A (0:00)

On April 15, 1452, a child was born in the village of Vinci, which was then part of the Republic of Florence. It was the illegitimate son of a peasant woman and a local notary. Given his illegitimate status, no one really expected much of the young man, so he was apprenticed in the studio of a local artist. He would go on to become not just one of the world's greatest artists, but one of the earliest engineers and scientists of the Renaissance. He made such a lasting impact that his name has become known around the world over 500 years later. Learn more about Leonardo da Vinci and how he changed the world on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. This episode is sponsored by Fiji Water. You've probably heard of Fiji Water and have seen it in stores. Well, Fiji Water really is from the islands of Fiji. Drop by drop, Fiji Water is filtered through volcanic rock 1,600 miles away from the nearest continent, in all its pollution protected and preserved naturally from external elements. In this process, it collects a unique profile of electrolytes and minerals, resulting in more than double the electrolytes as the other top two premium bottled water brands, giving Fiji Water its smooth taste. Fiji Water's electrolytes are 100% natural and this water even has a perfectly balanced pH of 7.7. I've recently been trying to reduce my consumption of diet soda and I've found Fiji Water to be a great alternative. Visit your local retailer to pick up some Fiji Water today for your next backyard party, beach day hike, or even your home office. Fiji Water is Earth's finest water. This episode is sponsored by Quince. I've been telling you about Quince for quite a while now, but perhaps it still hasn't sunk in for some of you just how affordable Quince can be. I went to their website and checked out several prices. A woman's Mongolian cashmere tee, which costs up to $175 from other retailers is available for just $44.90 on quints. A men's comfort stretch trench coat that goes as high as $498 on other sites costs only $99.90 on Quinn's, a European linen chambray fitted sheet set that will run you $270 at competitors can be purchased for only $85.90 on Quinn's. These are serious discounts on high end luxury items and they can do this by working directly with top artisans and cutting out the middlemen. Quinn's gives you luxury prices without the markup, passing the savings on to you. Keep it classic and cool. This fall with long lasting staples from quince. Go to quince.com daily for free shipping on your order and 365 day returns. That's Q U I-N-E.com daily free shipping and 365 day returns quints.com daily when I first conceived of the idea for this podcast, I originally had a very different format in mind. My first idea for a pilot episode was to answer the simple question of why the Mona Lisa was the most famous painting in the world. I began researching everything, not just about the painting, but about Leonardo da Vinci. I read Walter Isaacson's biography on him. I watched documentaries and researched his painting style, even though I really didn't know anything about painting at the time. I eventually realized that I had enough content for a three hour episode, if not more, but I shelved the idea and revived the podcast in the form. You know, today I eventually did an episode on the Mona Lisa, but it was of course much shorter than my original plan and likewise, Da Vinci's name has appeared in many different episodes, but I've never done an episode on him, even though he definitely deserves it. And so here we are. As I noted in the introduction, Leonardo di Ser Piero da Vinci or or Leonardo, son of Ser Piero from Vinci, was born in 1452 as an illegitimate child. The legitimacy of his birth was not trivial, but a fundamental fact that loomed over his entire life. He was the illegitimate son of Ser Piero da Vinci, a successful notary, and a peasant woman named Caterina. This illegitimate status, while socially limiting in some ways, paradoxically freed Leonardo from traditional career paths that were expected of legitimate heirs. Growing up in the countryside, young Leonardo developed an intense curiosity about the natural world that would define his entire life. He spent countless hours observing birds in flight, studying the flow of water, and examining plants with the kind of detailed attention that most adults never achieve. This early connection with nature wasn't just a casual interest. It was the foundation of his scientific method, which always began with direct observation rather than rather than accepted authority. Around 1466, when Leonardo was 14, his father recognized his artistic talent and arranged for him to apprentice with Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence. This decision placed Leonardo at the very heart of the Renaissance art world. Verrocchio's workshop wasn't just an art studio it was more like a combination research lab, engineering firm, and manufacturing center. Here, apprentices learned not only painting and sculpture, but also mathematics, anatomy, engineering, and the practical skills needed to create everything from altarpieces to siege weapons. The story often told About Leonardo's time with Verrocchio illustrates his extraordinary talent. When working together on the baptism of Christ, around 1475, Leonardo painted an angel so beautiful and lifelike that Verrocchio reportedly never painted again, recognizing that his student had surpassed him. Whether the story is literally true matters less than what it represents. Leonardo's ability to bring a new level of naturalism and psychological depth to art was apparent from his earliest works. In 1482, Leonardo made a bold career move that reveals much about his character and ambition. He wrote a letter to Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan. Essentially a job application that read like a Renaissance resume. Most of the letter focused not on his artistic abilities, but on his skills as a military engineer. He promised to design portable bridges, siege machines, armored vehicles and naval weapons. Art is mentioned almost as an afterthought, although he does note that he can work in sculpture, painting and architecture as well as any man. The letter shows us that Leonardo saw himself not primarily as an artist, but but as what we might call today a Renaissance engineer scientist. He understood that in the politically turbulent world of 15th century Italy, practical skills in warfare and engineering were more valuable than artistic ability alone. More importantly, it revealed his integrated approach to knowledge. He didn't separate art from science or theory from practice. Everything was interconnected in his mind, which is why he didn't think of himself as exclusively as an artist. The Milan period proved extraordinarily productive. Leonardo worked on numerous projects that showcased his interdisciplinary approach. He designed elaborate court festivals that combined engineering, art and theater. It can be argued that at this point he was probably better known as a set designer than as a painter. He also began serious anatomical studies, dissecting corpses to understand how the human body actually worked. Knowledge he applied to both his art and engineering projects. He filled notebook after notebook with observations, designs and theories, using his famous mirror writing. With it, it was possible for Leonardo to keep his ideas secret. Or he may have just used it simply because as a left handed person, it prevented smudging. During this time, Leonardo also began work on what would become one of his most famous paintings, the Last Supper, painted on the wall of the refractory in the convent of Santa Maria delle Grazzi. This work demonstrates Leonardo's revolutionary approach to art. Rather than simply illustrating a Bible scene, as most painters would have done, he created a psychological drama capturing the moment when Christ announced that one of his disciples would betray him. Each apostle reacts differently, their emotions and personalities revealed through gesture and expression. Leonardo spent years on this painting, studying how light fell how fabric drapes and how hands express emotion. When French forces conquered Milan in 1499, Leonardo's comfortable position ended very abruptly. And this began a period of life characterized by constant movement and increasingly ambitious projects. He worked briefly in Venice, where he designed naval defenses against Ottoman Turkish threats to the harbor. He returned to Florence, where he began several major paintings, including his famous Mona Lisa. But many of the paintings he worked on were never completed. It was during this period that Leonardo undertook one of his most ambitious a massive mural for the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence depicting the Battle of Anghiari. Though the work was never completed and the partial work later destroyed, preparatory sketches that still exist show Leonardo's ability to capture the chaos and violence of war with unprecedented realism. He studied horses in motion, analyzed how muscles move under stress, and observed how fabric and hair behave in violent action. Leonardo's notebooks from this period reveal the full scope of his intellectual ambitions. He designed flying machines based on careful observations of birds in flight. He studied hydraulics and designed canals and irrigation systems. He investigated optics, geology, botany, and astronomy. Most remarkably, he began to see patterns and connections between seemingly unrelated phenomena. He noticed that the branching patterns of rivers resembled those of blood vessels, which in turn resembled the branching of trees. This wasn't a poetic metaphor, but a scientific insight. Leonardo was discovering fundamental principles that govern natural systems. Much has been made of Leonardo's inventions, such as early versions of submarines, helicopters and airplanes. Modern people have attempted to create his designs, and most of them don't work as intended. However, that really wasn't the point. Leonardo was the first person to even consider these ideas. No one else had even given the concept of flight enough thought to write their ideas down and sketch possible designs. He didn't have the foundation of engineering or science that would come centuries later. But a simple glance at his designs for some of his inventions will easily show you that he was at least in the ballpark for what would work centuries later. The Mona Lisa deserves special attention because it embodies Leonardo's mature artistic philosophy. The painting's revolutionary technique of Sfumato, the subtle gradations of light and shadow without harsh lines, creates an almost supernatural sense of life and presence. One of the things I learned studying the works of Leonardo is that his technique was easily identifiable. That isn't to say someone couldn't copy it. But analyzing the few surviving Leonardo paintings that still exist made it easy to tell the difference when looking at something else. For example, the Prado Museum in Madrid has a copy of the Mona Lisa, which was likely created by One of his pupils in his own studio. It's not a bad painting, but you can instantly tell the difference in style and technique. Compared to the original Mona Lisa, the original is softer, and in the copy, the lines are much harsher. That same Leonardo technique can easily be seen in his other works, such as Salvador Mundi or Virgin on the rocks. In 1516, at the age of 64, Leonardo accepted an invitation from King Francis I of France to come to the Loire Valley. This final chapter in his life was spent at the Chateau de Clos Lucy, where he lived as the king's premier painter, engineer and architect. Although his right hand was partially paralyzed, possibly from a stroke, he continued to work, teach and theorize until his death on May 2, 1519. It is believed that the Mona Lisa was in his possession this entire time and he never ceased working on it. The story of Leonardo da Vinci didn't end with Leonardo's life. His legacy is echoed through the centuries and can still be felt today. Leonardo fundamentally changed what painting could be and do. Before Leonardo, most paintings served relatively simple functions religious instruction, decoration, or basic portraiture. Leonardo demonstrated that a painting could be a tool for scientific investigation, psychological exploration and philosophical inquiry. Leonardo changed how artists approach their subjects. His anatomical studies, based on the dissection of human corpses, gave him an understanding of human anatomy that far exceeded that of his contemporaries. But he didn't just use this knowledge to draw muscles more accurately. He understood how emotion, affect, posture and how personality is revealed through gesture. Leonardo's influence on subsequent artists was enormous. Raphael adopted his compositional techniques and psychological insights. Michelangelo, although often considered Leonardo's rival, learned from his anatomical precision. The entire Venetian school of painting, including Giorgione and Titian, built on Leonardo's innovations in light and atmosphere. Even centuries later, artists continued to study his techniques and approaches. But perhaps even more important than Leonardo's artistic legacy is his contribution to the scientific method and thinking. He lived at a time when most knowledge was derived from ancient authorities like Aristotle or from religious doctrine. It was accepted as truth and was never questioned. Leonardo pioneered an approach based on direct observation, experimentation and mathematical analysis. He also dissected corpses and drew what he saw with unprecedented precision. His drawings of the human heart, made more than 400 years before the invention of cardiac imaging, are so accurate that modern cardiologists still reference them. He was the first to describe the function of heart valves correctly and to understand that the heart has four chambers, not two, as was commonly believed. His studies of water flow led him to design canals, locks and irrigation systems. Some of his systems weren't built until centuries later, when technology finally caught up with his vision. But unlike his flying machines, many of these actually did work. But perhaps most importantly, Leonardo developed a systems approach to understanding the world. He saw connections everywhere between the flow of water and the circulation of blood, between the growth of plants and the formation of rocks, and between the movement of the heavens and the patterns of life on Earth. Much of his thinking permeates science today. The term Renaissance man was created to describe the Leonardo da Vinci, and there is perhaps no one more deserving of the title. He didn't just make some of the world's greatest works of art, he also helped advance our understanding of science and technology. The executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is Charles Daniel. The associate producers are Austin Otkin and Cameron Kiefer. My big thanks go to everyone who supports the show over on Patreon. Your support helps make this podcast possible, and I also want to remind everyone about the community groups on Facebook and Discord. That's where everything happens that's outside the podcast, and links to those are available in the show Notes. As always, if you leave a review on any major podcast app or in the above community groups, you too can have it read on the show.