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- [00:02]
Narrator
Hey there, Higher Ground listeners. We're excited to share our newest series. It's an Audible original produced in collaboration with the History Channel. It's called the Unfinished Promise.
- [00:21]
Barack Obama
I'll tell you just a very quick story because it gives you a sense, you know, in very personal terms. I'm a fifth grader in Hawaii.
- [00:30]
Malcolm Gladwell
This is Barack Obama, 44th president of the United States. Someone who knows American history very well and indeed is a big part of it, but who was once a kid like any other, struggling to complete a history assignment.
- [00:44]
Barack Obama
10 years old. And we had this wonderful teacher, Mrs. Hefty, and she was a sweet woman. She had been a missionary and teacher in Africa. She took a great interest in the fact that I was part Kenyan because she lived in Kenya for a time. Anyway, we're assigned a civics assignment. We're supposed to take a historic figure from American history and write about them. So I do what you did back then, go through Encyclopedia Britannica and you kind of find some name. And I start writing this report about this general who was brave and courageous and had done amazing things. And I think, well, this is an interesting guy. And I outline the report and I turn it in and Ms. Hefty frowns and she says, you know, Barry, because at the time that was my nickname. Barry. Let's find another assignment. It turned out it was Robert E. Lee.
- [01:44]
Malcolm Gladwell
The future president had started to write an admiring report on Confederate General Robert E. Lee. Lee was someone who led a secessionist war against the Union and against the very idea of a United States so that the south could continue holding 4 million black people as slaves.
- [02:04]
Barack Obama
There was no mention in this entire entry. Is this noble guy on a horse. There's no mention in the entire encyclopedia that like
- [02:19]
Malcolm Gladwell
some other issues, there's some
- [02:20]
Barack Obama
other issues involved in his military prowess. But that's how our culture was structured, to justify, to reconcile this glaring contradiction at the heart of our self conception.
- [02:39]
Malcolm Gladwell
Barack Obama told me this story for a reason, because it's a visceral example of what happens when we try to take the context out of history. You're left with mythology, a certain type
- [02:52]
Barack Obama
of mythology, the mythology of America, about us breaking away from the crown, declaring our independence. All men are created equal. Yeoman, farmers, Walt Whitman. There's a whole narrative about who we are as Americans. And there's this inconvenient fact, which is that all this happened at the same time. As you had a economy in the south based on slavery.
- [03:34]
Malcolm Gladwell
Something is lost when mythology tries to paper over contradictions. That's What Barack Obama really wanted to talk with me about a messy, important era of the past that feels in many ways much like our current moment. A time when some of the country's most powerful people actually embraced the goal of creating a multiracial democracy and when huge numbers of white Americans refused to accept this new reality. A time when political violence was an everyday part of life and when people who challenged the status quo were publicly beaten and killed with impunity. A time when a powerful political movement worked to limit American citizenship to white men and when newly free black people nonetheless kept claiming their rights in a changing America. A time known as Reconstruction. Reconstruction took place in the decade following the end of the Civil War in 1865. Though it didn't have a formal endpoint, it was a time when the country literally had to be reconstructed, rebuilt from the ashes of war and the end of a gruesome slave economy. It was a productive time that included the rewriting of the Constitution. A time that expanded the notion of who could vote and and get an education in America. It was also a time of enormous violence and political upheaval. And as Barack Obama convinced me, by understanding the history of this time, we can better understand what is happening in America today and what could happen in the future.
- [05:16]
Barack Obama
The reason Reconstruction is such a fascinating story is here's a moment, the first real moment since the Founding in which this idea of perfecting the Union is attempted in a fairly significant way.
- [05:35]
Malcolm Gladwell
My name is Malcolm Gladwell and this is Reconstruction, the unfinished Promise. My first real encounter with the complexity of American history of was quite different from President Obama's. I grew up in Canada. I remember as a teenager meeting a boy named Roger at a track meet. Roger was black and I assumed he was a West Indian, as my family was. That was a safe assumption at the time when a great wave of Jamaicans were settling in southern Ontario. But Roger corrected me. His family had been in Canada for more than a century. His ancestors were enslaved and and had escaped from the United States in the years before the Civil War and settled in a little town called Chatham, which was the last stop on the Underground Railroad. They'd made it all the way to a country they called Canaan, the Promised Land. It was the first time I'd ever considered firsthand some remnant of the shadow that slavery cast across the United States. At that point, I'd never been south of the Canadian border. What I knew of America was its glamorous, powerful present, the swagger and self regard that came from being the world's beacon of democracy, freedom and prosperity, I didn't know much of its cloudier past. The black people I knew in Canada came happily and willingly and flew back to the islands of their origin at every opportunity. Now I had to confront the truth for the first time, really, that there had been a time when people like Roger's great grandparents and great great grandparents were forced to flee for their lives, chased across hundreds of miles by bloodhounds and slave catchers. I have spent much of my career writing about the perplexities and pain of racism. And I've often wondered whether the seed of my curiosity was planted in that stray conversation with Roger long ago. Reconstruction was the era when the US was forced to face the inconvenient fact that you could not own and sell other people and also call yourself a democracy. During Reconstruction, many people in the United States finally began to resolve the contradiction of its existence. They started by amending the Constitution, the
- [08:03]
Barack Obama
way, at least I think about the Constitution in any society, laws in any society, they codify a collective agreement, a collective understanding about how we're going to behave. And just like Hammurabi's code or any other code, just like the Ten Commandments, they aren't self executing. They don't automatically determine we will behave that way. But they are signposts, and those signposts matter.
- [08:43]
Malcolm Gladwell
Congress rewrote the signposts of American democracy during Reconstruction by amending the Constitution. Americans hardly ever do that. More than 11,000amendments have been proposed to the U.S. constitution. Only 27 have ever been passed. The first 10 are the bill of Rights, of course, which added rights after the Founding. The next two came shortly after. But it took a war to end slavery before Congress finally added three crucial new ideas to the Constitution, starting with the 13th Amendment. Ratified on December 6, 1865, it abolished slavery, the most direct outcome of the Civil War. The 13th Amendment is crystal clear. The first sentence goes like neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. This is obviously a monumental statement in American history, but the next sentence is also a huge deal. It gives Congress the power to force states to obey.
- [10:03]
Barack Obama
Up until this point, up until the Civil War, the ideas of federalism were deeply rooted in how America conceived of itself, and states could pretty much do what they wanted. And so this is a radical restructuring
- [10:22]
Historian/Expert 1
of
- [10:25]
Barack Obama
American democracy, whereby we actually take the Bill of Rights to some degree and we say all that now enforcement resides in the Federal Government and Congress. And it can force states to make sure that it is not abusing its own citizens under the guise of state rights.
- [10:46]
Malcolm Gladwell
Two amendments followed, the 14th ratified in 1868, and the 15th in 1870. They sought to make freedom a permanent state, to guarantee equal protection under the law and, and the right to vote, at least for black men.
- [11:04]
Barack Obama
It doesn't get all the way there, but what it does is it leaves all these embers. It leaves all these ideas and possibilities that then allow future generations to draw on. And it gives us a sense of how this process of perfecting the union, of creating a true democracy is not this static project, but is rather this continuous exercise.
- [11:39]
Malcolm Gladwell
Reconstruction's legacy was a lot more than just three amendments to the Constitution. It was all those embers, the remains of the possibility and ideas lit during Reconstruction. Ideas such as public education for all, the expansion of the vote, and the notion that individual states cannot usurp constitutional rights. President Obama says that's all the more reason to revisit the story of Reconstruction now, because there's wisdom and courage and foresight in this half forgotten era from 150 years ago. There are also bad actors and cowards and fraudsters. And we're going to explore all of that in the chapters you're about to hear. They feature some of America's most accomplished scholars and storytellers. Dozens of voices to take us through one of the most chaotic, complicated and fascinating times in the modern era. There's not a more revolutionary moment in American history than Reconstruction.
- [12:47]
Historian/Expert 1
We get to use the word unprecedented sometimes because it fits. The country had never been in this situation. The end of a massive civil war. America was now being reinvented. But how? What would it do? Who were the freed people? How would they be defined?
- [13:03]
Historian/Expert 2
They're no longer slaves, but will they be equal citizens? The crucial question of, of Reconstruction is not just to put the country back together, but on what terms? That's the crucial question. It's absolutely a new beginning for the United States.
- [13:22]
Historian/Expert 1
You want to understand rights in America, you got to go to Reconstruction. You want to understand the role of government in society? Got to go to Reconstruction. You want to talk about what governments owe their people and what people owe their governments, you got to go to Reconstruction. You want to talk about race in America, you. You gotta go to Reconstruction.
- [13:39]
Malcolm Gladwell
To bring you this story, we dig through old archives. Letters, diaries, court records, eyewitness testimony. What emerges are the triumphs and struggles of a determined band of reformers.
- [13:52]
Historian/Expert 2
There were many black leaders who achieved political power at Various levels in the South. And that's what made Reconstruction so radical. You wouldn't see that extent of black political representation till the late 20th century. They're represented in state and local offices and right up to the highest levels of state government. And in Congress, we're talking about real
- [14:17]
Malcolm Gladwell
life and death matters. The Confederacy has lost and secession has failed. But there's no agreement on what should come next. You will hear about all the ways Americans risk their lives to set the country on a new path.
- [14:31]
Narrator
She came out and held the mob at Bay with a.45 pistol as they
- [14:37]
Malcolm Gladwell
tried to remake the US economy. Where was he going with the truck of money?
- [14:43]
Narrator
It's a good question.
- [14:44]
Malcolm Gladwell
I'm not sure. And as they built whole new institutions.
- [14:49]
Historian/Expert 1
A bank for the freed people. Whoa.
- [14:52]
Malcolm Gladwell
But in the end, it all comes down to this. Why do so few Americans know the story of Reconstruction? Sometimes people call it a failure. Is that the language you use? I never call it a failure. It wasn't a failure. It was defeated.
- [15:08]
Historian/Expert 2
If you can't imagine this moment of political possibility, then it's hard to hold onto it today.
- [15:16]
Malcolm Gladwell
It's easy to despair when you hear the Reconstruction story. But what Barack Obama kept saying over and again in different ways is that when we try to learn from the past, it's not because people wants to had things all figured out. Quite the contrary. Many knew they were likely to fall short. They knew the forces of darkness were strong and still they did what needed to be done.
- [15:43]
Barack Obama
And that sensibility is what we want in our leaders. And it is a sensibility that
- [15:55]
Malcolm Gladwell
we
- [15:56]
Barack Obama
want our kids to learn from history. At least I do.
- [16:01]
Historian/Expert 1
Right.
- [16:02]
Barack Obama
And that is not some rosy eyed, sanitized version of American history, but a clear eyed understanding of, yes, we took land from previous occupants. America was built on violence and subjugation and chicanery and confidence men and shenanigans and corruption. But it is also this amazing expression of human possibility. Thomas Jefferson, yes, he had slaves and not. But he penned some of the most important words that were ever written in the annals of humanity. And being able to maintain those two ideas at the same time is what both can inspire you to keep going and make the world and the country better, but also to understand the challenges and the persistence that will be required to overcome those challenges. If you want to get to where we want to go.
- [17:33]
Malcolm Gladwell
Contradiction, persistence, challenge. These notions will keep coming up again and again across the saga of Reconstruction. Starting with one man who fought his whole life to get his country to live up to its promises. Only to find out that his fight was just beginning.
- [17:59]
Narrator
If you like this story, you can find Reconstruction the Unfinished Promise on Audible or anywhere. You get podcasts.