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- [00:00]
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- [00:39]
Host
I need a coffee.
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And you need Lifelock. Because your info is in endless places. It only takes one mistake to expose you to identity theft. LifeLock monitors hundreds of millions of data points a second. If your identity is stolen, we'll fix it, guaranteed or your money back. Save up to 40% your first year at lifelock.com specialoffer terms apply.
- [01:03]
Host
Acast powers the World's best podcasts.
- [01:06]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Here's a show that we recommend.
- [01:11]
Advertiser
Hey folks, looking for a whole new thing to be into? Well, check this then. Check it out. We're the Sloppy Boys, and we're basically like pretty much the new classic guys. We were in a comedy group called the Birthday Boys with Bob Odenkirk, and now we're an indie band and we have a podcast about the drinks of the summer like the Gator Bite or the Grape Gorilla. And we have guests that are music people like Jeff Rosenstock or Stefan from the Band Pup or comedy people like Tom Sharply or Mitch from Doughboys. Yeah, dude.
- [01:40]
Dr. Samantha Amin
We talk about TV and movies and.
- [01:42]
Advertiser
Music like Turnstile or King Giz, and it's completely kind of cool. Ooh, Give it a listen and check it out to see what you think. Don't forget that we're the new classic guys.
- [01:56]
Host
ACAST helps creators launch, grow, and monetize their podcast everywhere.
- [02:02]
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Acast.com.
- [02:09]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Despite thousands of years of scientific research and innovation, there's still so much about our planet that we don't understand. We're constantly trying to find mutually beneficial ways to interact with the Earth so we can evolve nicely together. And science helps us do just that. Whether that means digging up the remains of ancient mega mammals trapped in tar, or eating crickets or capturing methane from cow dung, there are always researchers on the front lines investigating how we can do better. I'm Dr. Samantha Amin, and welcome to Curiosity Weekly from Discovery. Today we're going to get into some entomophagy. That's a very intellectual way to say eating insects with Ali Moore. Then we'll cover the dangers and potential solutions of cow poop. And we're also joined by Dr. Reagan Dunn, who oversees research at the La Brea Tar Pits and Museum in Los Angeles. And and speaking of fascinating research, if there's a story you're dying for us to cover, just let us know. Give us a review on Spotify or Apple podcasts and tell us what kind of science you think we should be looking into next. You just might hear it on a future episode.
- [03:16]
Advertiser
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- [03:48]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Understand that energy isn't just what happens when you flip a switch, it's what happens afterwards. It's a home that can provide both shelter and peace of mind. It's a business that can run more efficiently and keep their dream alive. And it's communities that can thrive today and flourish tomorrow. That's energy. And that's why we partner with local utility companies to help you save energy and lower costs. For cash incentives and resources that can help power your life, visit energytrust.org.
- [04:21]
Host
If.
- [04:21]
Dr. Samantha Amin
You think that carbon dioxide is the main villain when it comes to climate change, let me introduce you to its less sexy but equally hazardous cousin, methane. It's a silent but deadly greenhouse gas escaping from dairy farms. Methane accounts for about 11% of global emissions by mass, but it's more potent than carbon dioxide at first. In the first 20 years it spends in the atmosphere, it can trap over 80 times more heat than the same amount of carbon dioxide, but it doesn't last as long in the atmosphere. Methane breaks down quickly within a decade or so. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is like the best down sleeping bag on the market. Think mummy bag style with a hood. That's because it keeps Earth insulated for centuries or longer, making its warming effects persistent and harder to reverse. Given how much temperatures have risen in just A generation. I'd say we need to focus on both the short and the long term. Methane has a reputation for being produced by cow farts, but in reality, methane comes from the breakdown or decay of any organic material. About a quarter of California's methane emissions comes from decomposing cow poop on farms. Cow dung is typically stored in these water filled pits on dairy farms, which is a recipe for oxygen hating microbes to thrive, releasing methane gas as they digest the dung. So a collaboration between the University of California, Riverside, a dairy farm and California Bioenergy thought, what if we could capture that method and convert it into something else? And that is exactly what they did. The farm worked with the company to use what's called an anaerobic digester to seal the manure pond. It looks like a giant balloon like tarp over the poop pit. The team measured the methane levels in the local atmosphere before implementing the digester and then after to see what difference it made. And they found the digester worked incredibly well. Methane emissions in the area were reduced by around 80%. This gas tight seal let them trap the methane so it can be cleaned and used as renewable natural gas. Building an anaerobic digester is no small feat though. It takes permits, money and a lot of upkeep and monitoring to prevent leaks. While carbon dioxide gets all the headlines. And it is important innovation and collaboration, targeting methane might give us an edge when it comes to slowing down climate change. The only place in the whole world where you can visit Ice Age fossils beyond being actively excavated in the middle of a city is at the La Brea Tar Pits in la. To learn more about the mysteries being unearthed in this historic urban site, we are thrilled to be joined by Deputy Director and Assistant Curator of La Brea tar Pitzen Museum, Dr. Reagan Dunn. She's a paleobotanist whose research seeks to understand the interplay between climate, plants and evolution through time. Welcome to the show, Reagan.
- [07:09]
Host
Hello, Sam. Thank you for having me on.
- [07:11]
Dr. Samantha Amin
I want to just talk about what they are and what makes them so significant for paleontology.
- [07:16]
Host
Yeah, sure. It's a, it's an excellent example of a fossil site where everything that passed by or grew in the area had the opportunity to get trapped in these so called tar pits. And what tar pits are, are seeps of petroleum that have come from the oil field below the La Brea Tar Pits and seeped up to the surface, spreading out every year, year by year. And they're very sticky. And so over this 50,000 year time period, these really sticky Traps have been exposed at different times. And so animals that have wandered by very seldomly, it seems, made it through these traps. And so their, their bodies were entrapped in the asphalt, the soft tissue decayed, and all those bones and insect bodies and plant parts all were buried liquid asphalt and eventually buried deeper, deeper into the ground, where they are preserved in near pristine condition, leaving a record of Los Angeles of the last 50,000 years. It's quite phenomenal.
- [08:25]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Why would they stumble to this area? Like, what made them so attracted to this tarry landscape? Wouldn't they want to avoid it?
- [08:33]
Host
The ecosystems of Los Angeles were just really diverse at the time. There were at least 230 Species of vertebrates wandering around the area. We liken it to the African savanna today. And so you can imagine walking out into African vista, you have all kinds of different animals. And that's what Los Angeles was like during the Pleistocene or the Ice Age. And another reason that the tar pits may have been very attractive is that there's been water streaming through the area for a long time, long periods of time. So we have evidence of streams, ponds, even ephemeral lakes that existed in the area over this time frame. And so in a relatively dry area, the tar pits would have been a good place for water and tasty delights. If you're a carnivore looking for an.
- [09:25]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Entrapped meal, that's so cool that it's so well preserved because of this natural phenomenon from the petroleum, how is that preserving the remains of the animals and the flora and fauna so faithfully?
- [09:37]
Host
Yeah, you can imagine if you're a gardener and like to preserve your crops, sometimes you pickle them, sometimes you put things in vegetable oil. Right. And it preserves things for a very long time. And so oil is impermeable to water and to oxygen. So that oil preserves the specimens and keeps them from having any interactions with microbes that might destroy the bones and the vegetation matter. And it also keeps oxygen from penetrating and going back and forth and with air and oxidation. And so what you have are just these perfectly sort of pickled in asphalt specimens.
- [10:22]
Dr. Samantha Amin
I never thought I'm totally picturing olives now because I could eat those. Like popcorn?
- [10:28]
Host
Yeah, exactly. Like sardines or something now.
- [10:31]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Yeah. Me picturing little mini dire wolves in an olive jar. So thanks a lot. When we hear paleontology, I think a lot of us picture bones. But you're a paleobotanist, an ancient plant expert. Are there any unique challenges when it comes to studying something like plants which are Much more soft and don't have those high integrity bones to hold their shape. What are the extra challenges that come with studying them through fossils?
- [10:58]
Host
Well, the great thing about paleobotany is, is that plants have several different organs, different parts that can preserve. So that includes wood. Wood, of course, is hard, you know, almost as hard as bones, and has been preserved for, you know, millions and millions of years. We also have things like leaves and foliage that can be preserved really well in the asphalt, which is surprising. So you can find deposits of leaf mat that is mixed with this asphalt. We treat that by removing the asphalt with solvents. And what you end up with is a pile of leaves that look like they just fell off the tree yesterday. It's pretty, pretty remarkable at this site. But we also get a variety of seeds and cones, things like pine cones. You know, those are woody and very hard. Seeds are often very hard so that they're protected so that they can germinate and grow. And then we have the teeny, tiny things, including pollen spores and these things called phytoliths, which translates to plant stones, which are little silica particles that form in plant tissues when the plants are growing. And so both pollen and phytoliths are tiny. You need a high powered microscope to see them. You could line up four end to end on a single strand of fine hair.
- [12:22]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Wow, that's tiny.
- [12:22]
Host
Yeah, they're tiny, but they're really durable. They can last for millions of years in soils, fossil soils. And then pollen also is made of sporopolinin, which is one of the toughest biomolecules known. And so we have spores that are as old as the earliest land plants, which are like 500 million years old. Plants are tougher than they look.
- [12:48]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Wow. I picture a lot when I think of a plant fossil. I'm picturing an impression in the rock. But in this case, because the tar is so good at preserving, you're actually getting the structure itself that's lasting through time.
- [13:00]
Host
That's correct. You get the exact thing that is.
- [13:04]
Dr. Samantha Amin
So wild, I guess, literally, but no pun intended. Can you tell me more about that journey of how something goes from being discovered in the asphalt to being dating it, logging it in the archive, studying it further.
- [13:19]
Host
We have excavations ongoing every day on our site, as excavations have been going on for over 100 years in the area. Today, most of our sites are found using excavators during construction projects in the area, which there's been quite a few. And that involves using like dental tools and solvent. So we loosen and soften the asphalt and then pick away at the sediments and then remove the materials. So it's almost like pickup sticks. You have these big jumbles of bones and wood all tangled up together. The specimens are plucked from the asphaltic sediment. And I should clarify here that the fossils themselves are preserved in sediment that is penetrated with asphalt. So the fossils, a lot of people seem to think that the fossils are just bobbing around in this liquid asphalt, but they're not. They're actually solidly cemented in sediment that has the asphalt all around it.
- [14:23]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Okay, interesting. Yeah, that's actually kind of similar to how we preserve things today in let's say a biomedical lab where you infuse them with some kind of substance in a harder substrate. Okay, interesting.
- [14:35]
Host
Yeah, exactly. But it's kind of like natural and ancient how we make roads. You know, you look at, go out and exam the road bed and you'll see there's all kinds of like rocks and little gravelly bits in there. It's kind of like that. It's just that our bits are fossils. It's pretty similar.
- [14:52]
Dr. Samantha Amin
That's pretty cool. Yeah.
- [14:53]
Host
Of course, later on, the discovery of oil in the Los Angeles basin transformed Los Angeles in other ways. The metro in particular is being built just south of the, the tar pits in Hancock Park. And the oil field doesn't necessarily extend all the way to where they're digging. And so I think that was intentional so that they were, they were able to dig the tunnels in ground that wasn't totally saturated with asphalt. But there have been some very interesting discoveries.
- [15:27]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Wow. Can you tell us some of the research going on right now and what you're most excited about uncovering from the tar?
- [15:35]
Host
Yes, absolutely. Well, we, we've been very interested in the extinct of the late Pleistocene. And this extinction event meant the loss of about two thirds of the world's largest animals, mega mammals, you can call them the ice age megafauna. And those are animals that are typically over 100 pounds, 45 kilograms.
- [16:00]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Okay. Big.
- [16:01]
Host
Yeah, they're big. You know, this is like the giant ground sloths, the Smilodon, the saber toothed cat, dire wolves, mammoths and mastodons, the American lion, you know, which is like twice as big as, as African lions are today. Short faced bears, you know, much larger than the grizzly. So there's this interval in time in this last glacial to de. Glacial transition where the world really globally, except for Africa, sees this major extinction of these large bodied animals. And it's been a mystery about the causation for a long time. So the La Brea tar pits offers this opportunity to really dive during this interval, because that time period is preserved with a lot, a lot of animal remains. The thing about the tar pits is that all the bones are all jumbled up together. So you can have bones that are 20,000 years different in age, but they're all jumbled together. And so to understand the age of each specimen, you have to get a radiocarbon date for each individual specimen to understand when these animals disappear.
- [17:13]
Dr. Samantha Amin
So is the idea if you could put them in a timeline, basically you could start to understand what might have caused or even to know if it happened all at once or gradually. Is that the goal?
- [17:23]
Host
We published a paper in 2013 that discusses this. And what we learned is that in a very short time period, about a 200 year time period, between 13,200 years ago and 13,000 years ago, populations of all of our large beasts disappeared pretty much in a geologic instance. I mean, 200 years is a long time for us, but in geological time, that's just like less than a blink of an eye. And so once we know when the extinction happened, then we can look at the other paleo environmental clues to understand why the extinction happened. And so that's been really key with the La Brea deposits is pinpointing when the extinction happened. And now we have looked at the different environmental records, which basically come from plants and other proxies, we call them, or paleo thermometers and paleo rain gauges and paleo fire reconstructions to understand the process, combining all these different data sets. These animals disappeared during a period of extreme warming, about 5 1/2 degrees Celsius warming in a pretty short interval. Several droughts that lasted from 100 to 300 years long. During this last interval, the most severe, we had this very severe drought, very dry conditions and extreme heat. And then all of a sudden, a breakout of wildfire. So this massive increase in wildfire activity starting at 13,200 years ago, and this process went on for about over 300 years. The fires actually extended about 400 years in duration. So it's not like, you know, the wildfires we've had here in Los Angeles recently. It's like having that every year in different areas and pretty extensive burning of vegetation, which really led to a transformation of the types of vegetation that was here. And we attribute that sudden outbreak in wildfire to both the climatic conditions which created this extreme fire weather, but also the addition of a new source of ignition in Southern California that we Hypothesize are from people populating Los Angeles and Southern California. Even during similar climatic events, there was very little wildfire just because there's very little natural sources for fire ignition. There's hardly any lightning in Southern California on the coast. And it's the same time period when human populations are really increasing in North America. And also we know that humans are in this in Southern California because there's human remains that date to about 13,000 years ago from the Channel Islands.
- [20:21]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Oh, wow. So it was us then and it's us now. Interesting.
- [20:24]
Host
So yeah, it's very poignant and that's why we're interested in it because of, you know, the global warming, the drought and the wildfire. But now we're also branching out to other locations in North America and South America using the same process, getting lots and lots of dates and trying to understand what the environmental conditions in each location were that may have caused the extinction of the megafauna across the continent and then of course, more globally.
- [20:51]
Dr. Samantha Amin
It really shows us how studying the past can inform the present day and also the future. Is there a discovery that you find the most interesting in recent memory that was found at the tar pits?
- [21:02]
Host
Right now we are working on a large project with the birds and we're amassing a huge amount of radiocarbon dates to understand our bird population and all total we have about 140 species of birds identified from the tar pits. That's kind of sad, but birds really love to get stuck in asphalt. It's a tragedy, but it's left her a very a fantastic fossil record. And we know at least 20 of those species went extinct. And so that's about 14% extinction of the birds. And so stay tuned because I think we'll have something out by the end of this year, hopefully on that.
- [21:45]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Dr. Reagan Dunn is a paleobotanist and deputy director and assistant curator at the La Brea Tar Pits Museum in LA. Thanks, Dr. Dunn.
- [21:53]
Host
Thank you, Sam.
- [21:59]
Advertiser
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- [23:03]
Dr. Samantha Amin
If you've ever shuddered at the idea of eating insects, you're definitely not alone. Here in Canada and the US bugs aren't exactly a staple on our dinner plates. But globally, about 2 billion people, almost a quarter of the world's population, have insects as part of their diets. Entomophagyento, like insect and phagy, meaning eat, is especially common across Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. And while it might be unfamiliar to us, eating insects could offer some surprising benefits, especially when it comes to global food security and the climate. We're joined by Ali Moore. Ali's a leader in insect agriculture, plus a passionate educator and advocate for all things edible bugs. Welcome to the show.
- [23:47]
Ali Moore
My pleasure.
- [23:48]
Dr. Samantha Amin
What role do you see insect protein playing in addressing the global protein gap and food security issues? Like, what does that look like when it comes to insects?
- [23:57]
Ali Moore
Yeah, insects. We've had existing industry for years to feed exotic pets and birds and snakes. It's not like the cricket. Farming is totally new. It's new for humans and it's new for industrialized feed. But insects will hopefully fill the protein gap. Better feed aquaculture, the fastest growing protein industry in the U.S. i think the world. And then their poop will help us with domestic food security. We need access to fertilizer domestically.
- [24:26]
Dr. Samantha Amin
I mean, this is something I'm really interested in is the farming practices, because it's not like you're just plucking insects off the sidewalk or something. So I'm curious if you can share how the farming practices differ from, let's say conventional livestock farming in terms of resource use, like land, water, and even feed requirements. Like, what's an insect farm look like?
- [24:49]
Ali Moore
Typically, the lower you go on the food chain, the more efficient it gets. And insects being so small and so close to the bottom, they're incredibly efficient. Just like a chicken is a little bit more efficient than a pig, which is a little bit more efficient than a cow. These are all ballpark estimates because it varies dramatically species to species and like with the specifics of the farming practice, but it uses about 80% less water than traditional livestock farming. They use about 12 times less feed than cows. Insects are not warm blooded so they don't waste energy converting feed into like heat and other things. So they're also great for urban farming or for the future of space travel. They don't just produce the protein, they can fill the protein gap. They can clean up our soil and they can be fed organic waste and they bioconvert it, meaning they turn them into their body which is feed and their poop which is fertilizer. So it's pretty incredible.
- [25:44]
Dr. Samantha Amin
And then what do we know about their nutritional value? When it comes to an insect we might eat like a cricket or a grasshopper compared to something like animal protein like beef or chicken or even a plant based protein.
- [25:59]
Ali Moore
There's differing benefits depending on the species. But crickets, they have more iron than spinach. They have lots of calcium and magnesium and phosphorus. So they have all the macronutrients, all nine essential amino acids. It's highly bioavailable. If you're looking for those omega 3s and 6s like you get from fish or avocados, then you'll want a worm or a grub because those are a little higher. That's why crickets and mealworms are the most popular. They have a pretty high protein content. And then if you want something more niche like ancient Chinese medicine has used ants for thousands of years. That's because they have natural sources of zinc which is like what you eat a coldies for a riddle I like to use is what's heavier, a pound of bowling balls or a pound of feathers Because a lot of people. Yeah, it's the, it's the pound. And so yes you need the same. Yeah, so you need more crickets, it's about 452 to create a serving again with way less resource intensive farming practices. So lots of different insects with lots of different benefits.
- [27:01]
Dr. Samantha Amin
But then if you're having like I think you said 452 crickets for a serving, wouldn't that require so, so so much farming of crickets and then we'd have way more number than our ecosystem is used to. And I'm just curious if we know about those effects when it comes to insects.
- [27:20]
Ali Moore
Insects are one important for biodiversity. Like we comparatively we have scaled up other parts of agriculture, left out insects. So those could do with a scale up. We need things to consume more organic waste. We need things to do bioremediation work, which is a fancy way of saying clean up the water, clean up the land in terms of space and impact on the environment. Some insect species are better than others. Crickets produce a lot of ammonia and that could be a little bit stinky. Black soldier fly larvae don't. But the amount of crickets that you could raise in a vertical farm will produce as much protein as a pasture full of cows. So the scale is really different. You can really ramp up protein production in a very small space in the.
- [28:06]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Same hand where they can be helpful for, I think you said bioremediation and maybe cleaning up some parts of the environment. I was also wondering about any risks with ingesting them after they've done that kind of thing. And so when it comes to like toxicology risks or, or even from insect transmitted diseases or pesticides that they might have come into contact with, what do we know about the safety? And when it comes to ingesting insects, interacting with the environment in this way.
- [28:37]
Ali Moore
There'S some general safety announcements. One, if you're allergic to shellfish, you might be allergic to insects. The exoskeleton contains the similar enzymes. And two, don't go outside, especially in big cities and just eat bugs off the ground. That's a quick way to get it.
- [28:52]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Just maybe a bit of pollution there.
- [28:54]
Ali Moore
Yeah, yeah. So it's always recommended to cook insects before consuming them. The insect farming practices are very clean and very like they're regulated. You'll be fine if you get them from a human grade farm.
- [29:09]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Are there any recent scientific advancements or research when it comes to insect farming or insect based foods that really excite you? When it comes to insect agriculture?
- [29:20]
Ali Moore
What I'm most excited about right now is the quantification of just how much insect frass their fertilizer poop helps soil. It improves its ability to retain water, decreases nutrient runoff. Soil is like it's a bunch of tiny microbes that hold so much carbon. So repairing that has a huge impact on our future ability to grow food and the future of the planetary health.
- [29:43]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Is there a most promising insect species when it comes to filling these gaps? Like are there, I don't know, fan favorites or most likely most easy to work with when it comes to scale?
- [29:55]
Ali Moore
Yeah, I think most likely to change the world. Black soldier fly larva. That's a fancy word for maggot. They're actually delicious.
- [30:02]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Well, not in cheese, right?
- [30:04]
Ali Moore
Yeah, the maggot cheese. Exactly. So they're really super powerful. I'm very excited for that.
- [30:10]
Dr. Samantha Amin
So what first sparked your interest in eating these things?
- [30:14]
Ali Moore
I was interested in public health originally pre med, but became disillusioned with the lack of upstream solutions that the medical system provided. And as a part of that public health study, one summer we went to Mexico. And I'm also an adventurous eater. I was trying things like tacos de chapulines, which are grasshoppers. They're seasoned with like tajin and lime and salt and they're really good. That got me interested in exploring the world. But my interest was not originally scientific. The main reason I got into this space deeper was I got to know the early companies and the pioneers in the insect industry are motivated by something wholly different than other startup founders. It's not like a sexy tech company. It's something that is culturally disapproved of and that gets a lot of shrieks and ew and there's not a lot of funding. So the people doing this are doing it because they truly believe that insects are this missing species that complete the food circle and create circularity within agricultural systems. So I fell in love with the people and the mission and have been there for life.
- [31:23]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Ali, thank you so much for joining us on the show. You can find out more about edible insects and Ali's work at Buggable. That's buggable with an I.com and you can find her on social media. Buggable for Warner Bros. Discovery Curiosity Weekly is produced by the team at Wheelhouse DNA. The senior producer and editorial correspondent is Teresa Carey.
- [31:47]
Host
Our producer is Chiara Noni, our audio.
- [31:50]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Engineer is Nick Kharisimi and head of Production for Wheelhouse DNA is Cassie Berman. And I'm Dr. Samantha Youmeen. Thanks for listening. At Energy Trust of Oregon, we understand that energy isn't just what happens when you flip a switch, it's what happens afterwards. It's a home that can provide both shelter and peace of mind. It's a business that can run more efficiently and keep their dream alive. And it's communities that can thrive today and flow flourish tomorrow. That's energy. And that's why we partner with local utility companies to help you save energy and lower costs. For cash incentives and resources that can help power your life, visit energytrust.org.
- [32:41]
Host
Ah.
- [32:42]
Dr. Samantha Amin
I'm sensing plumbing problems. Worry not. With American Home Shield, you can now video chat with live repair experts for help with home fixes over the phone. Talk to a real human expert over video chat who can help get that home system or appliance back on track. Ah, sounds like peace of mind. American Home Shield. Don't worry, be warranty. Visit ahs.com listen for 20% off any.
- [33:05]
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- [33:11]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Warranty Close your eyes. Visualize your appliances and home systems. Protected Covered Repairs and replacements taken care of. Washers, dryers, AC units. Now say it with me American Home Shield Warranty American Home Shield don't worry.
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- [33:43]
Host
ACAST powers the World's best Podcasts Here's a show that we recommend. Hey guys. Welcome to Giggly Squad, a place where.
- [33:53]
Dr. Samantha Amin
We make fun of everything, but most importantly ourselves.
- [33:56]
Ali Moore
I'm Paige desorbo.
- [33:57]
Dr. Samantha Amin
I'm Hannah Berner.
- [33:58]
Ali Moore
Welcome to the Squad.
- [34:00]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Giggly Squad started on Summer House when we were giggling during an inappropriate time.
- [34:04]
Ali Moore
But of course we can't be managed.
- [34:06]
Dr. Samantha Amin
So we decided to start this podcast to continue giggling.
- [34:09]
Ali Moore
We will make fun of pop culture news. We're watching Fashion Trends Pep talks where we give advice, mental health moments and games and guests.
- [34:17]
Dr. Samantha Amin
Listen to Giggly Squad on ACAST or wherever you get your podcasts.
- [34:22]
Host
ACAST helps creators launch, grow and monetize their podcasts everywhere.
- [34:28]
Advertiser
Acast.com.