Expedia Representative (10:52)

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Elon Musk (11:21)

Travel making science fiction no longer fiction. So in order to achieve this goal, we have to be, we have to make rapidly reusable rockets so that the cost per flight, the cost per ton to Mars is as low as possible. That's essential. So for that rapidly reusable rockets, I said it's actually four hours. It's like a pirate, it's like rapidly reusable reliable rockets is the key RR. Now we've congrats to the SpaceX team on making incredible progress on catching a giant rocket. So it's really mind blowing that the SpaceX team has been able to catch the largest flying object ever made multiple times using a very novel method of catching it out of the air with giant chopsticks. I mean, have you ever seen that before? Yeah, congrats again. That was an incredible achievement. So the reason we are catching it in this way, which has never been done before, is in order to achieve the rapidly reusable portion of the, in order to make the rocket rapidly reusable. So if it is, if the super heavy booster, which is gigantic, it's like 30ft in diameter, if it were to land with landing legs on a landing pad, we would then have to pick it up, stow the legs and put it back in the launch pad. And that's, it's quite difficult to transport such a large thing. But if we catch it with the same tower that it's used to put it in the launch mount to begin with, that is the best case outcome for rapid reuse. So it literally gets caught by the same arms that placed it in the launch in launch ring and then it is placed back in the launch ring immediately. So in principle the super heavy booster can be reflown within an hour of landing. So it comes back in about five or six minutes one way or another. And then it gets caught by the tower arms placed back in the launch mount and then you can refill propellant in about 30 to 40 minutes and, and place a ship on top of it. And in principle refly the entire booster every hour, maybe every two hours to be, give it a little bit of extra time. But let's just say it's, it's very, it's in the limit of rapid reuse. And then the next thing we need to do is catch the ship too. So we haven't done this yet, but we will. So that's what we hope to demonstrate later this year, maybe as soon as two or three months from now. And then the ship would be placed on top of the booster and then again refilled with propellant and flown again with the ship. It takes a bit longer because it's got to orbit earth a few times until the ground track comes back over the launch pad. But the ship is also intended to be reflown multiple times per day. This is the. The new Raptor 3, which is an awesome engine. Big hand to the Raptor team for this. This is very exciting. So Raptor 3 is designed to require no basic heat shield, Saving a lot of mass on the bottom and actually improving reliability. So that if there is, for example, a small fuel leak from the Raptor engine, It will simply leak into the existing flaming plasma and not really matter. Whereas a fuel leak when the engines are contained in a box is a very scary thing indeed. So this is a Raptor 3. It'll take probably a few kicks at the can, but it will be is a massive increase in payload capability, in engine efficiency and in reliability. So this is really a revolutionary engine. Raptor 3 is really, I'd say, kind of alien technology rocket engine. I mean, even industry experts, when we showed a picture of the Raptor 3, said, that engine is not complete. So then we said, well, here's the engine not complete, Firing at a level of efficiency that has never been achieved before. So I mean, that is one clean engine. So in order to make the engine like that, we had to simplify. So many parts of the design incorporate secondary fluid circuits and electronics in the structure of the engine itself. So everything is contained and protected. It is a marvel of engineering, frankly. Then one of the other technologies that's key for Mars is, is doing orbital propellant transfer. So you can think of this like, similar to aerial refueling for airplanes, but in this case, it's orbital refilling of rockets, which has never been done before, but it is, you know, technically feasible. Always feel like these things are a little NSFW sort of, listen, you got to transfer fluid somehow. There's no. This has got to be done. So the. But the two starships would get together and one starship would transfer fuel and oxygen, and actually most of the mass is oxygen. It's almost 80% oxygen that gets transferred a little over 20% fuel. And so you send a starship to orbit that's full of payload, and then you send a bunch of other starships up and you would refill the propellant on that starship. And once the, the propellant tanks are mostly full, then you can depart for the Mars, for Mars or the moon or. Yeah. So this is an important Technology which we should hopefully demonstrate next year. So then with the. One of the toughest problems to solve is the reusable heat shield. So no, no one has ever developed a truly reusable orbital heat shield. So it's extremely difficult to do. So even the shuttle shuttle's heat shield required several months of refurbishment, basically fixing broken tiles, testing each tile. And because it's an extremely hard problem to be able to withstand the extreme heat and pressure of re entry. And the only things that can really withstand this level of heat are advanced sort of ceramics, kind of, you know, basically glass alumina, sometimes of carbon. Carbon, but very, very little actually can survive the. With reusability, without eroding or falling off or cracking, can survive the stresses of reentry. So this will be the first time that it's done.

Expedia Representative (21:30)

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Elon Musk (22:01)

Shield is developed and it needs to be obviously extremely reliable. So this will be something that we're working on for a few years, I think, to keep honing the heat shield. It is an achievable thing. So we're not trying to do something that isn't achievable. It is within the realm of physics to get this done. Just an extraordinarily difficult thing to get done. And the Mars atmosphere is carbon dioxide, which at first may seem better, but actually it ends up being worse because when the CO2 turns into a plasma and you've got. You actually end up with more free oxygen entering on a Mars atmosphere than on Earth atmosphere. So Earth's atmosphere is only around 20% oxygen. And Mars ends up being basically more than double that, maybe triple that when you consider when the CO2 becomes a plasma and you get carbon and O2, so that wants to oxidize the heat shield, basically burn the heat shield. So that's why we tested very rigorously in a CO2 atmosphere, because it's got to work not just for Earth, but also for Mars. And we want to use the same heat shield for Earth that we use for Mars, because there are many other factors with the heat shield, such as making sure the tiles don't crack or fall off or anything. Like that. So we want to have the same heat shield structure, same material on Earth as on Mars. So we can test it hundreds of times on Earth before going to Mars and be confident that when it goes to Mars it will work. So we developing some next generation starships which are have a number of improvements versus our current gen. So it's taller for example, and has a, a better inter. Kind of a. The interstage between the ship and the booster. You can see that sort of the, the, the sort of struts there that makes it easier for the flame. Ah, like that right there. When doing hot staging, which is when we light the ship's engines while the booster's engines are still firing, the flame from the ship engines can more easily exit through the open struts of the new interstage. And in this case we'll bring the struts interstage back with us instead of throwing it away. So a little more height here, 72 meters from around 69 repellent capacity. I think we'll probably push that up a little, maybe 3,700 tons long term. My guess is we're maybe around 4,000 tons and but just sort of just over 8, you know, sort of 8,000. Probably like 8,300. This will keep getting up. My guess is ultimately we're 4,000 tons here, close to 10,000 tons of thrust. But this is kind of the next, the next level or the next version of the super heavy. So the booster will look a little naked on the bottom because the, the Raptor 3 engines don't require a heat shield. So it looks like there's kind of parts missing. But that's just because the Raptor heat shield does not, the Raptor 3 does not need a heat shield. So it's just, it's just standing there there in a bathed in flaming plasma. But it's a lot lighter. Yep, integrated hot stage. I think it looks amazing. And the ship's a little more, a little longer, a little more capable. Moving to 1550 tons of propellant capacity. My guess is this probably ends up 20% more than this long term. And yeah, you can see the heat shield is sleeker. So much smoother boundaries as the boundary of the heat shield going to the leeward side is very smooth. No more jagged tiles like it looks very sleek. So in this version we still have six engines, but a future version will have nine. But with the Rafter 3 again we have improved reduced mass, higher specific impulse. The Starship version 3 is really the, the version that is I think Achieves all of the key elements. I mean generally with any new technology it takes three major, three major iterations of any major technology, of any new technology to have it really, really work well. And this with Raptor 3 and Starship and Booster version 3, it should be able to achieve all of the things that I just mentioned, which is rapidly reusable reliable rocket with orbital refilling. Basically all of the ingredients necessary to make life multi planetary will be achieved with version three of Starship, which we're aiming to launch for the first time at the end of this year. Yeah, so you can see this is kind of where things are on the left, where things will be end of this year, in the middle and as I was saying, kind of where things will be probably long term, yeah, 142 meters. So but the one in the middle is, is, will be fully capable of, of doing Mars and thereafter we'll, it'll be a lot of performance improvements. And as, as has been the case with Falcon 9, we always end up making the rocket longer and increasing payload. So that's, that's, that's the game plan pretty straightforward. But it's important to emphasize even with the rocket that will be launching just at the end of this year, it will be capable of making life multi planetary and thereafter it's, it's just about continuing to hone the efficiency and capability of the rocket and, and reduce the cost per ton and reduce the cost per person to Mars and, and like I said, ultimately make it so that anyone who wants to move to Mars and help build a new civilization can do so. So anyone out there like how cool that would that be? And even if you don't want to do it, maybe that you have a son or daughter who wants to do that or a friend who wants to do it. And I think it would be the adventure that the best adventure that one could possibly do is to go and help build a new civilization on a new planet. So yeah, ultimately we'll have 42 engines, which it was inevitable. As the prophecy foretold by the great prophet Douglas Adams in his, you know, book the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, the answer to the meaning of life is 42. And so inevitably the Starship stack will have 42 engines. And in terms of payload to orbit, what's remarkable is that it's 200 tons of Starship will have 200 tons payload to orbit with full reusability. So this is twice the capability of the Saturn V moon rocket. The Saturn 5 moon rocket was fully Expendable starship is fully reusable but will have twice the payload to orbit of the next biggest rocket that made it to orbit, which is a Saturn V. In fact, if without reusability, Starship would have about 400 tons of payload to orbit. So this is a, this is a very big rocket is what I'm saying. So but you need a big rocket, you know, to, you know, make life multi planetary. And then along the way we could do very cool things like have a moon base, like Moon Base Alpha. Long ago there was a TV show about Moon Base Alpha. You can't, couldn't think about the physics of that too much because apparently like the moon base was like drifting away from us. But anyway, we should have a Moon.

Expedia Representative (32:06)

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Elon Musk (32:22)

Just the next step after the Apollo program would be to have a base on the moon so you could like, you could have a, like a gigantic, you know, science station. Doing research about the nature of the universe on the moon would be very cool. So in terms of like, when can you go to Mars? So you can go to Mars every two years or every 26 months. So the next Mars opportunity is at the end of next year in about 18 months. So November, December is the next Mars opportunity. So we'll try to make that opportunity. If we get lucky. I think we'll probably have a 50, 50 chance right now because we've got to, we've got to figure out orbital refilling in order to have enough capability to go to Mars. But if we achieve orbital refilling in time, then we will launch the first uncrewed starship to Mars at the end of next year. So this gives you an illustration of how does a spaceship go from Earth to Mars. So you got blue Earth there and red Mars. And I mean the actual distance traveled on the Ark is close to it, like a thousand times further than the moon. So you can't just go straight to Mars. You have to create this elliptical orbit with Earth at one point and Mars at the other side at the far end of the ellipse. And then time, the time the, where you are in that or in that ellipse to intersect with Mars and this. So this is the orbital transfer, how you do orbital transfer from Earth to Mars. And if you look on your Starlink WI FI router, you'll see this image because the Starlink WI fi is what Is or Starlink. Internet is what's being used to pay for humanity getting to Mars. So I just like to thank everyone out there who has bought Starlink because you're helping, helping secure the future of civilization and helping make life multiple, multi planetary and helping make humanity a space bearing civilization. Thank you. So this is a tentative game plan here where we're hoping to, that we're hoping to achieve, where we increase the cadence of flights to Mars dramatically with every launch window. So every, every roughly two years, we are dramatically increasing the number of ships that go to Mars and ultimately try to get to a thousand or two thousand ships, you know, per Mars rendezvous. I mean as a rough order of magnitude, this just guesses obviously, but we need to get about a million tons is my guess, to the surface of Mars to make a civilization or Mars self sustaining again. To that critical point where if the resupply shifts from Earth stop coming for any reason, Mars still succeeds. Mars can still grow. And so you can't be missing anything. You can't be missing even like the equivalent of vitamin C or anything. You've got to have everything you need for Mars to grow. That's, that's essential. So my guess is that's about a million tons. But it might be 10 million tons. I hope it's not 100 million tons. That'd be a lot. But we want to try to get to that point and secure the future of civilization as quickly as possible. So we're looking at different locations. The lead candidate right now is the Arcadia region. So Mars has a lot of real estate, but when you combine all of the factors and say, okay, we need, we can't be too close to the poles, we need to be near ice to get water and can't be too mountainous for the rockets. Then it narrows down to a smaller region. So Arcadia is my daughter's name is Arcadia actually is one of the options. So we got the first starships on Mars, gather critical data. So the first, the first flights there we'll send with the Optimus robot so we can go out there and explore and kind of prepare the way for humans. And that'll be a very cool image if we're able to achieve it by launching end of next year would actually technically arrive in 2027. But that would be an epic picture to see optimists walking around on the surface of Mars. And then with the launching two years later, we would be sending humans. Assuming the first missions are successful and they land successfully would send humans on the next mission. And we really Start building the infrastructure for Mars. So anyway, just to be safe, we might just do two, two landing episodes with the optimists and do the third one with humans. We'll see. So that classic picture of the workers on the Empire State. And then for communications on Mars, we'll be using a version of Starlink to provide Internet on Mars. Yeah. So the speed of light, even at moving at the speed of light, your best case scenario is I guess, I think around three and a half minutes to Mars. And then worst case is 22 minutes or more because Mars is on the other side of the sun from Earth. So anyway, it's quite challenging to do high bandwidth communications with Mars, but Starlink will achieve that. Yeah, and then we'll have the first humans lay the groundwork for permanent presence on the surface. And yeah, the goal, like you said, will be to make Mars self sustaining as quickly as possible. So it's just a sort of rough idea of what things will be like for the first city on Mars. My guess is we'll probably put the launch pads a little further away or the landing pads just in case. But for Mars, we're going to need a lot of solar power. We'll be, you know, since you, you can't really walk around on the surface of Mars at least as yet, until Mars is terraformed to be like Earth, the you, you need to walk around with a Mars suit and be, you know, initially in kind of like glass domes, but it would work. And eventually we can make Mars into an Earth like planet. And we want to get to the point where we're transferring over a million tons at every Mars transfer window. And then that's like a serious civilization, a megaton per transfer window. So yeah, I have a lot of spaceports. I mean because of the fact that you can't fly there continuously and you have to transfer in these windows, you'd have a gathering of a ousand ships or 2000 ships or more than that. So we're looking have this kind of like Battlestar Galactica feel where all these ships are in orbit waiting to depart and, and then that, that all depart. Look, I think an amazing image of all these ships departing at once. And then you're going to need obviously a lot of launch pads, a lot of landing pads on Mars or you'll need to move the, the ships off the landing pad pretty fast. So if you get it, you got, I don't know, a few thousand ships inbound. Probably need at least a few hundred pads, landing pads. And anyway we'll solve that problem later. So. Yeah. Anyway, this is, like, an incredible thing to have, like, this amazing city on Mars, the first city on another planet and a new world. And it's also an opportunity to, I think, for the Martians to rethink how they want civilization to be. So you can maybe rethink, like, what kind of form of government do you want? What new rules do you want to have? There's a lot of freedom and opportunity in Mars to do a recompile on civilization, which will be up to the Martians. So. All right, let's get it done. Thank you, everyone.