UN chief: Famine in Gaza is a 'man-made disaster'

Summary

Global News Podcast – Episode Summary

Title: UN chief: Famine in Gaza is a ‘man-made disaster’
Date: August 22, 2025
Host: Nick Marles (BBC World Service)

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Overview

This episode spotlights the UN-backed declaration of famine in Gaza City, which the UN Secretary-General and aid agencies describe as a “man-made disaster.” The show also covers a wide range of global headlines including: an FBI investigation into former US National Security Adviser John Bolton, NATO’s stance on Ukraine following talks with Zelensky, the contentious new school uniform policies in El Salvador, renewed violence in Colombia, a new dinosaur discovery on the Isle of Wight, and a Supreme Court ruling about Delhi’s street dogs. The reporting is marked by stark testimony, timely analysis, and direct voices from those affected.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

1. Famine in Gaza: “A Man-Made Disaster”

• UN-backed IPC declares famine: For the first time in the Middle East, famine has been officially classified in Gaza City, with 130,000 children at risk of dying from malnutrition and over 500,000 facing starvation (03:03).
• Humanitarian scene: Aid workers report that Palestinians in Gaza are too exhausted to flee, and basic necessities are scarce.
• Notable quote (Gazan aid worker):

  “We fight every day just to get life basics like food, clean water, hygienic stuff, medications or even the feeling of security and peace… Our children don’t know what an apple is. Food and water should never have become a tool of war.” (02:46)

• Aid access and market conditions:
  • Few trucks are allowed into Gaza, and those are primarily commercial—“going to the markets in very high prices. Four times, five times and sometimes 10 times the normal prices.” (03:07)
• UNICEF perspective:
  • Tess Ingram, spokesperson in Gaza: “I was shocked by what I saw. It is the worst that I have ever seen. I met a little girl called Noor… She’s severely acutely malnourished… her mother … was worried that her daughter might die.” (03:29)
• UN report veracity & Israeli rejection:
  • Israel disputes the findings, calling them “politically motivated” and even “anti-Semitic,” arguing the IPC relied on “partial and not full data” (05:01, 05:32).
  • Humanitarian experts confirm the report’s robustness, defending its methodology (06:08).
• Geopolitical impact:

  “It’s putting more pressure on Israel, but they’re rejecting it… we’ve seen previously Israel respond positively to international outrage, but I don’t imagine we’re going to see any immediate shift in its policies around letting food into Gaza.”
  —Emir Nada, BBC Jerusalem correspondent (06:31–07:14)

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2. FBI Investigation into John Bolton & Concerns of Political Retaliation

• FBI search of John Bolton’s home, Trump’s former National Security Adviser and now vocal critic.
• Official reason: Alleged illegal possession or sharing of classified information, possibly revived from a previous unresolved case (08:03).
• Timeline context:
  • Bolton was fired in 2019; after Trump returned to office, investigations into critics seem to be reactivated.
• Concerns about politicization:
  • DOJ has opened cases against several high-profile Trump opponents.

  • “There had been concern… about the possibility for the incoming Trump administration to use the legal system to carry out retribution, basically to punish its political opponents... it’s raising... deep divisions already in American politics and society.”
    —Tom Bateman, BBC North America correspondent (09:47–11:06)

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3. Ukraine Diplomacy & NATO Guarantees

• NATO’s position: Secretary General Mark Rutte calls for “robust security guarantees” for Ukraine, emphasizing ongoing allied support during a visit to Kyiv (12:20).

  “Robust security guarantees will be essential... so that when the time comes for you to enter that bilateral meeting, you have the unmistakable force of Ukraine’s friends behind you.”
  —Mark Rutte/NATO representative (12:20–12:38)

• Zelensky responds:
  • Expresses skepticism but some optimism regarding unity witnessed in Washington.

  • “Maybe I’m showboating, but Washington felt like a success… I don’t know how this will end. But this is much better than it was a week or two ago.”
    —Volodymyr Zelensky (13:22–13:46)

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4. Ghislaine Maxwell Interview Transcript Release

• Content highlights:
  • Maxwell praises Donald Trump and maintains his innocence regarding Epstein’s crimes.
  • No new individuals implicated:

    “She [Maxwell] goes out of her way to praise Donald Trump… adding that she admired what she called his extraordinary achievement in becoming president… Ghislaine Maxwell implicates nobody else…”
    —David Willis, BBC North America correspondent (14:16)

• Timing:
  • Release of transcript appears intended to address ongoing conspiracy theories regarding Epstein’s network (15:38).

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5. Strict School Uniform Policy Sparks Controversy in El Salvador

• New policy: Enforced by Education Minister (an army captain), includes strict grooming and uniform standards; punishments for non-compliance range from community service to lower grades (21:08).
• Support and criticism:
  • Some students/teachers in favor for reasons of discipline.
  • Teachers’ unions and rights groups decry “militarisation” of education and draw parallels to El Salvador’s military dictatorship era:

    “The Salvadoran Teachers Front called the policy absurd, likening it to the country’s past under military dictatorship…” (22:35)

• Political context:
  • President Nayib Bukele has removed term limits, increased militarization, and presided over a crackdown on gangs, earning both popularity and criticism for human rights abuses (22:35).

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6. Renewed Violence in Colombia and the EMC

• Wave of attacks:
  • Recent incidents—police helicopter shot down (12 dead), truck bomb at military base (6 dead)—spark fears of a return to civil conflict (23:11).
• Group responsible:
  • EMC (Central General Staff), described as a powerful drug trafficking organization and FARC dissidents:

    “[The EMC] are dissidents from the FARC during the peace process… These are basically criminal groups now, involved in drug trafficking, extortion, kidnappings…”
    —Leonardo Rocha, BBC America’s Editor (24:27)

• Complex criminal ecology:
  • EMC competes with other groups like ELN and the Gulf Clan, battling for drug smuggling routes (25:12).

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7. New Dinosaur Discovery: “Sail-backed Iguanodontian”

• Discovery:
  • Large herbivorous dinosaur with a sail along its back and tail discovered on England’s Isle of Wight.
  • Researcher Jeremy Lockwood describes its probable herd lifestyle, size, and the mechanical and sexual signaling functions of the sail (26:31–28:47).

    “We think it had a sail running down its back onto its tail, which sort of stood out and is quite a different thing… seemed to be a mechanical use for having taller neural spines… In some, this became sexual signaling.” (26:53–28:47)

• Personal note:
  • Lockwood reflects on his career shift from family medicine to paleontology:

    “It’s been really nice for me… it’s opened up new doors… very lucky to have discovered three new dinosaurs.” (28:59)

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8. Delhi’s Street Dogs: Reprieve and Resolution

• Initial government response:
  • Supreme Court had ordered stray dogs to be rounded up due to rampant bites and rabies fears; protests ensued (30:18).
• Final decision:
  • Dogs will now be sterilized and vaccinated, only aggressive ones being sheltered.
  • Celebrations among animal welfare groups:

    “I think we won today… we need to celebrate, and it is so true. I’m going to celebrate on the way with all the dogs that I meet.” (32:07)

• Societal complexities:
  • Many Delhi residents regard the strays as neighborhood members, with some even giving them jackets (30:18–32:25).

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Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• “An entirely man made famine is taking place in Gaza City.”
  —Nick Marles (03:03)
• “While children outside Gaza want to eat an ice cream instead of an apple, our children don’t know what an apple is.”
  —Gaza aid worker (02:46)
• “We believe invading Gaza City is the way to return the hostages and to defeat Hamas and end the war.”
  —Emir Nada reporting on Israeli government stance (06:31)
• “Trump uses the FBI for vengeance.”
  —Protester outside John Bolton’s house (paraphrased account by Tom Bateman, 10:36)
• “She goes out of her way to praise Donald Trump… Ghislaine Maxwell implicates nobody else.”
  —David Willis (14:16)
• “The Salvadoran Teachers Front called the policy absurd, liking it to the country’s past under military dictatorship.”
  —Ella Bicknell (22:35)
• “I think we won today… I'm going to celebrate on the way with all the dogs that I meet.”
  —Delhi student activist (32:07)

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Timestamps for Key Segments

• Famine in Gaza & UN Report: 01:07 – 07:14
• FBI Investigates John Bolton: 07:14 – 11:06
• Ukraine-NATO Security Guarantees: 11:06 – 13:53
• Ghislaine Maxwell Interview: 13:53 – 16:40
• School Uniform Policy in El Salvador: 20:40 – 23:11
• Violence in Colombia: 23:11 – 26:04
• Dinosaur Discovery: 26:04 – 29:49
• Delhi's Stray Dogs: 29:49 – 32:25

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Closing Thoughts

The episode provides astute, urgent coverage of global crises, offering both ground-level testimony and high-level analysis. The tone is factual and compassionate, giving voice to the affected while foregrounding policy debates and political context. Whether it’s the heartbreak of Gaza, the sharpening edges of US-justice-and-politics, evolving conflict in Colombia, or unexpected victories for animal rights in India, the reporting is both timely and deeply human.

Transcript

[Nick Marles]

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[Nick Marles]

This is the Global News Podcast from the BBC World Service. I'm Nick Miles and in the early hours of Saturday 23rd August, these are our main stories. Aid agencies say Palestinians in Gaza City, where famine has been declared, are too exhausted to flee Israel's promised offensive. FBI agents have searched the office and residence of John Bolton, Mr. Trump's former national security adviser turned vocal critic. Also in this podcast, the head of NATO has called for robust security guarantees for Ukraine, and scientists discover a new species of dinosaur with a spiky sail along its back and tail.

[Jeremy Lockwood]

This was a fanny launch herbivore, probably walking around on four feet most of the time, but could probably raise up onto two if it needed to.

[Nick Marles]

An entirely man made famine is taking place in Gaza City. That's according to the UN backed global hunger monitoring body, the ipc. It's the first time famine has been officially classified in the Middle East. The IPC, which monitors hunger around the world, found that 130,000 children are now at risk of dying from malnutrition. The organization also says that over half a million people across the Gaza Strip are facing starvation, destitution and death. Aid workers in the territory say exhausted and starving Palestinians will struggle to meet Israel's evacuation orders for Gaza City. For those living there, today's announcement comes as no surprise.

[Advertiser Voice]

We fight every day just to get life basics like food, clean water, hygienic stuff, medications or even the feeling of Security and peace. While children outside Gaza want to eat an ice cream instead of an apple, our children don't know what an apple is. Food and water should never have become a tool of war.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

Few trucks are allowed to enter Gaza, but those are commercial trucks. And these kind of items are going to the markets in very high prices. Four times, five times and sometimes 10 times doubled the normal prices.

[Nick Marles]

UNICEF's spokesperson in Gaza, Tess Ingram, says the situation on the ground is the worst she has ever seen.

[Narrator/Advertiser]

I've spent the last 48 hours going to nutrition points here in the middle area of the Gaza Strip to meet with families trying to seek support for malnutrition, pregnant women, children. And I was shocked by what I saw. It is the worst that I have ever seen. I met a little girl called Noor who was born healthy at 4 kilos and now at 14 months old, she weighs just 5 kg and she should be double that by this point. She's severely acutely malnourished. And her mother, who in tears said to me she was worried that her daughter might die.

[Nick Marles]

Our correspondent in Jerusalem, Emir Nada, told us more about today's declaration of famine.

[Emir Nada]

What we've learned is that roughly a quarter of the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip are now classified as suffering from famine. It's obviously something that many people working on the ground there and people that we've had testimony from, it's something that they've been talking anecdotally about the difficulties of finding food, as you've heard in those clips there. And now it's been sort of substantiated in this very robust report by the ipc. And what's more is that it notes that as soon as next month, much of the rest of Gaza, this famine, will spread to those areas, too. So the trends that it identifies are very significant and indeed very worrying, especially ahead of this planned Israeli military offensive on Gaza City, the very place where today the IPC have found that famine is taking place.

[Nick Marles]

Emir. The Israeli government disputes the findings of the report, though, doesn't it?

[Emir Nada]

It does. It says they are based on lies, they are based on biased, they're politically motivated. Prime Minister Netanyahu went as far as to say there was anti Semitic motivations behind the report, referring to blood libels. So a very vehement rejection from Israel, who has, who have long denied that there is famine and indeed starvation in the Gaza Strip. Now, one of Israel's representatives, Fl Hassan Nahum, did speak earlier about some of the points of rejection that Israel is seeing in the, in the report.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

The report is based on partial and not full data. They've completely ignored all the information given to them by Kogat, which is the Israeli government military coordination with the Palestinian administration. And on top of all that, they've completely ignored the numbers of the Gaza Humanitarian foundation that have actually given out 150 million meals out in the last few months. So if you're only going to use the data that serves your political agenda, it's not a very credible report.

[Nick Marles]

Emir that's what Israel says, but a lot of experts say that it is valid, this report.

[Emir Nada]

Indeed, we've heard from numerous independent experts, much of the humanitarian community really coming out today with a strongly worded support of this report, really defending its conclusions and indeed the methodology that it is based upon.

[Nick Marles]

So where does this leave us? The report is out there. It's putting more pressure on Israel, but they're rejecting it. What is the likely outco?

[Emir Nada]

Well, I think that we can see the response of Israel to this report sitting in with a general hardening of its position on many fronts that we've been seeing in the past week or so, including this planned offensive of Gaza City. Really defiant language where we've heard repeatedly from ministers saying you can criticize us and threaten us with sanctions all you want. We believe invading Gaza City is the way to return the hostages and to defeat Hamas and to end the war. We, we have seen previously Israel respond positively to international outrage around aid and allowing more aid to get in. But given the kind of language we've been seeing in the past week or so, I don't imagine that we're going to see any immediate shift in its policies around letting food into the Gaza Strip.

[Nick Marles]

That was Emir Nada. Is there a witch hunt against Donald Trump's opponents? It is a question that some are asking after FBI agents arrived in a plush suburb near Washington, D.C. and searched the home of Donald Trump's former national security security adviser, John Bolton. He served every Republican president dating back to Ronald Reagan. But he fell out with President Trump over foreign policy and was sacked in 2019. Since then, he's become a staunch and vocal critic of his former boss. And that continued even as FBI agents were at his home posting on X that the president was interested in Ukraine just because he wants a Nobel Peace Prize, but that the peace talks were unlikely to make any progress. Our correspondent Tom Bateman has been following developments. He's been reporting from John Bolton's house in Maryland.

[Tom Bateman]

What the FBI have said is that this was a court authorized action. We have seen. I mean I'm outside John Bolton's house now, and there have been FBI agents in their FBI jackets coming and going and have been in there, what, five or six hours now. They took in empty cardboard boxes earlier. All we know is from unnamed officials that they say this is an investigation into the alleged illegal possession or sharing of classified information. Now, Mr. Trump, during his first term, had fired John Bolton as his national security adviser. John Bolton then wrote a book about his time in the White House, which the White House then tried to block publication of, claiming that he hadn't got the appropriate approvals. The courts rejected that. So the book had gone ahead, but the administration, under the Justice Department had said still tried to carry on a criminal investigation. But here we are all these Years later with Mr. Trump back in office. Nothing had come of that investigation. But it seems if it is linked, if it is the same case, that therefore has been reactivated. But what, seven, eight months into Mr. Trump's second term and at a moment where John Bolton has been increasingly critical of Donald Trump and, as you say, particularly recently over his attempts to do a peace deal with Vladimir Putin. And we know that Mr. Trump was very irritated about the media coverage of that summit last week because he was posting on his social media account about his irritation over it over the weekend.

[Nick Marles]

And Tom, the Department of justice has opened investigations into a number of people seen as Trump opponents. Ex FBI Director James Comey, New York attorney Letitia James, is there a concern that these probes are being used as.

[Tom Bateman]

A political weapon towards the end of the Biden administration? I mean, I was talking to very senior officials who spoke about the concerns about this, about the possibility for the incoming Trump administration to use the legal system to carry out retribution, basically to punish its political opponents. There had been concern about that. And as you say, we're seeing political opponents of Mr. Trump subject to criminal investigation. Now, the administration says in all these cases that these are legitimate legal actions and that people, in their words, that nobody is above the law. But it also coincides with people who have tended to be very strong critics of Mr. Trump or his administration. Now, certainly, I mean, one official I spoke to last year did raise concern about this, but said in the end they felt assured by the independence of the legal system and that in the end, the courts, you know, if things reach that point, the courts will realize that these are politically motivated actions. But of course, it's raising. I mean, we've had protesters, a very small number of protesters turning up here, one with a plaque on at the moment saying Trump uses the FBI for vengeance. So you get a sense already of how this is playing into the deep divisions already in American politics and society.

[Nick Marles]

That was Tom Bateman. As Donald Trump was preparing to meet Vladimir Putin last week for a summit on ending the war in Ukraine, he said the next step would be a meeting between Mr. Putin and Volodymyr Zelenskyy. Well, so far there has been no sign that such a meeting is forthcoming. Mr. Trump was asked about it in Washington on Friday.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

We're going to see if Putin and Zelenskyy will be working together. You know, that's like oil and vinegar a little bit. They don't get along too well for obvious reasons, but we'll see and then we'll see whether or not I would have to be there. I'd rather not. I'd rather have them have a meeting and see how they can do. But in the meantime, they continue to fight and they continue to kill people, which is very stupid.

[Nick Marles]

Volodymyr Zelensky did meet the NATO chief, Mark rutte on Friday. Mr. Rutter called for security guarantees for Ukraine to ensure that Russia honors any peace deal that is eventually made. Our correspondent Katie Watson reports from Keith.

[Narrator/Advertiser]

As the war rages, diplomacy is trying to keep pace. This was a chance for the well traveled President Zelensky to play host. Here in Kyiv, NATO's Secretary General Mark Rutter reminding Russia who Ukraine's allies are and what they're prepared to do.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

Robust security guarantees will be essential. And this is what we are now.

[Jeremy Lockwood]

Working to define so that when the.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

Time comes for you to enter that bilateral meeting, you have the unmistakable force.

[Jeremy Lockwood]

Of Ukraine's friends behind you, ensuring that.

[Nick Marles]

Russia will uphold any deal and will never, ever again attempt to take 1.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

Square kilometer of Ukraine.

[Narrator/Advertiser]

But still, there's little detail on what that actually means. It's not the first time that security guarantees have been agreed and not respected. The NATO Secretary General insisted lessons had been learned. Meanwhile, President Zelensky accused Russia of doing everything not to have a meeting with Ukraine. He said Vladimir Putin needed to be forced into diplomacy. People here in Ukraine, though, are war weary. Many have little faith that anything will come of these talks. A question I put to Volodymyr Zelensky. What do you say to Ukrainians who think that we're in the same position as we were a week ago?

[Reporter/Correspondent]

Maybe I'm showboating, but Washington felt like a success. Why? Because, yes, Ukraine needs security guarantees, but without the US Europe will not give us everything it can. I don't know how this will end. But this is much better than it was a week or two ago. We saw unity in Washington. It's still political, but it's just the first step of everyone working on security guarantees.

[Narrator/Advertiser]

Ukraine surrounding itself with allies. But it's not clear whether the plan they come up with will convince Russia it needs to come to the table.

[Nick Marles]

Katie Watson, the US Justice Department has released a transcript of an interview with Ghislaine Maxwell, the ex girlfriend of the late pedophile and financier Jeffrey Epstein. Epstein's friendships with wealthy individuals, including Mr. Trump, have fueled conspiracy theories. Our North America correspondent, David Willis is following the story.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

There's 337 pages of transcript, Nick, and I think the top line is that in this interview with Todd Blanche, the deputy attorney general conducted a month ago, Gillet Maxwell goes out of her way to praise Donald Trump, saying that although she came into contact with Mr. Trump, he was part of Jeffrey Epstein's orbit. He Mr. Trump never did anything inappropriate, adding that she admired what she called his extraordinary achievement in becoming president. And as well as maintaining her own innocence. In these interviews, Ghislaine Maxwell implicates nobody else in what was thought to be the widespread trafficking of children which Jeffrey Epstein was engaged in. And of course, his friendships with rich and powerful people have fueled conspiracy theories along the lines that others were clearly involved with his crimes, but no one other than he and Ghislaine Maxwell have been criminally charged. She is appealing her sentence to the U.S. supreme Court.

[Nick Marles]

And remind us why this has been released now and how much it's likely to allay those suggestions of involvement of Donald Trump and others.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

Well, this is a story, Nick, that the Trump administration has been desperately seeking to play down, given the president friendship with Jeffrey Epstein. There's been pressure from members of Mr. Trump's own base who for years have been fueling conspiracy theories about Jeffrey Epstein's clientele and his mysterious death in prison. And partly under the encouragement, in fact, of Donald Trump, only for the U.S. his own U.S. justice Department, to announce suddenly back in July that they would not be releasing the criminal files relating to this case. Officials have apparently been deliberating for the last few days about whether or not to release these transcripts and these recordings. The fact that they've done so, I think late on a Friday night, Nick, speaks for itself. But those seeking answers about Jeffrey Epstein's scandalous conduct will be disappointed by the contents of these recordings, I think.

[Nick Marles]

David Willis, still to come in this.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

Podcast, we need to celebrate, I'm going to say celebrate on the way with all the dogs that I meet.

[Nick Marles]

The dogs of Delhi have been given a reprieve after big protests by animal welfare groups.

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[Nick Marles]

From South Korea to Mexico to Egypt, school uniforms are standard in classrooms across many countries. But stricter dress codes for students in El Salvador have sparked controversy. Critics say it's another step towards the militarisation of education and President Nayibukele's increasingly authoritarian rule. Ella Bicknell has this report.

[Narrator/Advertiser]

At this technical college, headteacher Oscar Melara inspects each student as they file in through the school gates. Shirts, shoes and haircuts must meet strict new standards. Mohawks and popular bowl style Edgar cut are out, short back and sides are in. This is now the norm in schools across El Salvador. Under new rules, teachers are encouraged to enforce strict punishments for students who don't comply. From community service to lowering grades, it's been spearheaded by El Salvador's new education minister, Carla Chigueros, a captain with the armed forces. She's been touring schools in her military uniform, promising to transform the system. She says discipline will prevent children being recruited into gangs. Her teacher, Oscar Melara, agrees.

[Terry Egan]

Previously, when we stopped students to tell them their haircut wasn't appropriate, they would say their teacher was pressuring them or psychologically mistreating them. It made so many teachers back off from enforcing rules. But with this new minister and these rules, she tells us we must correct this because we need students to receive.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

A complete education.

[Narrator/Advertiser]

And some students support it as well.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

Thank God most students are now taking it up again.

[Nick Marles]

To me, it's something we should always.

[Jeremy Lockwood]

Maintain so we students look smart and aren't misinterpreted out there on the streets.

[Narrator/Advertiser]

But teachers unions say the measures go too far. The Salvadoran Teachers Front called the policy absurd, liking it to the country's past under military dictatorship. Since taking office in 2019, President Nayib Bukele has removed presidential term limits, calling himself the world's coolest dictator. His crackdown on gang crime has made him wildly popular, but human rights groups say it's come at a cost, including enforced disappearances and torture. More than 80,000 people have been detained by the authorities.

[Nick Marles]

Ella Bicknell, A police helicopter brought down, killing 12 people. A truck bomb outside a military air base, six more deaths. It sounds like a return to some of the worst of Colombia's civil war violence of the past. It all happened late on Thursday, and it has made many people there look at the historic 2016 peace deal with the FARC rebel group and think what's gone wrong now. President Gustavo Petro has announced a security forces campaign against the group thought to be responsible, the emc. Our America's editor Leonardo Rocha, told us more.

[Leonardo Rocha]

The president described this group, the emc, or Central General Staff, described them as the biggest drug trafficking organization in Colombia. I don't know if that's true because there are other organizations, but they are quite powerful. And what he said is that these attacks marked the beginning of the end for them. He said he had instructed the security forces to go and basically destroyed this unit from where these attacks were launched on the helicopter, they threw a mortar and also a drone that destroyed that helicopter, killing 12 police officers.

[Nick Marles]

Now, this deal with the FARC in 2016, that was supposed to resolve most things that the EMC, where have they come from? What do they want?

[Leonardo Rocha]

The EMC are dissidents from the FARC during the peace process. The FARC had been fighting since the 1960s. And we had this agreement with the previous government. And then by the end of the peace talks, some leadership said, we're not going to accept that. We don't trust the government. We'll carry on fighting. And then there's this one of the rebel leaders called Ivan Mordisco. He invited people to join his forces and said, come and join me. And these are the emc. Basically, it's a coalition of basically criminal groups now, because they're not all involved in fighting the government. They're involved in drug trafficking, extortion, kidnappings and all sorts of things.

[Nick Marles]

And the EMC is a coalition of these groups. And there are other groups as well. It's not just these sort of former left wing rebels.

[Leonardo Rocha]

No, there are three main groups. There's eln, which is the main rebel group still active. You have the emc, their rivals, former farc, and you have the Gulf clan. They have appeal, drug trafficking, extortion organization, very powerful. And they're fighting basically for routes. What is that? What are the routes? It's basically taking the cocaine from where it's produced in Colombia to the ports where it can be smuggled into the United States and Europe. And they're very powerful. And President Petro tried to have peace talks called Total Peace with them, inviting, including the EMC for talks, but they have failed. And all that happens in a year before the elections. President Petrosi is determined to fight and he said what motivated this attack was his actions against this group. Basically responded by planting a bomb in Cali and attacking the helicopter.

[Nick Marles]

Leonardo Rocha. Scientists have discovered a new species of a large plant eating dinosaur that had a sail like structure along its back and tail. Fossils of this extraordinary animal related to the better known Iguanodon were found on the Isle of Wight, off England's southern coast. The researcher who identified the beast is Jeremy Lockwood. He spoke to Tim Franks about the discovery.

[Jeremy Lockwood]

This was a fairly large herbivore, probably walking around on four feet most of the time, but could probably raise up onto two if it needed to. It was probably in herds and would have been the size of maybe a small American bison when it was full grown.

[Nick Marles]

And on its back it had something distinctive.

[Jeremy Lockwood]

It did. So we think it had a sail running down its back onto its tail, which sort of stood out and is quite a different thing from the other similar sorts of Iguanodontians that we find on the Isle of Wight.

[Nick Marles]

What do you think the purpose of it was?

[Jeremy Lockwood]

We did quite a bit of research when we found this animal into what was actually happening with the neural spines, so the spines rising up from the vertebrae running along the back. And we actually went back into the Jurassic, which is much earlier than this dinosaur, and started measuring the heights of neural spines on these animals and followed it right through really to the end of the dinosaurs. These animals started to get taller neural spines. And this combined with a change from a smaller bipedal animal into a big hefty sort of mega herbivore. There seems to be a mechanical use for having taller neural spines. They developed a crisscross of tendons running across these. And some of these have actually been preserved in the dinosaur group that we're looking at. So it was a bit like a bridge. It needed more support for its spine, including its increased weight and bulk.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

Right.

[Jeremy Lockwood]

That was the first stage. But in a few, a few dinosaurs, and I think there's probably four or five examples around the world, the neural spines became much taller than was clearly necessary for a mechanical function. So if we look around at lizards today, we do see several species that have this, this sail running down their backs. It's slightly bigger in the males, but it's on males and females. And this is sexual signaling. This has evolved due to sexual selection.

[Nick Marles]

It's extraordinary that you've sort of, I'm sure you were an incredibly successful family doctor. Tell me what it's like now to have sort of achieved scientific success in an entirely different field.

[Jeremy Lockwood]

Well, it's been really nice for me. I needed a new subject to, well, maybe keep my brain active. And it was a question that had been concerning me for a long time, that the anatomy that we were seeing here showed variation that couldn't be explained by the. At that time, only two iguanadontian dinosaurs in the Isle of Wight. So it's quite time consuming doing a PhD. But now that I've got it, it's opened up new doors for me. It's been, I mean, I'm very lucky to have discovered three new dinosaurs. We found 10 on the island over the last six years. So there's a real renaissance in dinosaur discoveries in this little island off the south coast of England. Probably finding more than a lot of places in the world that are really well known for their dinosaurs.

[Nick Marles]

Jeremy Lockwood and from dinosaurs to the street dogs of Delhi that have been given a reprieve. There were so many of them roaming around that the Supreme Court had ordered them all to be rounded up and sent to shelters and. But after protests by animal rights groups, they will now be vaccinated and sterilized and then released. Terry Egan has the report.

[Terry Egan]

The dogs of Delhi. According to Indian media, there may be as many as a million strays in the city. And there are regular reports of dog attacks, particularly on children and the elderly. Last year, there were more than 25,000 reported cases of dog bites in the capital and fears that, as in other parts of India, some could end up with rabies. But if the dogs were raging, so were the authorities who issued an order to catch and remove tens of thousands of them. Yet that triggered protests. The strays then also have their fervent supporters in some middle class neighbourhoods. Many have become beloved residents despite lacking formal owners, with some being given Special canine jackets to keep warm during the winter and others taken into private homes. On top of that, it began to dawn on everyone just how big an exercise moving all the dogs to shelters could prove to be. So India's Supreme Court has now scaled back its plans. Instead, the dogs will be sterilized and vaccinated to prevent rabies. They'll then be released with only those showing aggressive behaviour kept in shelters. For supporters and pro dog activists, a big victory.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

We were expecting an order and everyone was praying since last night and chanting and I think these prayers have been heard, but more importantly, the voice has been heard. And the moment the order came, you know, with different clauses, but mostly in support of whatever we are saying. So that's what the celebration was about.

[Terry Egan]

This college student, who also took part in the rallies supporting the dogs, welcomed the success.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

I think we won today. If the stay order is legitimate, then I. I hope that we need. We need to celebrate. And it is so true. I'm going to celebrate on the way with all the dogs that I meet.

[Terry Egan]

Which means, of course, a lot of celebrating.

[Nick Marles]

Terry Egan reporting. And that is all from us for now. But there will be a new edition of the Global News Podcast later on. If you want to comment on this podcast or the topics covered in it, you can send us an email. The address is globalpodcastbc.co.uk.com you can also find us on X@BBC World Service. Use the hashtag globalnewspod. Well, this edition was mixed by Masoud Ibrahim Khayel and the producers were Charles Sanctuary and Stephanie Tillotson. The editor is Karen Martin. I'm Nick Marles and until next time, goodbye.

[Reporter/Correspondent]

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