things since we started sequencing the human genome and completely completed the sequence of the human genome, the technology has just been moving faster than we can analyze the data. And so the cost of sequencing has gone down dramatically. The cost of data analyses, on the other hand, has increased over time. And the amount of data that we're accumulating has also increased over time. Over time. And so right now we are in a very unique and great position to have a lot of data to analyze, more data than we can keep up with. And so now genomics research has really taken off to some really large data sets. And I mean, when I say large, I mean millions of samples. That's really a really amazing thing because when we want to study populations, we need millions and millions of samples to be able to detect trends in genetic data.
- [10:44]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
I want to dig a little deeper into something you touched on. Is that the representation in the data sets that we have, we have a lot of data sets. As you said, we're in the. Was it millions you mentioned? But it matters whose data we're using as the reference so can you explain to us why that's so important to realize the real hope of precision or personalized medicine?
- [11:09]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
So in our area, we call this genetic architecture, which is, you know, let's think about an individual's genome and what are the things about this individual's genome that make it unique. And a lot of that can be traced back to a common ancestor that we share. And so when we say genetic architecture, we're looking at variants in the genome. What is the frequency in populations where people share a common ancestor versus not? And when we connect that to things like disease, there are some differences. Now, if you could imagine, because those the genetic architecture in an individual is unique to other people that share a common ancestor. If the data set we're using to report out that risk doesn't have individuals who also have that common ancestor, what happens is you still get a score, but the score is more so reflective of the closest relative in that data set, which may or may not be an actual representation of a true, accurate representation of your genetic ancestry or your genetic architecture, I should say. And so there are a lot of gaps when we think about these large population studies. They are called genome wide association studies, in some case polygenic risk scores. And a lot of them, they will have millions and millions and millions of samples. But a lot of the early scores and a lot of the early results were based in European populations. And so there are a couple of papers that show this. But when we look at the representation of populations in these genetic studies, majority of them are populations of European descent. But if we compare that to the relative populations in the world, Europeans make up a small percentage of that and they do not represent world populations. And so that becomes a problem because the scores and research that we are setting as a basis, let's just use type 2 diabetes as an example. Here we are for a common disease studies back from 2007, when genome wide association studies were really just taken off, were done in European descent populations. And we found all of these significant findings in the genome. When we try to look at them in populations of non European descent, they look completely different, which we would expect knowing the genetic architecture. So we can't use those same scores to predict disease in other populations. We have to have that representation there in order to accurately represent that person's or that group's disease risk.
- [13:48]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
Woo. So well said. It has like real health implications. We're making real decisions about people's healthcare based on numbers that don't make sense for them. And I looked up some stats, they're from a few years ago, so hopefully things have improved. But people of European descent make up like 16ish percent of the world's population and are 80% of the genome wide association studies data that you mentioned on the converse over 22% of the world's population is of African ancestry. Yet in genetic association studies people of African ancestry make up 2.4% of the data.
- [14:29]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
Yeah.
- [14:30]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
Has it gotten better since that stat was collected and why is that the case?
- [14:35]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
I mean that is a very loaded question. I'm glad you. I call it the 2%. Right, the 2%. It's a very loaded question. It hasn't changed for a lot of different reasons. It's multifaceted. I will say though, it is not the only reason why we don't see as much progress in health disparity research. I tell scientists all the time that it's not just a sample size problem. It's partly a sample size problem, but it's also a technology problem. It's also a community engagement problem. It's also a science and STEM education problem. As to why there isn't as much representation, so I want to just make that very clear. But there hasn't been much. There's a paper by Alicia Martin that I think was published in 2019 and then there is a follow up paper where someone did a similar analysis to compare has the representation of genome wide association studies changed? I think this was in 2022 and it has not. It has not changed. And so there are a lot of different reasons for that. I would say one of the main reasons is that there's still a lot of hesitancy in African descent populations and wanting to contribute to these studies. That's one the other reason I would also say it's kind of just the legacy of population genetics research in our field, which is highly, highly dependent on especially now. A lot of these large studies are dependent on healthcare systems and healthcare systems who have access to data, who is going to the doctor, who is volunteering for these research studies and why. And that has a lot of, a lot of. There's a lot of answers and things that we can talk about there. But when I talk about hesitancy, I think there's a big gap in how scientists and researchers are connecting with communities of colors. Not even just the African descent community, but communities of color, particularly in the US on what is the best way to engage with these communities, what is the best way to facilitate participation. And I believe that it's a holistic one. I believe it's one that needs to be equally beneficial. I believe it's one that has been historically exclusive. So it has to. We have to overcome and be very transparent about that. And then to your point earlier, another huge hurdle is that a lot of people will participate in these studies and get results back. Now, another growing trend in a lot of these research studies of return of results will get results back.
- [17:16]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
And.
- [17:17]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
And the results actually are not very informative. Right. So we need to think about other methods that are equally beneficial or other types of communication that's transparent and letting folks know that, hey, participating in this research study may not give you answers right away. However, there are a lot of answers that we. There are a lot of questions that we can answer. Having this data, PCSK9 and pharmacogenomics, is a really good example of that, where we can make drug discoveries or we can make discoveries that can be monumental for you and for others. But I really like to tell people to think about the future, think about our descendants, think about where things are going as a motivation to want to participate in the research study. So there's a lot of hope, but there's a lot that we have to be transparent about in terms of what we can and what we can't do.
- [18:07]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
Thank you. That was a very loaded question because it is so layered. But the way that you broke it down there, I think shows exactly why it's helpful or necessary to have someone with your expertise working at the intersection of all these different fields. It's really, really cool. You've done a lot of work looking at genetic associations for things from cardiac conditions to uterine fibroids, specifically in people of African ancestry, to try to fill in some of these gaps that exist. You do all kinds of research, but some of your research has that focus. So I wanted to tap in here because we've been using a few different terms. We've talked about ancestry, looking at the genetic basis and things you've inherited. And then of course, that can impact health outcomes. But then there's also race. And the way that people are racialized in our society, as you alluded to, also has huge impacts on health disparities. How do you disentangle health disparities due to those different factors, race and genetics, which are separate but related in your research?
- [19:11]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
Yeah, I tell people all the time, race is not biology, but biology is impacted by race. So I spent a lot of my career chasing down genetic ancestry and genetic ancestry's possible association to explain health disparities. Like, I feel so naive when I say this and I think back to grad school and I had this very. I had this idea in my mind that, oh, it has to be genetic architecture in these admixed populations or non European populations that could explain health disparities. Obviously, that is the answer. And as I have matriculated through my career, I have long started to realize that genetics is probably not the main explanation for common diseases, particularly common diseases, and they're associated. It can't explain that health disparity. Genetics is not. And genetic architecture of an entire population is not the explanation of that. And coming to that conclusion was very humbling, but also somewhat rewarding in knowing that there isn't inherently something wrong with these populations that unfortunately are burdened by disease. And then that shifted the conversation. A lot of researchers, especially sociologists now are working on this and looking at things like social determinants of health. So genetic ancestry, again, that is just a descriptor of who has the same common ancestor. A lot of times genetic ancestry will also be correlated with where that shared common ancestor is from. For example, a whole continent of Africa or a specific country or region in Africa. Now, when we're thinking about social determinants of health, we're looking at socially defined characteristics and race being one of them. So how do people, how are people treated in the healthcare system due to their race and how does that impact their health? And so that is a very, that is a bigger, bigger question. I think we should all be thinking about that because it's not so much. It's not even as simple as how you're treated. It's also how medicine, the history of medicine and how medicine operates is also largely dependent on this idea that race participates in biology, which is not how we should be thinking of this as scientists, particularly not how we should be thinking of this when we're talking about personalized medicine. And so some good examples of that. There are a lot of researchers now that are looking at the effects of stress and cortisol, which could be the burden of being racially profiled your entire life. How does that impact your health outcomes? For example, things like having high blood pressure or developing metabolic disease because you live in a neighborhood where you don't have access to healthy food. So that's environmental racism now playing a part in a health disparity. And so when we think about genetic ancestry, yes, there are some very classic examples where genetic ancestry does explain disease. Good example of that is the APOL1 gene in end stage kidney disease or sickle cell anemia, which is not people Always like to say sickle cell anemia is like the black disease, but really, sickle cell anemia is unique to any population that lives close to the equator. And so you have these very classic examples where genetic ancestry is explaining disease. But for a lot of health disparities, genetic ancestry is only one part of the equation. So things like social determinants of health, where we get access to foods that we have, the zip codes we live in, the language we speak, the country we live in, those things seem to have greatly impact disease outcome and the disease disparity, particularly in populations of color.
- [23:16]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
Thank you so much for spelling that out. It's so important always and especially right now, where we're seeing certain changes politically that are impacting the way we can do this research that recognizes the sociopolitics that impact biology. Those are things that can't be separated. They're very relevant. Biology is so complicated. Of course, the way that you're treated in society impacts it. And it's also on our minds because Juneteenth's around the corner. In fact, this episode will be released. It happens close to that. And so just thinking about Juneteenth, it took 160 years to be recognized as a federal holiday and commemorating this important day, June 19, 1865, when the last few enslaved people found out they were free, taking two years for Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation to reach them. And just thinking how recent that is in our society's history. Of course, that has lasting implications on our health and needs to be recognized.
- [24:20]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
Yeah, I think a lot of people have a hard time accepting, you know, some of the painful past, but we all have to face that painful past in order for us to move forward. And that's just a part of how we kind of start to close that gap on engaging with communities of color and genetics research. But the science research in general, we have to all be intellectually humble. And in our podcast, you know, we actually did a grant on intellectual humility. And it's really important for scientists to realize that, you know what? We get it wrong. We get it wrong a lot. And actually getting it wrong is the best part, because then we get to fix it. And when we fix it, it's better for everyone. There's so much opportunity for us to correct the past while also celebrating our differences 1,000%.
- [25:09]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
Thanks, Janina. You are a fabulous guest. It was great chatting with you.
- [25:13]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
Nice chatting with you, too.
- [25:19]
Narrator 1
Instacart is on a mission to have you not leave the couch this basketball season, because between the pre game rituals and the post game interviews, it can be difficult to find time for everything else. So let Instacart take care of your game day snacks or weekly restocks and get delivery in as fast as 30 minutes because we hear it's bad luck to be hungry on game day. So download the Instacart app today and enjoy zero dollar delivery fees on your first three orders. Service fees apply for three orders in 14 days. Excludes restaurants we all belong outside. We're drawn to nature. Whether it's the recorded sounds of the ocean we doze off to or the succulents that adorn our homes, nature makes all of our lives, well, better. Despite all this, we often go about our busy lives removed from it, but the outdoors is closer than we realize. With alltrails, you can discover trails nearby and explore confidently with offline maps and on trail navigation. Download the free app today.
- [26:21]
Narrator 2
Race the rudders.
- [26:22]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
Race the sails. Race the sails.
- [26:24]
Narrator 2
Captain, an unidentified ship is approaching.
- [26:27]
Narrator 1
Over.
- [26:27]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
Roger, wait.
- [26:29]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
Is that an enterprise sales solution?
- [26:32]
Narrator 2
Reach sales professionals, not professional sailors. With LinkedIn ads, you can target the right people by industry, job title and more. We'll even give you a $100 credit on your next campaign. Get started today at LinkedIn.com results terms and conditions apply.
- [26:49]
Narrator 1
Imagine being on a vacation for a very long time. Now imagine saving money nightly while you do it. Sounds pretty great, right? With vrbo's long stay discounts, you can stay longer and save more. Our customers save an average of 10% when they book select properties for a week or longer. Just in case you needed another reason to extend that vacation, book the Perfect Summer Getaway today with VRBO Private Vacation Rentals. Your future self will thank you later.
- [27:25]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
I love rice. I love sushi rice, steamed rice, rice cakes, rice vinegar, rice wine. It's a staple for more than half of the world's population and it's at risk because of, you guessed it, climate change. But scientists recently found a natural gene variant in rice that protects from heat waves. It's a major breakthrough that took a decade of work, recently published in the journal Cell. The thing about rice is that it likes really hot days and cool nights. It's grown in these flooded fields called rice paddies, requiring constant irrigation and well draining soils. But increases in natural disasters and rising temperatures from climate change has made it pretty bad for growing rice lately. And one study even found that for every 1 degree warmer that it gets at night, you get 10% less yield of rice. Now I will say there is a current rice shortage in Japan and it's due to a little bit more than just climate crisis. There's some distribution and supply chain issues at play here, but definitely the record breaking temperatures in previous years didn't help with the current rice reserve. I attended a workshop by sake expert Mariko Tajiri recently and she said that rice has been so heat stressed lately that it's not producing enough sugars and starches. And so over the last 10 years, the actual taste of sake being produced has changed. It's a lot more grainy in taste. To be able to keep the rice we know and love, we need to preserve both the crop yield and quality. Despite fluctuating temperatures on Earth. We really need resilience. So enter a team of Chinese researchers led by plant geneticist Yibo Li. They did this study where they planted over 500 different types of rice in four different locations in China where they noticed that nights had been getting warmer. They harvested rice from these different locations and they assessed how chalky the resulting grains were. So they could assess for rice chalkiness just by looking at the grains themselves. More chalky grains tend to be more opaque, so they were looking for ones that were more translucent. They found two varieties that were more translucent and less chalky, which is good. So they crossed them and tracked the genetics to locate a very special gene that was the culprit behind the chalkiness from heat. They called this gene QT12. When QT12 is overactive, you get more chalky rice. And the big part of this paper was uncovering how that happens. They found that at normal temperatures, there are these three proteins called transcription factors that are all bound together. These transcription factors are proteins that influence how and when genes get used. So normally they're hanging out as buds all together and combined. But when it becomes hot, one of those proteins breaks away from the group and goes ahead and activates QD12. This messes things up for a part of the cell called the endoplasmic reticulum. The usual job of this organelle is to help proteins get made. So when it's not happy, you get fewer proteins being made and more starch in the cell. And that's part of what contributes to the chalkiness in the rice grain. The rice grains that are more chalky are also more brittle. They're more likely to break during milling, and when they're cooked, they get pasty. So we don't want this increased QD12 activity. It gives us low yield and it gives us chalky grains. So it was very exciting that they happened to find some natural strains that didn't get QD12 activated even with the heat. So they're like, okay, those are the ones that we want. Let's breed them more. And in fact, let's try to breed that version of the gene into temperature sensitive strains of rice. When they did that, those newly bred versions of rice had 30 to 80% more grain, higher yield than a regular strain under the same amount of heat. So they wanted to breed in that special version of QD12 into another strain of rice that normally would be sensitive to heat. And when they did that, they gave that temperature sensitive version this extra little kick, this good version of QD12. Well, they found only 10% of the rice they harvested was chalky. That's a huge improvement compared to the usual 60% that's chalky. So the idea is that they can introduce this more heat tolerant version of QD12 into the many other strains of rice around the world to give them better protection from the warmer nights wherever needed. Now, this won't solve all the problems that we're having with rice, but it might be relevant to other crops too, because there are a lot of them that also have the QD12 gene and are also suffering from the heat, like wheat and corn. To me, it's pretty impressive that just one gene can have such profound effects on traits as major as both yield and quality. For Warner Bros. Discovery Curiosity Weekly is produced by the team at Wheelhouse DNA. The senior producer and editorial correspondent is Teresa Carey. Our producer is Chiara Noni, Our audio engineer is Nick Karisimi. And head of Production for Wheelhouse DNA is Cassie Berman. And I'm Dr. Samantha Youen. Thanks for listening. You might find purpose in a forest or on a mountain, in an aircraft.
- [32:30]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
Hangar or in a secure, undisclosed location.
- [32:34]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
Or just beyond where you are right now.
- [32:36]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
With over 500 careers to choose from, find your next level at armyciviliancareers.com hi, this is Andrea from Vanta. When you're building a healthcare company, compliance is crucial to earning trust, winning bigger deals and proving you take security seriously. It can also cost you time and money. Vanta helps healthcare startups get compliant fast, automating over 35 frameworks like HIPAA and Hitrust. And stay secure with continuous monitoring. That's why the fastest growing healthcare companies trust Vanta to manage compliance without slowing them down. And I'm not saying that just because I work here. Get started@vanta.com health.
- [33:12]
Narrator 2
With over 200 million drivers, you've done.
- [33:14]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
More than make Ford America's all time.
- [33:17]
Narrator 2
Best selling auto brand.
- [33:18]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
Your purchases have enabled Ford and Ford Dealers to donate billions to communities.
- [33:23]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
This June, Celebrate Ford and Ford Dealers.
- [33:25]
Narrator 2
Commitment of an important additional donation to Feeding America, Habitat for Humanity, the American.
- [33:31]
Dr. Janina Jeff Ringo
Red Cross and Team Ruby Rubicon Ford.
- [33:34]
Narrator 2
Motor Company From America for America Based.
- [33:37]
Narrator 1
On Automotive News Almanac, historical data and.
- [33:39]
Narrator 2
Industry reported Sales data from 1909 through 2024.
- [33:41]
Dr. Samantha Yamin
Cy Centennial Tank Cleaning in Sunnyside says thank you to all the brave men and women in the Armed Forces who have served our country proudly. Returning veterans, please consider joining your local American Legion. Thank you for your dedication and courage. A message from Centennial Tank Cleaning in Sunnyside, the leader in IBC, container containers and truck washing. It's easy with CTC. Visit online@centennialtank.com or give them a call at 509-839-5777. That's Centennial Tank Cleaning in Sunnyside.