Tankers moving again after Iran deal

Summary

Global News Podcast (BBC World Service)

Episode: Tankers moving again after Iran deal
Date: June 18, 2026
Host: Valerie Sanderson

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Episode Overview

This episode covers major global news as the U.S. and Iran strike a memorandum of understanding to end their war, prompting tankers to begin moving through the highly strategic Strait of Hormuz. The team examines the implications for global oil supply and regional politics, analyzes the economic consequences, addresses new findings about AI safety with ChatGPT, and spotlights urgent health and environmental stories from around the world.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

1. Strait of Hormuz Re-opens After U.S.–Iran Deal

[02:05–05:23]

• Background:
  A U.S.–Iran agreement has resulted in at least four tankers traversing the Strait of Hormuz for the first time in four months. The strait, vital for global oil and LNG shipping, had been effectively blocked due to conflict.

• Business Analysis (Rahul Tandon):

  • Only a few ships have resumed passage—far less than usual.

    "Insurance is still very high. Safety concerns still. Will this peace hold and for how long... and also mines—how many mines have Iran put in there?" (Rahul Tandon, 02:49)

  • Potentially positive effects for global fuel prices, but relief may be gradual and contingent on continued peace.
  • The global economy is recovering from multiple shocks (pandemic, Ukraine war, Iran conflict), with inflation still high even as oil prices stabilize.

    "A barrel of Brent crude is below $80. At one point it was up to 130. So that is good news. It will happen, but it will happen slowly." (Rahul Tandon, 03:45)

  • Over-dependence on the Strait exposes the vulnerability of global trade. Alternative routes—pipelines or around Africa—are limited, costly, and impractical for the scale required.

    "There is no other way for these supplies to move in any other way." (Rahul Tandon, 04:36)

2. The Details and Outcomes of the U.S.–Iran Agreement

[05:23–08:46]

• Deal Summary:
  The deal includes an end to military actions, Iran’s reaffirmed promise not to develop nuclear weapons, the lifting of sanctions, and a U.S.-administered $300B reconstruction package for Iran.

• Analysis (Lis Doucet):

  • Both sides gained something, but fundamental disagreements remain, particularly on Iran’s nuclear program.

    "They both got a deal. And that is really important. It's important not just for United States and Iran... So immediately, the fact that it is now open, that's a win for President Trump." (Lis Doucet, 06:18)

  • Iran benefits from maintaining enriched uranium on its territory (“blending down,” not exporting it).
  • The Strait of Hormuz will be open toll-free for 60 days, after which regional “fees” may be imposed in subsequent phases of negotiations.

• Israel’s Reaction:
  Israel is not party to the deal and rejects calls to withdraw from Lebanon, continuing military operations against Hezbollah.

  "This deal has been disastrous in so many ways for Israel. First of all, Israel is not part of the deal that's being told to cease all its activities in Lebanon... It's hugely embarrassing." (Lis Doucet, 08:46)

3. AI Safety and ChatGPT’s Persistent Vulnerabilities

[09:47–14:30]

• Research Findings:
  Despite new safeguards from OpenAI, researchers were able to prompt ChatGPT to generate explicit, violent, and sexual content, illustrating the ongoing “cat and mouse” game between attackers and AI developers.

• Expert Commentary:

  • Chris Valance (Senior Technology Reporter):

    "It's a real challenge for this type of AI... it's getting it to stick to its guardrails. People come up with ways to jailbreak the system... and then the companies roll out fixes." (Chris Valance, 11:04)

  • The AI security institute found vulnerabilities persist across models, but it is getting harder to exploit them.
  • AIs cannot judge content as humans do, as they lack nuanced understanding.

    "The AI doesn't understand in the way that we would understand... their understanding of what's bad and good is different from a human's understanding." (Chris Valance, 12:03)

  • OpenAI says they take such findings seriously, continuously adding safeguards, using both automated and human moderation.

• Regulatory Environment:
  Laws around AI-generated harmful/illegal content exist in some jurisdictions, but regulation struggles to keep up with the pace of AI development.

  "It’s a moving target with AI companies. The capabilities of the models keep changing and regulation has to keep up with that." (Chris Valance, 13:48)

4. Ebola Crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo

[16:31–20:57]

• Situation Update:
  The Ebola outbreak in Ituri province has claimed over 200 lives. Safe burials are crucial to containment but are emotionally and culturally challenging.

• On-the-Ground Reporting:

  • Anne Soy (BBC Africa Correspondent):

    “It’s a very emotional time... the Red Cross volunteers have just arrived. They will also put on the personal protective equipment and then the medics on the inside will hand over the body to them.” (Anne Soy, 17:12)

  • Families are often devastated and sometimes resist safe burial protocols, causing tension.
  • Efforts have been made to adapt procedures, allowing families to view their loved ones safely.

    "It's very cultural. That's why we adapt the procedure as much as possible to match the needs of the families and the communities." (Maria Munoz, Red Cross, 20:06)

  • The epidemic has overwhelmed cemeteries and left many families grieving multiple losses.

5. Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Increased Drone Attacks

[20:57–23:58]

• Major Developments:
  • Ukraine launched one of its largest drone attacks on Moscow, striking oil infrastructure.

    "We're in the center of Moscow, not so far from Red Square... we can see the clouds of thick smoke in the distance." (Steve Rosenberg, 21:23)

  • Russian officials claim to have shot down up to 200 drones. Moscow oil refinery is targeted repeatedly.
  • For Muscovites, the war is now directly palpable, causing anxiety and a shift in public sentiment.

    "People feel more and more that the war is impacting their lives economically... and also more and more people know other people who are fighting in Ukraine and being injured and being killed." (Steve Rosenberg, 23:58)

6. New Species of Walking Shark Discovered

[23:58–26:31]

• Discovery Details:

  • Scientists have identified a new species of “walking shark” in Papua New Guinea.
  • These small, reef-dwelling sharks “walk” across tidal flats using their fins.

• Conservation Concerns:

  • The newly discovered shark is likely the most endangered of its kind due to limited habitat and threats from development and climate change.

    "Papua New Guinea's walking sharks are believed to be under serious threat from habitat loss..." (Richard Hamilton, 25:56)

7. The Major Oak: End of a Legendary Tree

[26:31–29:06]

• Cultural and Environmental Significance:

  • The Major Oak, famously tied to Robin Hood legend in Sherwood Forest, is believed dead after over 1,000 years due to compaction of surrounding soils from visitors and conservation efforts.

    "A combination of human interventions... but also the popularity of coming to visit this amazing tree over the last 200 years have really had a very detrimental effect on the soils around the tree." (Chloe Ryder, 27:12)

• Future of the Tree:

  • The tree will remain as a monument despite its decline, continuing to be a symbol for future generations.

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Memorable Quotes & Moments

• On the fragility of the Hormuz peace:

  "Will this peace hold and for how long will it hold?" (Rahul Tandon, 02:49)

• On AI’s struggle with human judgment:

  "Their understanding of what's bad and good is different from a human's understanding." (Chris Valance, 12:03)

• On community losses in the Ebola outbreak:

  "I have never seen anything like this... There are so many families here that have come for burials just today. And this is happening every single day." (Anne Soy, 19:33)

• On shifting Muscovite awareness of war:

  "For the first two or three years... many people, certainly here in Moscow, Moscow carried on as normal. But... the front line in this war is not hundreds of kilometres away, sometimes it's here in the Russian capital." (Steve Rosenberg, 22:53)

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Timestamps of Important Segments

| Segment | Timestamp | |------------------------------------------------------|-------------| | Main headlines introduction | 01:12 | | Hormuz shipping and business analysis | 02:05–05:23 | | U.S.–Iran deal breakdown and analysis | 05:23–08:46 | | Israel's reaction to the Iran–U.S. agreement | 08:33–08:46 | | AI safety, ChatGPT vulnerabilities | 09:47–14:30 | | Ebola outbreak and safe burial reporting (DRC) | 16:31–20:57 | | Ukraine’s drone assault on Moscow | 20:57–23:58 | | Discovery of new 'walking shark' in Papua New Guinea | 23:58–26:31 | | Robin Hood's Major Oak reaches end of life | 26:31–29:06 |

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Conclusion

This episode provides listeners with a comprehensive overview of consequential developments—diplomacy in the Gulf, the economic ripple effects of war, evolving AI risks, public health emergencies, environmental discoveries, and iconic national folklore. The reporting underscores both persistent global vulnerabilities and scientific and community efforts to adapt and overcome.

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Transcript

[Ryan Seacrest]

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[Valerie Sanderson]

This is the Global News podcast from the BBC World Service. I'm Valerie sanderson and at 1500 is GMT on Thursday 18th June. These are our main stories following the U. S Iran agreement on ending the war, some ships have begun moving through the Strait of Hormuz. Ukraine has launched one of its biggest attacks on the Russian capital, Moscow. Researchers say ChatGPT can still make explicit sexual and violent content despite new restrictions imposed by its parent company. Also in this podcast, our correspondent reports from the front line in the battle against Ebola in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of Congo and later.

[Christine Dudgeon]

They're quite wriggly so they will try and sort of get away and that's really all that's required. It's not too difficult.

[Valerie Sanderson]

A new species of walking shark is found in Papua New guinea. As we record this podcast. Marine tracking platforms say at least four tankers have sailed through the Strait of Hormuz after Iran and the United States signed a memorandum of understanding on ending their war. The key shipping route has been caught in the crossfire between Tehran and Washington over the past four months, wreaking havoc on the global economy. It was, of course, open and operational before the US and Israel began launching their strikes on Iran. The deal is now supposed to secure free passage through the strait for at least 60 days. I've been speaking to our business presenter,

[Rahul Tandon]

Rahul Tandon, we are beginning to see a few ships going through the Strait of Hormuz. And this is such an important waterway choke point for the global economy in some ways. 20% of global oil, 20% of liquefied natural gas goes through there as well. The problem is, though, we're seeing a few ships going through nowhere near the traffic that we would normally see. And when I speak to shipping companies, they say this is going to take some time. Why? Insurance problems? Insurance is still very high. Safety concerns still. Will this piece hold and for how long will it hold? And also mines. How many mines have Iran put in there? So good, good news if you're sitting at home when you think there's a peace deal or some sort of deal coming, because it could mean that prices at the pumps go down wherever you are in the world, but they might not go down as quickly as you think.

[Valerie Sanderson]

And so long term, what does it mean for the global economy? I mean, will it be able to bounce back or will this war have a huge effect?

[Rahul Tandon]

Well, if you're listening at home, the global economy, like you, have had many shocks. The pandemic caused huge shocks to the global economy. What happened in Ukraine caused huge shocks to the global economy and this as well. And so it is bouncing back, but it is taking longer and longer to do so. And wherever you are in many parts of the world, you will see the impact of this. Prices are continuing to go up. Inflation is rising. We are seeing oil prices come down. If I look at the figures in front of me at the moment, a barrel of Brent crude is below $80. At one point it was up to 130. So that is good news. It will happen, but it will happen slowly. And that is only if the Strait of Hormuzzi remains open. And that is a big question.

[Valerie Sanderson]

And Rahul, analysts are saying this points up the dangers of relying so much on one route for trade. So do you think companies and countries will look for other ways of transporting fuel?

[Rahul Tandon]

Well, look, as we said, it's about a fifth, isn't it, of a lot of those important supplies going through that. Yes, they will, but it's not easy. Pipelines could be used, but building pipelines takes quite a long period of time. Ships can go down the Cape of Good Hope around the tip of Africa. But for you and me, if they do that, Valerie, it means costs go up because it's going to be a lot more expensive for shipping companies to do that. One thing that we may see is the country's looking at their own fossil fuel resources near to them. We're seeing that here in the UK Also in parts of the Caribbean as well. And maybe it could in some way shift the move to green energy, which of course, we wouldn't have to transport for countries doing that. But in the short term, it's the Strait of Hormuz. There is no other way for these supplies to move in any other way.

[Valerie Sanderson]

Rahul Tanden, and you can hear more from Rahul on the Business Daily podcast. So who has gained most out of the agreement signed by the US And Iran aimed at ending the war? President Trump claims the memorandum of understanding is a major win for the U.S. but Iran's chief negotiator, Mohammed Bagar Gallabaaf, described it as a record of failure for the Americans. According to the document, which sets out a framework for negotiations, Iran, the US and their allies will halt all military action, including Lebanon. Iran has repeated its promise not to develop nuclear weapons. And the two sides will discuss the issue of Iran's enriched uranium. At the same time, sanctions on Iran will be lifted and the US will oversee a $300 billion reconstruction package for the Islamic Republic. So which side got most out of the deal? Lis Doucet is our chief international correspondent.

[Liz Doucet]

They both got a deal. And that is really important. It's important not just for United States and Iran. It's also important for the as we've been reporting week in, week out, this war has had far reaching consequences with the closure of the Strait of Hormuz. So immediately, the fact that, that it is now open, that's a win for President Trump. You saw some of his true social posts saying oil prices are coming down, stocks are going up. And he said that in response to the critics in the United States, some of his harshest critics are saying this is appeasement, that this is surrender for the United States. And I think that if you look at the, and of course, it's only the first part of the deal that Iran has done very, very well. You look at what is the core issue, the nuclear program in the text. And I have to emphasize that's still not being public. We just said leaks a 14 point framework of a memorandum of understanding. Iran reaffirms its commitment not to develop a nuclear weapon. Well, it's been saying that for years. It also said in the 2015 landmark deal which President Trump pulled out of in his first term. When it comes to nuclear enrichment, the only real detail in this first framework is something they call blending down the 440kg of uranium enriched to 60%, dangerously close to weapons grade. There is no mention of President Trump's repeated demand that Iran should ship all of its highly enriched uranium to the United States. States. And finally, I would point to the Strait of Hormuz. It will remain toll free for 60 days, but then there will be a regional dialogue. And really for Iran, that's code for that. Iran is going to, it's already working with Oman, who controls the southern edge of the strategic waterway, to impose some kind of don't call it tolls, call it fees, call it services. But it isn't the same second phase where Iran will then. Then perhaps the United States will be the one to see whether Iran makes the kind of concessions to get both sanctions lifted and its assets unfrozen.

[Valerie Sanderson]

And Liz, what about Israel? Because despite the promise to end the war on all fronts, including in Lebanon, Israel insists its forces will remain there where they're fighting Hezbollah.

[Liz Doucet]

This deal has been disastrous in so many ways for Israel. First of all, Israel is not part of the deal that's being told to cease all its activities in Lebanon. The defense minister of Israel said that they are going to continue to occupy with their troops parts of Lebanon. They're going to continue to strike when Hezbollah strikes them or when they feel their interests are threatened. There's been criticism right across the political spectrum in Israel. And Prime Minister Netanyahu is coming under huge pressure, not just for the deal, but the way the president, President Trump has been speaking about him as being the junior partner, as not being responsible enough when it comes to Lebanon that he gets excited, he blows things up just for the sake of getting one or two people. It's hugely embarrassing. While the two of them continue to say they have a great friendship, this is a really pivotal moment in their personal relationship, but also, I think, in the history of relationships between these two very strategic partners.

[Valerie Sanderson]

Lys Doucet and we have more analysis on the U. S Iran deal on our YouTube channel. Search for BBC News on YouTube and you'll find Global news podcast. In the podcast section, there's a news story available every weekday. AI chatbots have regularly come under fire for generating explicit, violent and sexual content. Many of the big tech companies behind them have pledged to introduce safeguards to protect both users and those, often women whose pictures are used to create sexualized images. Now, researchers say the latest version of OpenAI's ChatGPT can be made to create graphic content with a simple prompt, despite the company saying it had introduced additional measures to stop such images. Peter Garaghan is the founder of the AI security startup Minegard, which put the system to the test. It is a game of cat and mouse. There are infinite number of ways you can attack something and there's so many ways you can defend to respond about that.

[Ryan Seacrest]

I think though, with this particular story,

[Valerie Sanderson]

it isn't that we were able to

[Ryan Seacrest]

do it successfully, it was how easy it was.

[Valerie Sanderson]

The researcher tasked upon this was incredibly shocked. They were not expecting these things and they had to take time off to recover from this. I got more from our senior technology reporter Chris Valance.

[Chris Valance]

This in many ways reflects a sort of real challenge for this type of AI, of generative AI, which is getting it to stick to its guardrails. I mean, experts we use to spoken to call it a game of whack a mole, a game of cat and mouse if you like, in the sense that people come up with ways to jailbreak the system to get it to break its own rules and then the, the companies roll out fixes. The AI Security Institute, that's a UK government body, found that it was able to jailbreak all the big models that it tested, but they did say it was getting harder. So it does seem that the AI companies are getting better, better at getting their models to stick to the guardrails. And I guess there is a sort of deeper problem here as well, which is that they don't really understand what they're being asked to do or what they are creating.

[Valerie Sanderson]

What do you mean they don't understand what they're being asked to do? You mean the AI doesn't or that

[Chris Valance]

the AI doesn't understand in the way that we would understand? So for example, with this prompt, what it's being asked to do is quite innocuous. So it may not trigger alarm bells within the model itself, but I think a human might look at that and say, this looks really odd and weird. Why am I being asked to do that? So in a sense, what the AI companies are faced with is the challenge of sort of specifying rules for everything rather than, you know, if you like, if it's a human, you might sort of, they might sort of see the output and go, oh, that, that looks concerning. I'm not going to present that to the user. Whereas the AI model is trying to follow, if you like, a set of rules, a set of criteria. So their understanding of what's bad and good is different from a human's understanding?

[Valerie Sanderson]

Well, I suppose they don't have human judgment yet. What does it mean?

[Chris Valance]

Yes, exactly, exactly.

[Valerie Sanderson]

And what does the parent company. What does OpenAI say?

[Chris Valance]

Well, OpenAI say we take these reports seriously. After investigating this trend, we've introduced additional safeguards against this type of prompt. Our safety systems are designed to block potentially harmful images that are uploaded to ChatGPT, and we analyze whether the AI generated image violates our policies before we show them to the user. We also combine automated systems and human review to identify and block harmful material. And I think just to translate that a little bit, what they're saying there is they also have separate AI systems if you like, scanning the output, trying to spot things that would be against its rules.

[Valerie Sanderson]

Does this all depend on, shall we say, the authority of the parent companies like OpenAI, or are there rules in place, legal rules in place for this? Now?

[Chris Valance]

There are some things that certainly are on the statute books in various parts of the world about certain types of AI generated content and existing laws. For example, this wasn't the case in this case, but there are laws that apply to AI generated child sexual abuse material, non consensual sexual images. There are rules around this and we've seen investigations launched against AI companies where they have crossed those laws. So there is regulation around this. I think it's fair to say that it's a moving target with AI companies. The capabilities of the models keep changing and regulation has to keep up with that.

[Valerie Sanderson]

Chris Valance still to come in this

[Chloe Ryder]

podcast, the popularity of coming to visit this amazing tree over the last 200 years have really had a very detrimental effect on the soils around the tree.

[Valerie Sanderson]

How an historic oak tree with its roots in the legend of Robin Hood has reached the end of its life.

[Ryan Seacrest]

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A little over a month after the Ebola outbreak was declared in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the African Union's health agency said says it's now claimed more than 200 lives. The most contagious phase of the disease is when an infected person dies. And so how the dead are handled determines in a very big way how quickly an outbreak can be controlled. Burials have long been linked to mass infection events during ebola outbreaks. The BBC's Anne Soy has been speaking to volunteers as they bury victims of Ebola in Ituri province in the northeast of the drc.

[Anne Soy]

It's a very emotional time. Just outside the Ebola treatment unit and behind me there's a family waiting for their child. We have seen some of the healthcare workers inside, fully kitted in personal protective equipment, bring out a body that looks, looked like a child's body. And now the Red Cross volunteers have just arrived. They will also put on the personal protective equipment and then the medics on the inside will hand over the body to them. We are about to accompany the family of a 34 year old mother of four. She has died from Ebola. It's a big blow for our family. That's the deceased woman's father, Simone.

[Valerie Sanderson]

She was not ill for long, only

[Ryan Seacrest]

one week, and then she died.

[Richard Hamilton]

She's left behind children.

[Anne Soy]

I don't know how we will cope. They have now placed the coffin on the pickup truck and now they are removing the personal protective equipment that they wore here. And that is done sequentially as another team observes, making sure there's no chance of infection. We've now come to Nyamborongo cemetery and the Red Cross team is wearing aprons, white aprons, and they've just lowered the body into the grave. There are few members of the family here. It's a very short session. The volunteers have gone back to the car. I think this is the quickest burial I've ever attended. Next to Simone's family, we find Joel Elonza Makombu alone, covering his mother's grave. He has lost three sisters, a brother in law and his parents in a matter of days.

[Valerie Sanderson]

Today is the 6th. I came here at the cemetery to say bye for members in my family.

[Rahul Tandon]

My father, yesterday and today.

[Valerie Sanderson]

You see, I'm here just to say bye for my mama. I want to say for all of people that Ebola is true.

[Anne Soy]

I have never seen anything like this. There are so many Families here that have come for burials just today. And this is. This is happening every single day. There are many freshly covered graves, many more being dug.

[Liz Doucet]

Today.

[Anne Soy]

The number of people being buried in just this cemetery in Bunia is high. Even the locals are saying that this is not usual. The International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent says hundreds of community volunteers have signed up to help families conduct safe burials.

[Valerie Sanderson]

It's very cultural. That's why we adapt the procedure as

[Chloe Ryder]

much as possible to match the needs of the families and the communities.

[Anne Soy]

Maria Munoz is the coordinator for public health emergencies at the Red Cross. She shows me how they have modified body bags to enable families to view their loved ones safely.

[Valerie Sanderson]

Families often want to make sure that

[Chloe Ryder]

it's their loved ones in the back. We can show them the face of their loved one.

[Valerie Sanderson]

Once the body is secured, the back is disinfected.

[Anne Soy]

There have been incidents of violence when some families have tried to take the bodies of their relatives, forcefully rejecting safe burial protocols. It's a difficult period for both the community and volunteers trying to help them to stop Ebola. It's challenging, but vital work to help bring the outbreak under control.

[Valerie Sanderson]

And soy in the drc. Plumes of thick smoke have been seen above the Russian capital as Ukrainian drones struck a major oil refinery for the second time in a week in what looks like the heaviest drone attack yet on Moscow. For its part, Russia launched overnight attacks on the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, as well as on the northeastern city of Sumy. Oliver Conway heard more about the impact in Russia from Steve Rosenberg.

[Ryan Seacrest]

We're in the center of Moscow, not so far from Red Square, but I think even from here, we can see the clouds of thick smoke in the distance. Yeah. Muscovites woke up this morning to the news that their city was under attack again. It's not the first time that the Moscow region has been attacked by Ukrainian drones. But the scale of this particular strike does seem to have been pretty large, judging by the figures, the official figures that the Moscow mayor, Sergei Serbyanin, quoted earlier today. He talked about, first of all, 180 Ukrainian drones having been shot down by Russian air defenses. Then he added some more to that. So we think around 200 or so Ukrainian drones, according to official Russian figures, were shot down on their way to the Russian capital. There has been damage. It's not clear to me yet whether the damage was caused by drones that were shot down or by drones that penetrated air defenses. But the Moscow mayor himself has said that the Moscow oil refinery in the southeast of the city was hit for the second time in three days, actually. There's video on social media of thick black smoke rising above this oil refinery. Reports of other damage to outside the city. So yes, Muscovites are getting used to these kind of reports now. Yeah, I mean, for the first few years of the war, people in Russia were largely shielded from the effects. Are these kind of attacks starting to make them change their minds about the so called special military operation? Certainly these kind of attacks are making people realize and face the fact that there is a war going on. You're absolutely right. For the first two or three years, many people in Russia, certainly here in Moscow, Moscow carried on as normal. For many people, the war was something that happened on television a long way away from them. It didn't impact their lives directly. But of course, when you know there are Ukrainian drones coming pretty close and causing damage to an oil refinery, to an apartment block, to a shopping center, this brings it home. It brings home the fact that actually the front line in this war is not hundreds of kilometers kilometres away in Ukraine, that sometimes it's here in the Russian capital. We know that there is this sort of deep sense of fatigue with the war. Surveys show it, conversations on the street show it. People feel more and more that the war is impacting their lives economically, for example. And also more and more people know other people who are fighting in Ukraine and being injured and being killed.

[Valerie Sanderson]

A Russia editor, Steve Rosenberg. When we think of sharks, we tend to imagine large predators, mouths filled with razor sharp teeth, hunting for prey deep beneath the waves. But I don't want to worry you here. There are actually several species of shark that can walk with most of their bodies out of the water. Now scientists have identified a new species of walking shark in Papua New Guinea. Richard Hamilton reports.

[Richard Hamilton]

Walking sharks are less than a metre long, have colourful markings and live in shallow water. In northern Australia, eastern Indonesia and Papua New guinea, they have evolved an unusual adaptation which allows them to move across the reef flats at low tide using their pectoral and pelvic fins like little legs. Occasionally they drag themselves out of the water over small stretches of dry land to get into the next reef pool. There were nine species of walking shark known to science, but now there are 10. This one is named after Christine Dudgeon from the University of the Sunshine coast in Queensland, who discovered it.

[Christine Dudgeon]

We were on an expedition in Papua New guinea looking for a known species of walking shark, which is known as the Millen Bay walking shark. They tend to be more active at nighttime. The water was a little bit deeper, so it was about one metre in depth and so we were snorkeling around at the time when we found it. Because they're quite small, they're actually reasonably easy to catch. So this one was just swimming along the bottom. I shown the torch in front of it, which made it stop for a moment and then I was able to sort of dive down quickly and grab it behind the head and then I just secured the tail under my armpit because it's. They're quite wriggly so they will try and sort of get away and that's really all that's required. It's not too difficult.

[Richard Hamilton]

Once back in the laboratory, Christine's team carried out DNA tests which confirmed the new shark was genetically distinct from all the other known species. Papua New Guinea's walking sharks are believed to be under serious threat from habitat loss, which is caused by coastal development, the expansion of palm oil plantations as well as coral bleaching. As the new shark is only thought to live in a small area, the researchers think it's probably the most endangered of all the ten species.

[Valerie Sanderson]

Richard Hamilton. And finally, a story that sits somewhere between myth and reality. In the heart of Sherwood Forest in the English county of Nottinghamshire, lies an ancient oak tree. According to local folklore, hundreds of years ago, the hero Robin Hood, known for robbing the rich to give to the poor, took shelter inside the huge oak when he was hiding from the Sheriff of Nottingham. A story perhaps with its roots in real events. The more than a thousand year old tree is still there, though it's now believed to have died despite conservationists best efforts to keep it alive. Anna Foster spoke to Chloe Ryder, who's the Sherwood Forest estate operations manager.

[Chloe Ryder]

It's a really sad situation and it is actually the combination of a series of really complex challenges that the major oak has faced right in the end stages of its vast lifetime. A combination of human interventions that have been very well intentioned in the efforts to preserve its iconic form, but also the popularity of coming to visit this amazing tree over the last 200 years have really had a very detrimental effect on the soils around the tree. And all of those footsteps and even vehicles in times gone by have squashed these soils. And it's really restricted the amount of life and activity, not only in the soils, but those connections between the root system and the soils. And it's been hidden for a long, long time. So we've only just been able to understand exactly what's been going on beneath the surface.

[Valerie Sanderson]

And this is the first spring where

[Anne Soy]

it's had no leaves.

[Valerie Sanderson]

I'll be honest, Chloe, I'm not a gardener, so this might be a really silly question, but I'm going to ask it anyway. For all of us who aren't. Once you've had that, can it be brought back again? Are there things that you can do to try to revive it?

[Anne Soy]

Or is that really the end?

[Chloe Ryder]

So there really isn't a tree like the major oak anywhere else in the world. It's had such a challenging past, it's had loads of intervent. There's nothing quite like it. So there are always uncertainties. But the amazing team of scientists that we've worked with very closely over the past few years all have got a massive experience in tree physiology and understanding kind of what can happen. And they're all in the same belief that what we've found in this really deteriorated root system, it means that it really can't support itself anymore.

[Valerie Sanderson]

If that's the case, do you leave it as a monument or does it have to be chopped down?

[Chloe Ryder]

Oh, definitely not. No. I mean, the, the major oak is going to continue to be a focal point of Sherwood Forest for, you know, decades, maybe even centuries. Its iconic form is going to go nowhere.

[Valerie Sanderson]

Chloe Ryder speaking to Anna Foster. And that's it from us for now. If you want to get in touch, you can email [e-mail] you can also find us on X@BBC World Service. Use the hashtag Global Newspod. And don't forget our sister podcast, the Global Story, which goes in depth and beyond the headlines on one big story. This edition of the Global News Podcast was mixed by Chris Lovelock and the producers were Stephanie Zachen and Paul Day. The editor is Karen Martin. I'm Valerie Sanderson. Until next time, bye bye.

[Christine Dudgeon]

Foreign

[Ryan Seacrest]

who's actually won the Iran war.

[Rahul Tandon]

I'm Tristan Redman.

[Liz Doucet]

And I'm Asma Khalid, and together we host the Global Story podcast from the BBC.

[Valerie Sanderson]

The US and Iran say they've struck

[Liz Doucet]

a deal to end the war, but

[Rahul Tandon]

a key question is what's actually been achieved by nearly four months of fighting and is the situation better, worse or the same?

[Ryan Seacrest]

Same for the region and Iran.

[Valerie Sanderson]

For the full story, check out the

[Liz Doucet]

global story on BBC.com or wherever you get your podcasts.