Oliver Conway (3:57)

Yeah, because for a start, it'll take a couple of weeks to get there. President Trump has recently said, I don't think it's going to be long until this is over. But sending troops suggests it's going to be a longer campaign.

Frank Gardner (4:12)

It does. And you know, there is a parallel here. Kind of if we pull out and look at all of this objectively and historically, there is a parallel with the Tony Blair years where there were a couple of very quick successful in and out campaigns. Sierra Leone in 1999 and Kosovo took a bit longer, but both were successful military interventions without too many repercussions. Then came Afghanistan and then came Iraq. In both cases, Britain getting bogged down and America bogged down for years and years. And in the case of Donald Trump's administration, you had the quick one and done, as they called it in the States, Intervention in Venezuela, slightly mixed outcome, but militarily it was very successful. And in intelligence terms, it was a huge success. And they've been able to interdict tankers and seize Russian ghost fleet tankers and so on. But this is different. This is a miscalculation, I think, because the, the Gulf Arab states where I'm speaking to you from, they all said, pretty much all said, don't do this. This is going to hurt everybody, especially us. You might win this militarily, but we're going to Pay the consequences. And guess what? That's exactly what's happening. And it's driving up oil prices, it's ruining the tourism industry in this part of the world, which in a place like Dubai is hugely important. But the biggest miscalculation is, is the US seems to think that it would be able to intimidate Iran to come to the negotiating table and comply with U.S. demands. And that bit isn't working. The Iranians, yes, they've been absolutely battered, the Iranian regime. They've lost a huge number of commanders, but they haven't collapsed yet. They've only got to survive to win this.

Oliver Conway (5:58)

And currently they are surviving because they are still sending these drones into US and allied targets in the region.

Frank Gardner (6:08)

Yeah, I mean, I spent part of yesterday out in the desert visiting a previously undisclosed British army unit. Ben Wallace, the previous UK Defence Secretary, the Minister for Defence, sent this artillery air defence unit from Britain to Saudi Arabia, what nearly four years ago now. And they've been practicing to shoot down drones. They've got these things called Stormer armored vehicles. They're short range air defense. Their job is to help defend Saudi critical national infrastructure which is vulnerable to attack. I mean, you know, if you look at say oil or petrochemical, these are huge, great big targets, big facilities. And I don't know if you remember seven years ago there was a devastating attack by missiles and drones on Saudi Aramco's petrochemical facilities at places called Abqaiq and Kharees in eastern Saudi. And I went to visit the aftermath of that and it knocked half of Saudi's oil exports off the market for several days. And that was a bit of a wake up call to the Saudis as to just how vulnerable they are to Iranian drones. Seven years on, drones have become a part of modern warfare, an integral part of it. And the Iranians, even if you knock out all their ballistic missiles, they've got an almost inexhaustible supply of these nasty Shahid drones. They're about, I don't know, two and a half meters long. They pack 90 kilograms of high explosive and they can slam into high rise buildings, into embassies, into office blocks, into hotels. You know, they're not huge, but they can ruin your entire day. So it's what Ukrainians have been putting up with for four years. You know, they all know too much about these. I mean, it was the equivalent of the doodlebugs that Londoners had to endure after the blitz that these things would come over sent by Germany. And there are so many of them, that some of them get through. They can shoot down most of them, but some of them get through and they wreak a lot of damage. And Iran's got a lot of these. You can launch them from the back of a truck, from a cave, from pretty much anywhere. And it can reproduce up to 500 of these underground every month. So Iran is all about playing the long game because they know that Donald Trump hasn't got the patience to do that. He wants this to be one and done. Declare victory, job done, mission accomplished, off we go. But Iran's still going to be there and so is the Islamic Republic at this rate.

Oliver Conway (8:30)

Frank Gardner in Saudi Arabia in the past few hours, India says two of its tankers have crossed through the Strait of Hormuz after being granted permission by Iran following high level talks. Indian officials said the vessels were carrying liquid petroleum gas and were headed to Indian ports. Iran's ambassador to India described the two nations as friends with shared interests. Officials in the UAE say they are working to contain a fire at one of the largest oil storage locations in the Middle east after it was hit by falling debris from a downed drone. The blaze at Fujairah has reportedly caused the loading of oil to be suspended. Earlier in another Gulf state, Qatar, evacuation orders were issued in several areas mainly linked to US Economic interests after Iran described them as legitimate targets. I heard more from our correspondent in Doha, Barbara Pletocher.

Barbara Platasher (9:26)

These are areas where you do have some US Economic interests. Now, the Interior Ministry did not specify the areas when it put out the notice of the evacuations. But from what we understand where people received alerts, one of them was the center of the city in a place called Mushaydeb. So you have there companies like Google and American Express, also some Qatari government offices. And then there is a place that is known as Education City. It's a large 12 acre campus that also has a technical compound. And there you have a presence of Microsoft. And there were alerts there for evacuation as well, presumably because of the Microsoft Office. But there are also branches of six American universities there.

Oliver Conway (10:07)

And where would these people be going once they've evacuated?

Barbara Platasher (10:10)

Well, we didn't get that information, but there have been evacuations here before. There was a similar area specific evacuation I think last week around the U.S. embassy. And the Qatarin Interior Ministry has said that they provide places for them so they have a system for evacuations when they need to happen. What we heard was that the evacuation order in Mushaydab came through just after midnight, I think, and people then rushed to underground car parks to take shelter because the alert said evacuate immediately to the nearest safe place. And then we had that enormous explosion that echoed around the city just at 1:30 in the morning. So that was a, an immediate threat it seems. But in terms of whether they have to stay longer before they can go back, I think the government is going to make arrangements for them.

Oliver Conway (10:57)

And briefly, what is the view of Qatar in terms of how long this will continue?

Barbara Platasher (11:03)

Well, I think it's like everyone else, they're all wondering how long it will continue and their big concern is how much of an impact it will continue to have as it continues. Certainly, as Frank was saying, it has affected the economy in the tourism, the oil and so on, as we've been reporting. But then also, once it ends, what will they be left with? The Americans are looking for a victory that they can then say we've done it and we can go. But the Gulf Arab states, including Qatar, are going to be left with whatever the result is with an Iran that has been quite radically bombarded. But the regime is still in place, possibly in a more hardline and radical form. So there's a lot of concerns here. I would say that in Qatar, life is a bit surreal because you don't have that many attacks and they're usually intercepted. That's on the surface underneath. There's a great deal of anxiety about what's going on.

Oliver Conway (11:52)

Barbara Platasher in the Qatari capital Doha. Well, in an unusual intervention, Hamas has urged Iran to stop firing missiles and drones at neighboring states. The Palestinian group that's backed by Iran fought a devastating two year war with Israel in Gaza. With more details, here's Elektra Naismith.

Elettra Naismith (12:12)

This statement is a rare rebuke from Hamas of its main ally and sponsor. While it affirmed Iran's right to respond to U.S. and Israeli aggression, Hamas called on Tehran to stop targeting its neighbors. It's a significant development for the Palestinian group and highlights Hamas's tricky position. Tehran is a major financial backer, providing weapons, training and technology. In turn, Hamas is a key regional proxy, a member of Iran's Access of Resistance, a loose coalition aimed at combating US And Israeli influence. But Turkey is also a big backer, providing significant financial and political support, as is Qatar, which hosts Hamas's political office and provides yet more financial resources. Both have come under Iranian attack. Hamas says Israel is trying to sow discord between Iran and its Islamic neighbors. It has called for all countries in the region to cooperate and has reportedly already reached out to some, including Qatar. Turkey And Iraq. This is a war that will benefit few, if anybody in the region, that is, except for Israel.

Oliver Conway (13:16)

Elettra Naismith well, Israel is reported continuing Iranian airstrikes on its territory, most recently over the southern town of Eilat. Air defenses were triggered and no damage or casualties have been reported. Overnight, one airstrike caused a building in the central town of Shoham to catch fire. Other missiles also exploded. No casualties have been reported there. The Israeli Defense minister, Israel Katz, says the conflict is entering a decisive phase.

Israel Katz (13:47)

The global and regional struggle against Iran, led by the US President Donald Trump and the Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, is ramping up and entering the decisive stretch that will continue as long as necessary. Iran is engaging in regional terrorism and extortion meant to deter Israel and the United States from pressing on with the campaign and is receiving an uncompromising response with as strong as steel. We are entering the decisive phase of the struggle between the regime's attempts to survive while causing increasing suffering to the Iranian people. Only the Iranian people can put an end to this with a determined struggle until they overthrow the terrorist regime and secure the salvation of Iran.

Oliver Conway (14:28)

Well, residents of cities in Iran have said they were hit hard. On Friday night, a woman in her 20s in the capital, Tehran, told the BBC something exploded nearby and shook the house to the core. It was never like this, but my heart was pounding. Another woman from the city of Karaj said she is wrecked mentally and emotionally. My life is basically paralyzed, she said. Most of my time during the day goes to checking the news and constantly checking on people I know. Meanwhile, Israel is continuing to target Hezbollah command centers in the Lebanese capital, Beirut, accusing the group of making extensive military use of ambulances and medical facilities. Lebanon says Israeli strikes have killed 26 paramedics since the conflict resumed on 2 March. The French president, Emmanuel Macron, has offered to facilitate ceasefire discussions between Israel and Lebanon. Our correspondent in Beirut is Lina Sinjab.

Lina Sinjab (15:25)

There were two attacks today on paramedics. The first was like at least 12 were killed. And earlier in the week, they were also another attack on paramedics where, you know, two people were killed. And apparently in the second attack, the number of paramedics have risen to reach this number. And this is happening as Israeli airstrikes continue to ponder on the city here in Beirut or in the south, and the diplomatic efforts by the government are on the way. You know, this message of direct negotiations with the Israelis. We've heard from the Lebanese president earlier in the week where he's calling on the international community to help mediate and get these direct talks. And of course France has good relationship with Lebanon and is keen to find a solution. But the problem is who is this decision maker? I mean, Lebanon has a sort of a shadow state which is run by Hezbollah that is deciding the fate of the whole country and the fate of the Shia community. Hezbollah launched this war and dragged Lebanon into this war and continues to fire rockets into Israel and continues to assert its position despite calls from the government to ban its military and security activities. Despite anger from the community and anger from the government and even worries about the split between the society and the army trying to control the situation, they're continuing. They make statements that their fight is, is legitimate one. They make common operations with the Iranians. And now they're coming with a statement saying they are ready to fight for a long, long time, even till the end of their presence or the end of Israeli's occupation to the south. And this is really a big statement coming from a group that has been hammered and crippled by Israeli attacks in 2024. It shows that they've managed to rearm themselves and prepare themselves for such an operation. They even said that they were waiting for the right moment to happen, tying their battle to the Iranian ones. But for many here, this is totally against the interest of the country, the safety, security of the country and certainly the safety of security of the Shia community who are on the go on the run in hundreds of thousands. Now we are reaching 800 thousands of displaced Lebanese, mostly from the Shia community, simply because of a decision by Hezbollah to fight this war against Israel.

Oliver Conway (17:55)

Lina Sinjab in Beirut. As we were hearing earlier, the war has already had a big impact on the global economy. But what about the implications for the environment? Thick toxic smoke and black acid rain have been seen blanketing Iran's capital Tehran, after missiles damaged oil depots and refineries. Our science reporter Roland Pease spoke to Julian Wariger.

Roland Pease (18:17)

The videos of the blackened skies of Tehran were pretty horrific. It did remind me of the end of the first Gulf War back in 1991. You may remember that as they were retreating the Iraqi army from Kuwait, they sabotaged 800 oil wells in Kuwait. And the whole skies back then looked apocalyptic. And I did see that there were reports of black rain in that occasion as well, which reached as far as Afghanistan. In subsequent reports, they described the black rain as unburned oil. So what was happening was the ferocity of the fires was moving the air so much that it was carrying up everything around it, including unburned Hydrocarbons which then drifted around and I think that's what some of the unburned oil then was just condensing and raiding out though. Descriptions of puddles of oil and pools in the desert. From that though, it could also be that there's soot dissolved in ordinary rainwater. The soot particles can trigger rain, so that's another possible explanation. Within those plumes that's going to be so called polyaromatic hydrocarbons. These are forms of benzene which are very bad for health. There could be dioxins, which are well known toxins. I saw descriptions of burning sensations which could come from there's a lot of sulfur in this kind of oil. There's also nitrogen burning in there and that dissolves and that makes acid rain. So pretty nasty stuff.

Oliver Conway (19:40)

Yeah, I mean nasty initially, but I mean in terms of the health effects going forward, presumably some of them we don't know about yet and won't for a while perhaps.

Roland Pease (19:48)

Absolutely. I did see that the Iranian health Ministry reported 170,000 people seeking emergency health care in just one week. Relating to this, the heart and respiratory problems. They did add that that's a 20 to 25% rise above normal level. Tehran is already actually one of the most polluted cities in the world. Partly its geography, partly because of the aging lorries that are driving around. There are a large part of it. The trouble is that there's no scientific information either out of the capital, so they've no idea what the air quality is at the moment. But it is a very acute thing. So what persists is going to be unknown. There's one other thing which I did read, which is they use a particular form of oil in Iran which is called Masoud, which is rather thick and nasty. It has very high levels of sulfur in it. So that also if that's being burned in these fires, that's going to be a particular reason why there's a problem.

Oliver Conway (20:47)

BBC science reporter Roland Pease. And that is all from us for now, but the Global News podcast will be back soon. This edition was mixed by Craig Kingham and produced by Richard Hamilton. Our editors, Karen Martin. I'm Oliver Conway. Until next time. Goodbye.

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