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When Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas, members of his crew observed the native people they met offering them dried leaves as gifts. They had no clue why, but they soon found out that the native people smoked the burning leaves, and when they brought these leaves back to Europe, it became a sensation. It created demand for a product which lasted for centuries and defined entire economies until research in the 20th century found that it was doing far more harm than good. Learn more about tobacco and how it shaped the world on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. This episode is sponsored by Mint Mobile. Spring is finally around the corner, which means spring cleaning. And it's also a good time to get rid of your unnecessary subscriptions and expensive mobile contracts. Mint Mobile is here to rescue you with premium wireless plans starting at $15 a month. All plans include high speed data and unlimited talk and text on the nation's largest 5G network. 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The Pima cotton is long staple, which means it stays soft and doesn't pill. The European jersey linen is breathable and lightweight. Everything is built to hold up to regular wear and still look good. I've been wearing my cashmere sweater every other day for months now and it's held up great right now. Go to quince.com daily for free shipping and 365 day returns. That's a full year to build your wardrobe and love it. And you will now available in Canada too. Don't keep settling for clothes that don't last. Go to q U-I-N-E.com daily for free shipping and 365 day returns. Quince.com daily. Before I begin, let me make a disclaimer. I am in no way advocating tobacco use. I personally have never smoked anything in my life, not even once, and I don't even like being around people while they're smoking. It's a horrible habit, and the best thing you can do is never start. That being said, we also have to be intellectually honest and recognize the importance this product has had economically and politically over the last 500 years. That recognition is the purpose of the episode. With that, let's start with the actual plant itself. Tobacco refers primarily to plants in the genus Nicotiana, a member of the nightshade family, which also includes potatoes and tomatoes. The two most historically significant cultivated species are Nicotiana tobacco and Nicotiana rustica. Nicotiana tobacum, the milder and more commercially important species, is native to the Americas and is now grown worldwide. Tobacco's significance stems from a chemical called nicotine. A natural defense mechanism, the plant evolved to ward off herbivores. Nicotine is what makes tobacco unique in human history. It's rapidly absorbed through the lungs, mouth or nasal membranes and acts on the central nervous system by binding to nicotinic acetylchloween receptors. The result is a combination of stimulation and relaxation, heightened alertness, and, critically, dependence. Few plants are as easily grown, psychoactively potent, and highly addictive. Archaeological and botanical evidence suggests that tobacco has been used by human beings for at least 8 to 10,000 years, and some estimates push that figure considerably higher. The plant was cultivated and used across an extraordinarily wide swath of the Americas, from the southern reaches of South America to the far north of Canada, and its uses were as varied as the cultures that used it. For most indigenous peoples, tobacco was not simply a recreational substance but a profoundly sacred plant. It occupied a central role in spiritual, ceremonial, and medicinal life among many nations in the eastern woodlands, tobacco was considered a gift from the Creator and served as the primary medium of communication between humans in the spirit world. When offered in prayer, burned in sacrifice, or left at a site of spiritual significance, tobacco was believed to carry human intentions upward to the divine. It was used in pipe ceremonies to seal agreements, form alliances, welcome guests, and mark significant transitions in community life. The shared pipe, often called a calumet or peace pipe by Europeans, represented a binding covenant. To smoke together was to invoke the sacred as a witness to one's word. Tobacco leaves also had reported medical uses, applied topically, chewed, or consumed as infusions to treat pain, parasite, and respiratory conditions. In South America, shamanistic uses of tobacco was particularly intense among Amazonian peoples. Shamans consumed tobacco in concentrated forms as snuff blown through tubes, as liquid drunk through the nose, or or as thick paste absorbed through the skin in doses far exceeding anything European smokers would later encounter. Tobacco in the Amazon wasn't merely recreational. It was, in the words of anthropologist Johannes Wilbert, a master plant around which entire cosmologies were organized. When Christopher Columbus arrived in the Caribbean In October of 1492, members of his crew observed the local Taino people offering them dried leaves as gifts. On November 2nd of that year, two of Columbus men, Rodrigo de Jerez and Luis de Torres, became the first Europeans recorded to have witnessed tobacco smoking when they encountered people in Cuba inhaling smoke through a Y shaped tube called a tobacco, a word that likely referred to the implement rather than the plant itself, and became, through linguistic migration, the name of the substance. Rodrigo Dejeres returned to Spain as an enthusiastic smoker, reportedly frightening his neighbors with the smoke issuing from his mouth and nose, and was briefly imprisoned by the Inquisition on the suspicion that only the devil could grant a man the power to exhale smoke. European attitudes towards tobacco shifted rapidly from curiosity to enthusiasm. The Spanish and Portuguese explorers who followed Columbus brought tobacco seeds and leaves back to Europe in the early 16th century, and the plant was initially cultivated in Iberian gardens as a botanical curiosity and soon as medicine. The French diplomat Jean Nicot, whose name is immortalized in nicotine, is often credited with popularizing tobacco in France in the 1560s, reportedly sending powdered tobacco to Catherine de Medici as a remedy for her son's migraines. By the late 16th century, smoking, snuffing and chewing tobacco had become fashionable across Spain, France, England and the Ottoman Empire. However, not everyone was pleased. King James I of England and James VI of Scotland, same person, published his famous treatise, A Counter Blast to tobacco, in 1604, a vehement denunciation that describes smoking as a custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, horrible, harmful to the brain and dangerous to the lungs. The plant that would eventually transform colonial America was not the indigenous tobacco of eastern North America, which was milder and less commercially appealing, but Nicotiana tobacum, the species found in South America. The turning point came in 1612, when John Rolfe, the husband of Pocahontas, successfully cultivated a crop of Nicotiana tobacco in the struggling Virginia colony at Jamestown. Having obtained seeds from the Spanish Caribbean, the first commercial shipment of Virginia tobacco reached England in 1614, and the response was enthusiastic. By 1617, Virginia was exporting some £20,000 of tobacco annually. By 1620, that figure had grown to £40,000, and it continued to grow exponentially. Tobacco didn't merely save the Virginia colony, It ended up defining it. The plants shaped the very landscape and social structure of the entire Chesapeake region. Because tobacco exhausts soil rapidly, Planters were constantly needing new land, Driving an aggressive expansion westward into indigenous territories. Tobacco cultivation was labor intensive, Requiring careful tending throughout the growing season, Skilled harvesting, and meticulous curing, all of which demanded a large, reliable workforce. This demand was initially met by indentured servants From England, Scotland, and ireland. But as the 17th century progressed, planters increasingly turned to enslaved Africans whose labor was permanent. The tobacco economy was thus one of the primary engines Driving the expansion of African slavery in british north America. By the 18th century, the great plantation houses of Virginia the Carters, the Lees, the Washingtons, the Jeffersons, Were built on tobacco wealth, and the planter class that emerged from this economy Would play a decisive role in shaping American political culture, including the revolution against britain. The tobacco trade also created persistent debts amongst Virginia planters, who purchased luxury goods on credit from british merchants against future harvests, A cycle that generated genuine resentment to the colonial economic system and contributed to revolutionary sentiment. Even as tobacco was being entrenched in north America, it was spreading across the globe at remarkable speed. The mechanisms of the spread were many. Portuguese and Spanish merchants carried tobacco seeds and the smoking habit To Africa, India, the middle east, and east asia. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Ottoman soldiers encountered tobacco and brought it home. Russian traders spread it eastward across Siberia. Japanese merchants received it from the Portuguese in the 1540s and 1550s, and within a gener, it had spread across the archipelago. Despite repeated prohibitions, the speed with which tobacco conquered the world Was unprecedented among agricultural products in world history. By 1620, a mere 125 years after Columbus first voyage, Tobacco was already being grown and smoked in virtually every inhabited region on planet earth. Despite the speed at which tobacco spread, it wasn't consumed like it is today. It was mostly smoked in pipes or via cigars, which were fully rolled tobacco leaves. The cigarette fundamentally altered tobacco consumption. While hand rolled cigarettes had long been present in Spain and the Americas, Their widespread adoption in the west Was significantly spurred by soldiers returning from the Crimean war. In the 1850s, these soldiers brought back the Turkish and Egyptian practice of smoking finely cut tobacco wrapped in paper. The decisive technological development came in 1880, when James Albert bonsack, A young Virginia inventor, Patented a mechanical cigarette rolling machine capable of producing 120,000 cigarettes per day, effectively replacing 48 hand rollers. James Buchanan, Duke of Durham, North Carolina, recognized the machine's implications, immediately licensed it, and began an aggressive campaign of price cutting, advertising, and corporate consolidation. In 1890, he merged several competitors into the American Tobacco Company, a trust that controlled roughly four fifths of the American tobacco business. Though the Sherman Antitrust act forced the trust dissolution in 1911, the four successor companies remained enormously powerful and continued to dominate the industry. The invention of the industrially manufactured cigarette dramatically increased tobacco consumption, mechanization, production costs, making cigarettes affordable to the working class. The cigarette was portable, quickly consumed, and could be smoked in contexts where a pipe was impractical. The inhalation of cigarette smoke, which was more easily accomplished than with cigar or pipe smoke due to the milder curing of cigarette tobacco, delivered nicotine to the bloodstream more rapidly and more efficiently, making cigarettes more addictive. The low cost and industrial production of cigarettes created the chain smoker, which was something that had never really existed before. The relationship between tobacco and disease had been observed sporadically for centuries. Johann Michael Alasser noted the connection between pipe smoking and lip cancer in 1795, and scattered clinical observations accumulated throughout the 19th century. But the scientific case against tobacco was constructed methodically only in the mid 20th century. The pivotal studies were published in 1950 when Ernst Winder and Evharts Graham in the United States and Richard Dahl and A. Bradford Hill in Britain simultaneously published landmark epidemiological research demonstrating a very strong statistical link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. The American Surgeon General's Report of January 1964 constituted a turning point in public understanding. The report, which reviewed more than 7,000 studies, concluded unequivocally that cigarette smoking caused lung cancer in men, was strongly associated with lung cancer in women, caused chronic bronchitis, and was associated with numerous other diseases. The cultural impact was immediate and profound, though it would take decades for that impact to fully manifest in behavioral changes. Warning labels appeared on cigarette packets in 1965. Broadcast advertising for cigarettes was banned in the United States in 1971, restrictions on smoking in public places began to multiply from the 1970s onward. The legal and regulatory pressure on the tobacco industry escalated dramatically in the final decades of the 20th century. In the United States and other high income countries, the decline of smoking has been substantial. American adult smoking prevalence fell from roughly 42% in 1965 to about 12 to 14% by the early 20. Similar declines were recorded in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and much of Western Europe. The reduction in smoking over the last several decades has had one of the largest positive impacts on public health in modern history. It is not an exaggeration to say that the declines in smoking have saved tens of millions of lives. Few plants have shaped human history as profoundly as tobacco. It financed the founding of the American Republic while simultaneously supporting the institution of slavery. It created fortunes that funded universities, museums, and hospitals. And it generated tax revenues that built roads, schools, and welfare states. And it killed a lot of people. A lot of people. By Conservative estimates, approximately 100 million people in just the 20th century alone were killed by tobacco use. Despite the sharp declines in the west, an estimated 1.2 billion people still use tobacco products around the world today. That is almost one in five people over the age of 15, less than what it was 25 years ago, but still a staggering amount. What started as a plant used ritually by Native Americans has become one of the deadliest products in all of human history. The executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is Charles Daniel. The associate producers are Austin Otkin and Cameron Kiefer. Today's review comes from Bren what 4 on Apple Podcasts in the United States. They write right up my alley. Absolutely love this podcast. Almost addicting. I'm learning so much about things I've always wondered about but never researched. It's all right here with basic bullet points of what happened. I'd give it 10 stars if I could. It's that good. Also, the narrator has a great voice. Thanks, Brenwutt. You know, I've had a lot of people lately commenting on my voice, and the funny thing is, before I started this podcast, no one ever told me that before in my life. I think it's all because of the context in which they hear it. Remember, if you leave a review on any of the major podcast apps, you too can have it right on the show.