Jealousy Vs. Envy

Summary

Curiosity Weekly – “Jealousy Vs. Envy” Host: Dr. Samantha Yammine
Guest: Dr. Jennifer Bevan, Professor, Chapman University
Release Date: July 8, 2026

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Episode Overview

This week on Curiosity Weekly, Dr. Samantha Yammine delves into the emotions of jealousy and envy—how science distinguishes between them, their functions, and how each impacts our relationships and wellbeing. Joining her is Dr. Jennifer Bevan, a leading researcher on the communication of jealousy. Together, they unravel widespread misconceptions, the role of social media, and practical strategies for navigating these emotions constructively.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

1. Defining Jealousy and Its Components

[08:26–10:35]

• Jealousy is the response to a perceived threat to a valued relationship due to a rival. Its core elements:
  • Emotional: sadness, fear, anxiety, stress, sometimes even guilt or sexual arousal
  • Cognitive: obsessive ruminations about the situation
  • Behavioral/Communicative: how jealousy is expressed or suppressed
• "I feel really strongly that the way we express it is essentially the most important element of it, because if we keep it in, our partner's never really going to know that we are jealous." — Dr. Bevan [10:27]

2. Jealousy Beyond Romance

[10:36–11:43]

• Most research focuses on romantic relationships.
• Jealousy also manifests among siblings (typically avoided) and in friendships, particularly cross-sex friendships with added uncertainty about intentions and boundaries.

3. Jealousy vs. Envy: Distinguishing the Two

[11:43–13:17]

• Jealousy: Fear of losing something or someone you have.
• Envy: Wanting something someone else has.
  • "99% of the time people say I'm so jealous and it's inaccurate, it really is envy." — Dr. Bevan [11:58]
• Dr. Bevan’s pet peeve is the cultural misuse of these terms, which muddles both self-understanding and scientific discussion.

4. Different Expressions and Contexts for Jealousy

[13:17–15:41]

• Jealousy isn’t limited to fear of a romantic rival; can stem from activities (partner’s hobbies) or intimacy shared with others.
• FOMO: More related to envy, but can edge into jealousy if fear of exclusion or loss of intimacy is involved.

5. Cultural Attitudes Toward Jealousy

[15:41–18:20]

• Jealousy is often stigmatized. While it can lead to negative behaviors and outcomes, it often reflects a desire to preserve a cherished relationship.
• "Inherent in jealousy is I want this relationship, I love this relationship, and I don't want to lose it. So it's got a very positive motivation." — Dr. Bevan [17:07]
• How jealousy is expressed determines whether its impact will be positive (honest, calm disclosure) or negative (accusations, threats, avoidance).

6. Social Media and the Expression of Jealousy and Envy

[18:20–19:33]

• Social media exacerbates confusion between jealousy and envy—platforms like LinkedIn can provoke distress by curating only positive, competitive posts.
• "They hate LinkedIn because it makes them feel smaller, it makes them feel as if they're not as successful." — Dr. Bevan referencing her students [18:56]

7. Password Sharing and Jealousy in the Digital Age

[19:34–21:23]

• Password sharing among young people is normalized as an act of trust and love, yet can become problematic after breakups or if used for monitoring.
• “The difference is if you share passwords, it's actually not negative for your relationship. It's when you monitor the accounts...that things kind of start to go awry.” — Dr. Bevan [20:25]

8. Jealousy Expression Profile Theory

[21:23–25:06]

• Dr. Bevan proposes four core expression profiles:
  • Positive/Constructive: Honest, supportive communication (linked to higher relationship satisfaction)
  • Destructive: Yelling, accusing, threats
  • Avoidant: Not discussing, withdrawing
  • Rival-focused: Actions directed toward or about the perceived rival
• Gender can play a role—women typically more likely to express jealousy constructively, possibly due to socialization.

9. Managing and Owning Jealousy

[25:06–26:27]

• Normalize jealousy—an inherently interpersonal emotion that requires at least three parties.
• Approach it with self-kindness: recognize it’s often rooted in love and a wish to maintain the relationship.
• Best practice: Discuss jealousy calmly and positively—not in the moment or in public.

Quote:
"The first thing I would say is don't feel ashamed or overwhelmed or that you're a bad person if you feel jealous." — Dr. Bevan [25:17]

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Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• “99% of the time people say I'm so jealous and it's inaccurate, it really is envy.” — Dr. Bevan [11:58]
• “Inherent in jealousy is I want this relationship, I love this relationship, and I don't want to lose it.” — Dr. Bevan [17:07]
• “It's when you monitor the accounts...that things start to go awry.” — Dr. Bevan, on social media and passwords [20:25]
• “Don't feel ashamed or overwhelmed...it's very natural and it's really the only interpersonal emotion.” — Dr. Bevan [25:17]

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Timestamps for Key Segments

• Defining Jealousy: [08:26–10:35]
• Non-Romantic Jealousy: [10:36–11:43]
• Jealousy vs. Envy: [11:43–13:17]
• The FOMO Question: [14:25–15:26]
• Cultural Attitudes & Consequences: [15:41–18:20]
• Social Media Effects: [18:20–19:33]
• Password Sharing: [19:34–21:23]
• Jealousy Expression Profile Theory: [21:23–25:06]
• How to Recognize and Manage Jealousy: [25:06–26:27]

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Additional Science Segments

FDA approves new sunscreen ingredient (BEMT):
[02:06–06:25]

• The US approves first new over-the-counter sunscreen filter in 27 years: bemotrizinol (BEMT), effectively covers UVA and UVB, and is generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE).

Brain & Balance in Aging:
[29:01–32:55]

• Researchers at Emory mapped how the brain's different regions coordinate balance.
• Older adults rely more on the cortex for balance, making it more mentally demanding, and errors in muscle activation can tie directly to age-related changes and conditions like Parkinson's disease.
• “For older adults, balance isn't automatic anymore. Staying upright takes more mental effort.” — Dr. Amin [30:56]
• Tai Chi and balance exercises help reduce fall risks.

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In Closing

Dr. Bevan’s evidence-based message reframes jealousy as an important, natural emotion, one that deserves compassion and skillful communication—while reminding us to be more precise about what we label as jealousy or envy.
For listeners, this episode offers nuanced insights, actionable science, and tools for healthier self-awareness in all relationships.

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Guest Bio:
Dr. Jennifer Bevan is a Professor in the School of Communications at Chapman University and author of “The Communication of Jealousy.”

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Perfect for anyone fascinated by the science of emotions, modern relationships, or the intersection of digital life and traditional psychology.

Transcript

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[Dr. Samantha Amin]

Hello friends and listeners. Thanks for joining us. We here at Curiosity Weekly believe in the power of peer review and not just the research we cover, but also the show itself. So rate and review us on your favorite podcast platform and let us know what you want to hear about next.

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Thanks.

[Dr. Samantha Amin]

For one of the seven deadly sins Envy isn't discussed as much in the scientific literature as you might think. Pride? Well, that could be linked to narcissism, sloth, perhaps a sleep disorder or depression, lest we don't have to get into that. But when it comes to the science of envy, the research is often quiet. Does it serve a purpose? We've been ignoring Find out. I'll talk to author Dr. Jennifer Bevin. Before that, the FDA just approved a new ingredient for sunscreen after nearly three decades. And later, a new study aimed to figure out how our balance becomes affected as we age. If we understand that, we may be able to prevent falls among the elderly. My name is Dr. Samantha Amin. Let's get into it. There's good news for anyone in the US who spends time under the summer sun. For the first time in nearly three decades, the US has a new active sunscreen ingredient. On June 9, the FDA approved bemotrizenol, known as BEMT. It's the first new over the counter sunscreen filter permitted in the United States since 1999. That's 27 years of no new ingredients in the U.S. while people in other countries get access to more advanced formulas. Here's why this sun damage comes from two main types of ultraviolet rays. UVA and uvb. What's the difference? Well, you can think a aging B burn. UVA rays penetrate deep into the skin and can cause premature aging. Whereas UVB rays cause more skin cancers and the surface burn that redness you feel after too much time outside. Currently, in the US There are fewer options for ingredients that block the aging UVA spectrum. Now with Bemotrizenol, there's a chemical filter that protects against both UVA and uvb. To understand this better, we need to understand the difference between the two broad categories of chemical and physical, which is also known as mineral sunscreen. If applied correctly, they both protect just a little differently. Both absorb UV rays and transform them into a tiny harmless amount of heat that dissipates quickly. Physical sunscreen sits more on top of your skin and reflects back a bit of the UV radiation, whereas chemical sunscreen absorbs onto the top layers of the skin. Chemical sunscreen requires about 15 to 20 minutes after application before it starts working, whereas physical sunscreen starts working right away. And that white cast? That happens because physical particles are often large enough to scatter all light, not just uv. It's somewhat par for the course though. There are newer formulations coming out all the time. Either way, we gotta reapply both often to fill in any gaps in our protection as we sweat and touch our skin. As to which one is better? Well, neither are inherently better though. Generally speaking, people with sensitive skin, rosacea or acne prone skin often prefer mineral sunscreens because they sit on the surface and cause less irritation. Those who play sports, wear makeup or have a darker complexion might prefer chemical options because they're lighter and easier to blend, but honestly, the best choice is the sunscreen you're actually willing to wear and reapply, whether that means physical or chemical, a lotion spray, gel, coconutty smell or no smell at all. That new ingredient BEMT is the first chemical sunscreen filter to earn the FDA's grace designation. Grace stands for generally recognized as safe and effective G R A S E All other chemical filters on shelves like Avobenzone, octocrylene, Oxobenzone. They technically don't meet that threshold yet and require additional safety data. But BEMT and a few mineral sunscreen ingredients like titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are the only ones that have the FDA GRACE designation. BEMT molecules are too large to pass through skin into your bloodstream, giving it very little systemic absorption compared to many older chemical filters. But for the sunscreens that don't have that particular designation, dermatologists say that the risk of skin cancer far outweighs any theoretical risk from sunscreen ingredients. So why did it take 27 years? In the US sunscreens are regulated as drugs requiring extensive testing. The EU treats them as cosmetics

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[Dr. Samantha Amin]

Jealousy is an emotion everyone has probably felt at some point, and yet no one really ever wants to admit it. While it can be all consuming, it doesn't quite have its own clinical diagnosis, the same way, say, sadness or anxiety do. To unpack what the research says about how jealousy shapes our everyday lives, we're chatting with Dr. Jennifer Bevitt, a professor in the School of Communication at Chapman University, the author of the Communication of Jealousy. Her early work helped push the field to understand how jealousy is communicated beyond romantic relationships. Welcome to the show, Jennifer.

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Thank you.

[Dr. Jennifer Bevin]

Thank you for having me.

[Dr. Samantha Amin]

What exactly is jealousy from a researcher perspective, and how does it manifest differently in different relationships?

[Dr. Jennifer Bevin]

So jealousy overall is the experience that you have when you fear that something that you possess, typically a close relationship, is going to be maybe changed, altered, or ended due to some sort of rival intrusion. There's three elements of jealousy that are really kind of important. They're distinct but certainly interrelated. The emotion of jealousy, like you mentioned, which is a combination of sadness and fear and anxiety and stress, and even sometimes guilt or, you know, sexual arousal can come into play there, too. Cognitions come in when you start kind of obsessively thinking about the situation, worrying about it a lot, thinking about how you're going to approach it with your partner or the rival. And then the behavioral element is what I'm studying. I study it, the communication of it. How do we express it? Being a communication scholar, I feel really strongly that the way we express it is essentially the most important element of it, because if we keep it in, our partner's never really going to know that we are jealous. They're not going to know why we're acting the way we are or how we're feeling or anything like that. I think the communication is really central in terms of the different types of relationships. I don't know if you were able to kind of peruse the literature, but you've probably seen that the vast majority of research is done on romantic relationships of all sorts. But there's been some research done on sibling relationships. A study I did a few years ago, we actually determined that though romantic partners typically report that they use very positive, constructive strategies to express jealousy, which I don't know is actually true, I think they think that they're being really good about it. The siblings really were clear that they avoided disgusting jealousy. They wanted nothing to kind of do with it. They wanted, if they experienced it, they just kind of wanted it to go away. Especially these are young adults, so they weren't kids like you know, fighting over a toy or fighting for a parent's attention. And in terms of friendships, I've studied it in cross sex friendships. So male female friendships. And there's just that relationship is always complicated. Especially if both partners are heterosexual and they have a difficult time navigating it just because it. Does that mean that they're romantically interested? Does that mean that the other. Should they express it? Is it appropriate? Will the partner, their friend, think differently of them? And so there's a little bit more uncertainty and confusion, I think, in that type of relationship.

[Dr. Samantha Amin]

What about jealousy versus envy? You know, there feels. I think we use them interchangeably. Maybe this is, you know, I'm so

[Dr. Jennifer Bevin]

glad you asked this question.

[Various Advertisers]

You hear a lot. Oh, you are?

[Dr. Samantha Amin]

Okay.

[Dr. Jennifer Bevin]

I have a whole rant about this.

[Dr. Samantha Amin]

So yes, please tell us, tell us.

[Dr. Jennifer Bevin]

So one of all of my friends, my family members, they know that if somebody says I'm so jealous, I immediately say envious. Because it's actually most of our culture misuses that word when they are saying, oh my gosh, that car is so amazing. I'm so jealous. It's not jealousy because you don't possess it and you're not worried about losing it. Envy is I want something that somebody else has. I'm seeking something that I want to possess. So 99% of the time people say I'm so jealous. And it's inaccurate. It really is envy. I've trained my friends and family that if they say something like that, they will say envious. And I'm like, thank you. Because that is one of my pet peeves that it really gets misconstrued. And I think that that also kind of gives it a bad reputation. A little bit like admitting it that you're jealous in that context sort of seems like, oh boy, this is something that is wrong with me. And it's not even the concept that they're trying to describe. So yes, that is a hot point for me. I learned that very early on. And we actually don't know a lot of research information about how we communicate envy or what it means for relationships. So it's also understudied, but it's envy, not jealousy.

[Dr. Samantha Amin]

So envy is that desire for something someone else has, whereas jealousy is this fear of loss. And does it have to be specifically to a rival or just to anyone?

[Dr. Jennifer Bevin]

To anyone, to anything. Some of the research I did on cross sex friend jealousy when I was in graduate school basically found that you can be jealous of a friend or a romantic partner's time on an activity, time doing something in an activity. So for example, my husband does a lot of fantasy sports. I'm not jealous of his experience with fantasy sports. But conceivably it could be something that would maybe take away time or have us readjust the time that we spend together. So that's actually called activity jealousy. You can also just be jealous about the intimacy that someone has with someone else, not necessarily about them being a rival. So just kind of what they're talking about, how much they're sharing. So it doesn't necessarily have to be about a specific rival who's going to take the partner away. It can be about elements of it or even just intangibles like activities.

[Dr. Samantha Amin]

Is fear of missing out a jealousy then, like, because you're afraid of losing that experience?

[Dr. Jennifer Bevin]

I think it's more. That's a great question. I think it's more envy because you're seeing something that you're not a part of if you were invited to be a part of it. Maybe there might be a little jealousy in there because you might regret that you didn't take advantage of that opportunity to be with your friends. And maybe they're having a great time and their friendship is evolving in a way that you are kind of missing out on. But I do think it's more envy that, you know, you're seeing something on social media, which is probably very inaccurate. Probably very. Has a beautiful positive sheen and, you know, looks great and they're trying to have the best fun that they've ever had, even though that might not be the case. So I think fomo's a cousin, but I wouldn't say it's like particularly jealousy or envy. But yes, definitely social media related. There's a lot of research on social media and jealousy and how it just makes it even more confusing and chaotic for the person who's experiencing it.

[Dr. Samantha Amin]

What would be. Now I'm trying to think of all the Time I'm realizing I've often. You said jealousy when I meant envy. So I'm trying to think of like, what's the most maybe common way that people experience jealousy, not envy.

[Dr. Jennifer Bevin]

It's usually for a romantic partner, especially early on in a relationship. If you're in an early relationship, younger people tend to be more jealous. And that's also, I just think, a correlate of they're tending to have more relationships that start off and the uncertainty that is kind of inherent in that type of relationship and what the definitions are and so forth. I think that that is probably the prime ground for jealousy to sort of emerge. Yet it's also a situation where the parties are really uncomfortable discussing it and feeling it and knowing what it's going to do. My argument about jealousy is that we always as a culture think that it's very negative and it has a negative component. Certainly it can lead to intimate partner violence. It can lead to anxiety, stress, delusions of thinking that your partner is doing something that maybe they're actually not even doing at all. But inherent in jealousy is I want this relationship, I love this relationship, and I don't want to lose it. So it's oftentimes it's got a very positive motivation. But the way we tend to think about it, we have a great stigma about jealousy in our culture. As you kind of mentioned, we can't really admit it. Jealousy is depicted in videos, songs, movies as either being the way, the ultimate way to express love to someone, or a way to show obsession and, you know, cause fear and sort of be a destructive element of relationships. I think how it's expressed is actually the thing that can tip whether it's positive or negative. So my research has actually found that the relationship quality of really satisfaction is one of the most common things that we look at in relational communication. How much that relationship is fulfilling your needs, how much it is kind of, you know, what you expect and what you want and how you want it to continue. When a romantic partner expresses their jealousy to their other partner very positively, sharing, disclosing, being honest, being open, being calm, that expression is actually associated with increased relationship satisfaction. Because the partner is now seeing, oh, they care about me, they're worried about the relationship, but they're also not screaming at me, threatening me, throwing things, avoiding me, contacting the rival. All of those things are negatively associated with relationship satisfaction. So I mean, I might be biased, but my way of turning the way jealousy is sort of viewed and its impact on the relationship is really how it's Expressed.

[Dr. Samantha Amin]

I wanted to ask if you've seen how jealousy behaviors have evolved alongside the changing social media platforms, since it's such a breeding ground for jealousy as you will.

[Dr. Jennifer Bevin]

I've heard from my students a lot that they feel very uncomfortable on LinkedIn. They see everyone posting. Nobody posts like, I lost my job, things are going really badly. And I never realized this because as an academic, you don't really use LinkedIn. I just connect with my former students. But they said it really makes them very, very uncomfortable and sad and upset that everyone's post about these wonderful things that are happening to them. And if that's not jealousy, it's envy. But I thought that was a really interesting kind of like, deviation. Like, LinkedIn is obviously just for professional posts and information and contacts. But my students talk about it just out of nowhere. They will just bring it up whenever we talk about social media, that they hate LinkedIn because it makes them feel smaller, that makes them feel as if they're not as successful.

[Dr. Samantha Amin]

You've also studied some of our behaviors online and what they mean for jealousy. So I was really interested in your work on password sharing. Could you tell us more about password sharing as a sign of trust or not?

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Yeah.

[Dr. Jennifer Bevin]

So I was actually writing a book chapter probably about a decade ago on jealousy in social media, and I kept running across these focus group studies where teenagers were openly admitting that they were just sharing their passwords with their partners and their friends and it was just a completely normal, almost expected behavior online. And this as a Gen Xer who is a digital immigrant who could never imagine wanting her parents to know her location at all when she was a teenager. I was astounded by how casually they just kind of kept tossing this around. But they also said it was for love and trust reasons. We are showing love when we share our passwords and we share our locations and so forth. But then when the breakups happened, they would say, oh, you know, it actually wasn't really great. Like, they're still accessing my account. It's kind of upsetting, it's kind of stressful. And so the element of why you choose to do it, how common it is, and how much it's kind of expected in an age group I thought was super interesting. And I just had to know more about it. The difference is if you share passwords, it's actually not negative for your relationship. It's when you monitor the accounts. So it's actually when you use the passwords that things kind of start to go awry. There's less relationship Satisfaction, there might be less trust. The reasons are primarily negative, viewed as negative. Now there's convenience as well. You might need to just log into your partner's account to get directions or check a message for them or something like that. But most of the time, the difference between just sharing the password and then going in and monitoring it and using the password is really distinct. And that was one of the more interesting things that I found about that.

[Dr. Samantha Amin]

Your book proposed a new model, the jealousy expression profile theory, to help organize research on communicative response. Communicative responses to jealousy. Can you walk us through that theory and maybe any changes you've had to it since it was published? New ways of thinking about it?

[Dr. Jennifer Bevin]

Yeah. So essentially, there are four profiles that are based on expression. So most of the theories about jealousy, especially with jealousy expression kind of coming up in the rear. Jealousy has been studied in psychology for decades. Still not a lot of theories about it, honestly, that really are cohesive in that work. But I wanted to twist it and turn it on its head and make the way that we express it the primary element. So the four sort of profiles are based on four sort of overarching ways that we can express jealousy, which are established by my dear friend and jealousy researcher, Laura Guerrero. The first one is positive, so constructive, you know, making yourself look better, looking more attractive, talking to your partner. The second one is destructive, so yelling, screaming, accusing, that sort of thing. The third one is avoidant, so just not discussing it, avoiding the person, avoiding the topic. And then the fourth one is rival focused. And so this is where the jealous partner doesn't talk to the partner themselves. They circumvent them and go to the rival. They might contact them. They might kind of surveil them and see who they are and what they do. They might, when the rival is around, show with their partner that they are together. Like signs of possession is what it's called, where you hold hands and put your arm around them. So each of those four are fairly distinct, and they kind of have their own individual profiles. I'll talk a little bit about the positive one. So like I mentioned, increased relationship satisfaction is part of that profile. The rest of them, decreased relationship satisfaction is the way that they are kind of, you know, looked at in terms of relationship quality, females. So pretty much biological sex is the only thing that kind of comes up in terms of these profiles in terms of positive communication, because females consistently in the research express jealousy more positively. And that's probably a function of, you know, we're more relationship minders. We're like very, you know, we are the ones that tend to our relationships and we also culturally aren't really allowed to be loud and angry. So that's what I would say. It's probably not a biological thing. It's probably a gender orientation thing for avoidance, I think it was one of the unique elements of it was being in an early relationship stage. So when you're in an early relationship stage, you might feel jealous, but you're going to be likely to avoid it because you don't want to push the partner away. So there's just unique sort of cognitive, emotional, relational, and individual elements for each of the profiles and things. They haven't really changed a lot since the model's been proposed. I actually haven't done a ton of research on it, which I keep. I have a lovely data set of things that I could probably delve into, which has just gotten away from me as I've gotten further along in my career and have PhD students and stuff. But I just thought it made such intuitive sense and it was really based on the research that had been conducted. And I think it would probably be consistent with the research that's continued to be conducted. But it would be really interesting to be able to look at this in terms of social media.

[Dr. Samantha Amin]

How can we recognize jealousy in ourselves and what can we do about it? What techniques work for you or what techniques does the research say are a good thing to start to implement?

[Dr. Jennifer Bevin]

The first thing I would say is don't feel ashamed or overwhelmed or that you're a bad person if you feel jealous. It's very natural and it's really the only interpersonal emotion. Three people have to be a part of the situation for jealousy to even occur. So I would say don't beat yourself up about it, but then think about how are you thinking about it. Try to spin it so it's more positive. Instead of just ruminating and thinking negative thoughts. Try to establish why. It's probably because you care about your partner and you want to preserve the relationship. And that's a lovely thing to be able to do and want to tell your partner. And then the final thing is you want to communicate it positively. Not at the moment, not in the middle of the party, not on social media in front of everybody, taking that time, putting aside time and telling your partners very openly and calmly that you're experiencing this and it's because you love them so much and you want the relationship to continue. I think that's the best way to approach it. I think that's where you would have the best success in terms of being able to navigate it in a relationship, particularly a romantic relationship.

[Dr. Samantha Amin]

Thank you so much for joining us on this show. That was so fascinating.

[Dr. Jennifer Bevin]

Jennifer. Thank you so much. This is my favorite topic. So

[Dr. Samantha Amin]

Dr. Jennifer Bevin is a professor in the School of Communications at Chapman University.

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[Dr. Samantha Amin]

Each year in the US There are about a million fall related hospitalizations among older adults, which had me wondering, why is this so common? Researchers mapped the brain's role in coordinating balance and how it changes with age. There are three main parts of the brain involved in coordinating balance. There's the fast reflexive brainstem, the filtering gatekeeping, basal ganglia, and the slow, thoughtful cortex. To see how those three parts of the brain work together during balance, a team led by researchers at emory University studied 36 adults, all around 70 years old, some healthy and some with Parkinson's disease. Each person stood on a motorized platform that would suddenly shift under their feet, forward or backward. Unpredictably, they had to try to stay balanced without stepping. And this happened 48 times during all that. Researchers used electrodes to measure muscle activity on their shin and calf as the participants tried to keep balance. And a 16 camera motion capture system tracked how their center of gravity moved. These researchers took the data from all of those recordings and used a mathematical model to reconstruct the muscle responses. This is the really cool part. What they found was that as the platform shift got harder, the cortex got more involved. You can actually see this in the muscle data without even needing to measure brain activity directly. The length of the delay between the platform shifting and the muscles firing was an indicator for which part of the brain was firing. For example, a short delay like 120 milliseconds meant it was probably the brainstem kicking into gear. That's a reflexive response. So it's pretty fast. Unlike the inputs from the cortex, which involve a lot more processing in the brain before it sends signals to the leg muscles. The delay there was closer to 200 milliseconds, so longer. And compared to a similar study in younger people, this older cohort started using the cortex. That's the thinking part of the brain. And they started using it with easier balance tests. Younger brains could handle those same small wobbles automatically, without the thinky cortex getting all involved. For older adults, balance isn't automatic anymore. Staying upright takes more mental effort. They also found that the opposing leg muscle sometimes fired when it shouldn't, working against the balance correction. The timing of that misfire points to the basal ganglia, the part of the brain that's directly damaged in Parkinson's disease. And now all of this is happening in the background every time you simply stand up. These different parts of the brain are responding based on a combination of inputs. What we see inputs from our inner ear and proprioception, that sense of where our body is in sense space. As we age, each of those inputs can degrade, for example, vision and the inner ear vestibular system deteriorate, plus proprioception becomes less sensitive and the loss of some muscle mass and strength makes it harder to correct when you're about to lose your balance. The good news is that exercise, including balance work like Tai Chi, can offset those declines and reduce fall risk even later in life. It really goes to show just how much is going on in our bodies to stay balanced, something we don't even realize we're doing until it stops working For Warner Bros. Discovery Curiosity Weekly is produced by the team at Wheelhouse DNA. The senior producer and editorial correspondent is Teresa Carey, our producer is Chiara Noni, our audio engineer is Nick Kharisimi and head of Production for Wheelhouse DNA is Cassie Berman. And I'm Dr. Samantha Yamin. Thanks for listening.

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[Dr. Samantha Amin]

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