US charges Raúl Castro with murder

Summary

Global News Podcast – Episode Summary

Date: May 21, 2026
Host: Celia Hatton (BBC World Service)

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Episode Overview

This episode breaks down major global developments with a focus on the US charging former Cuban president Raúl Castro with murder over a 1996 incident, SpaceX’s trillion-dollar IPO, Ukraine’s evolving air defense against Russia, migration tensions in South Africa, a land rights battle in Barbuda, Everest summit dangers, and the International Booker Prize.

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Key Segments & Insights

1. US Charges Raúl Castro with Murder

[01:08–04:44]

• Context:

  • The US has intensified its pressure on Cuba, recently imposing a fuel blockade, which has further worsened Cuba’s economy.
  • The latest step: former president Raúl Castro is indicted for murder over the 1996 downing of US-based civilian planes by Cuban fighter jets.

• Announcement:

  • The acting US Attorney General, Todd Blanch, announced the indictment during a Florida ceremony honoring the victims.

• Reactions:

  • Cuban leadership condemned the charges as “a political maneuver devoid of any legal foundation.”
  • President Trump supported the indictment and hinted at military action but later said there would be no escalation:
    • “There won’t be escalation. I don’t think there needs to be. Look, the place is falling apart.” (Trump, [03:21])

• Expert Analysis:

  • Bernd Debusman (North America correspondent):
    • For many Cuban exiles in Florida, the indictment is symbolically significant, bringing a sense of long-awaited justice.
    • Actual prosecution is unlikely due to humanitarian and practical concerns—Raúl Castro is almost 95.

• Notable Quote:

  • “Now, whether he actually faces these charges is a different question entirely.” – Bernd Debusman ([03:43])

• Broader Strategy:

  • The US strategy is one of “maximum pressure,” including threats of tariffs on countries trading fuel with Cuba.
  • Political implications: The move is likely popular among Cuban Americans, serving President Trump’s and the Republican Party’s interests amid waning support due to harsh immigration policies.

• Strategic Importance:

  • Cuba’s proximity (90 miles from the US) raises security concerns—echoes of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
  • Fears of growing Russian and Chinese intelligence presence in Cuba add urgency.

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2. SpaceX’s Historic Trillion Dollar IPO

[07:40–11:10]

• Overview:

  • SpaceX, founded by Elon Musk, is set to debut on the US stock market at a valuation exceeding $1 trillion.

• Key Points:

  • SpaceX functions as a rocket manufacturer, fills former NASA roles, provides Starlink internet, and develops AI (Grok via xAI).
  • Financials revealed for the IPO:
    • £13.8 billion revenue last year, though recent quarterly losses suggest high ongoing investment.
    • More than $100 billion in assets, some outstanding debt.

• Impact on Musk:

  • Musk, majority owner, could become the world’s first trillionaire.

• Notable Quote:

  • “He owns majority of SpaceX. So this IPO...could mean Musk reaps a payday of north of $600 billion.” – Lily Jamali ([10:02])

• Reputation:

  • SpaceX had avoided significant controversy until integrating with Twitter and xAI, now facing some legal scrutiny.

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3. Ukraine’s Advances in Air Defense

[11:10–16:10]

• Situation:

  • Amid escalating air attacks from both Russia and Ukraine, Ukraine aims to shoot down 95% of Russian long-range drones by year’s end.

• Tactics & Technology:

  • Ukraine uses innovative, tech-driven defense, involving private companies and civilians operating remote anti-drone systems akin to video games.
  • Major advancement: P1 Sun Interceptor drones – destroyed over 30,000 Russian drones in March alone.

• Notable Moment:

  • “It’s not complicated. It’s very simple. It’s controlled just like a computer game, like you’d play on a phone, Xbox, or PlayStation.” (Private company operator, [13:38])

• Losses and Gaps:

  • Despite successes, gaps remain: FPV drones still cause frontline casualties. Recent missile attack killed 24 civilians in Kyiv, including two sisters.

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4. Migration Tensions in South Africa (Ghanaian Repatriation)

[18:04–19:26]

• Incident:

  • Violent protests against illegal immigrants erupt across South African cities.
  • Ghana arranges free flights to repatriate citizens after 300 express interest in leaving.

• Response:

  • South African government condemns violence, asserts illegal immigration strains local services.
  • Nigeria also arranging repatriation for its citizens.

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5. Barbuda’s Beachfront Land Battle

[19:26–23:52]

• Background:

  • Barbuda, known for unique pink sand beaches, faces development pressure as wealthy outsiders buy up land post-Hurricane Irma (2017).

• Human Story:

  • Miranda, a local schoolteacher, lost her beach bar after Irma and is in a legal fight to reclaim it.
  • For locals, the beaches are a vital hub and deeply tied to community, culture, and heritage.

• Legal Struggle:

  • Barbuda practices communal land ownership—citizens can occupy land via local leases, but all land is technically communal, a heritage dating to the end of slavery.
  • Campaigners feel government is failing to uphold these rights as legal challenges unfold.

• Notable Quote:

  • “For her, it’s about her heritage, her culture, and her way of life drastically changing and wanting to preserve that for future generations.” – Chelsea Coates ([22:06])

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6. Everest Summit Nightmare

[23:52–26:55]

• Issue:

  • Record number of Everest summit permits (500+) issued, leading to dangerous traffic jams in the “death zone” above 8,000m.

• Risks:

  • Delays mean climbers become stuck in long queues with limited oxygen, raising risks of fatal exposure.
  • Congestion partly caused by a massive ice block delaying rope fixing and clustering all groups together.

• Nepalese Response:

  • Government claims it didn’t anticipate the bottleneck, justifies permits as a crucial income source.

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7. International Booker Prize – “Taiwan Travelogue”

[26:55–31:43]

• Winners:

  • Yang Shuangzi (author) and Lin King (translator) take the prize for “Taiwan Travelogue.”
  • Story centers on forbidden love amidst 1938 Japanese-ruled Taiwan, also exploring colonial erasure and Taiwan’s culinary identity.

• Cultural Themes:

  • The novel “translates” erased history for modern Taiwanese readers, revisiting the Japanese colonial era.
  • Language and translation complexities: The story should historically be told in Japanese and Hokkien, though written in Mandarin.

• Food and Identity:

  • Food central to the book’s message—Yang asserts:
    • “I believe Taiwanese cuisine is not part of Chinese cuisine, nor is it a part of Japanese cuisine.” ([31:06])

• Notable Quote:

  • “We believe that even in this day and age, people can hold their attention, can really dive into a story to learn its internal logic, its linguistic systems, and still get something entertaining and rewarding out of the story itself.” – Lin King ([30:23])

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Notable Quotes & Moments

| Timestamp | Speaker | Quote | |-----------|--------------------|-------| | 03:21 | President Trump | “There won’t be escalation. I don’t think there needs to be. Look, the place is falling apart.”| | 03:43 | Bernd Debusman | “Now, whether he actually faces these charges is a different question entirely.”| | 13:38 | Private Company Operator | “It’s not complicated. It’s very simple. It’s controlled just like a computer game, like you’d play on a phone, Xbox, or PlayStation.”| | 22:06 | Chelsea Coates | “For her, it’s about her heritage, her culture, and her way of life drastically changing and wanting to preserve that for future generations.”| | 31:06 | Yang Shuangzi (via interpreter) | “I believe Taiwanese cuisine is not part of Chinese cuisine, nor is it a part of Japanese cuisine.”|

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Timestamps for Key Segments

• US–Cuba Indictment: 01:08–04:44
• SpaceX IPO: 07:40–11:10
• Ukraine Air Defense: 11:10–16:10
• South Africa Migrant Repatriation: 18:04–19:26
• Barbuda Land Disputes: 19:26–23:52
• Everest Queues: 23:52–26:55
• International Booker Prize: 26:55–31:43

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Summary

This episode offers sharp, concise coverage of breaking news—the US’s dramatic grand jury indictment against Raúl Castro, the seismic financial debut of SpaceX, Ukraine’s tactical fight for air superiority, responses to anti-migrant unrest in South Africa, Caribbean islanders’ pushback against tourist-driven change, the perils of commercializing Everest, and a literary celebration of Taiwanese identity. Through expert interviews and on-the-ground reporting, the BBC World Service supplies listeners with both context and compelling human stories behind today’s top headlines.

Transcript

[Paul Moss]

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[Celia Hatton]

This is the global news podcast from the BBC World Service. I'm Celia Hatton and in the early hours of Thursday, 21 May, these are our main stories. The US charges Cuba's former president Raul Castro with murder over the downing of two planes in 1996. Elon Musk's rocket and satellite company is set to make the first ever trillion dollar debut on a US Stock market. Our tech correspondent in San Francisco tells us why SpaceX is so valuable. Also in this podcast, we'll hear from this year's winners of the International Booker Prize and we'll take you to the Caribbean. You come to Barbuda, you get four beaches to yourself.

[Chelsea Coates]

And not just beaches, pink sand beaches.

[Commercial Advertiser]

Pink sand.

[Celia Hatton]

A legal battle is being fought over those beaches. We'll tell you the story. We begin with Cuba. For months, the United States has been intensifying its pressure on the island, imposing a fuel blockade that's triggered sustained power outages. Cuba's economy was struggling before the embargo and now it's close to collapse. In our last edition, we mentioned growing rumors that the Trump administration was getting ready to go a step further. Well, it's now been revealed that the island's former president, Raul Castro, has been charged with murder. The charges stem from a 1996 incident in which Cuban fighter jets shot down two civilian aircraft operated by a volunteer group of Cuban exiles. The acting Attorney General, Todd Blanch, made the announcement in Miami at a ceremony to honor those killed.

[Ghanaian Government Official]

This isn't a show indictment. This is an indictment because we expect

[Commercial Advertiser]

that there was a warrant issued for his arrest.

[Ghanaian Government Official]

So we expect that he will show up here by his own will or by another way.

[Celia Hatton]

President Trump praised the Indictment, which came after he and members of his administration have threatened to invade or take military action against the island. Just as Mr. Trump was boarding an airplane, reporters asked if Americans might soon expect further US Action against Cuba.

[Commercial Advertiser]

There won't be escalation. I don't think there needs to be. Look, the place is falling apart.

[Paul Moss]

It's a mess.

[Commercial Advertiser]

They've sort of lost control.

[Lily Jamali]

They've really lost control of Cuba.

[Celia Hatton]

Cuba's leadership has condemned the US Indictment as a political maneuver devoid of any legal foundation. Our North America correspondent, Bernd Debusman spoke to us from Washington.

[Bernd Debusman]

The indictment itself is symbolically extremely important. Here in the United States, there's many Cuban exiles and Cuban Americans, particularly in South Florida, that feel extremely strongly about the Castro family, both Raul and his late brother Fidel, and for them. So it's very important that there at least be this suggestion that he could be brought to justice. Now, whether he actually faces these charges is a different question entirely. Of course, the US could go in and seize him. And just this afternoon, Senator Rick Scott made the suggestion that they do so as they did with Nicolas Maduro in Venezuela in January. But of course, that has humanitarian implications. Launching a military operation on an island that's already suffering from massive shortages. And, of course, Raul Castro is turning 95 years old on June 3rd. So any operation to seize him, of course, has to take into account that he's an elderly man, which makes it much more complicated than it was in the case of Maduro.

[Celia Hatton]

And what about the wider US Strategy towards Cuba? The US President says there won't be an escalation.

[Bernd Debusman]

He did say there won't be an escalation. But then in a subsequent statement from the White House, the president vowed that the US Wouldn't tolerate what the White House described as a rogue state just 90 miles from American shores. There's very much been essentially a maximum pressure campaign on the island, which has seen, for example, the US Threaten tariffs on countries that trade fuel to Cuba. That's led to the massive energy and fuel shortages that we've seen, which have been the most significant in decades.

[Celia Hatton]

Why is this maximum pressure campaign happening now? Why place so much pressure on Cuba?

[Bernd Debusman]

Well, for one, President Trump, with the exception of Iran, he's very much refocused U.S. foreign policy on Latin America. We saw earlier in this administration the beginning of strikes on drug boats coming through the Caribbean, for example. We've seen military strikes in Ecuador. We've seen indictments against current and former officials in Mexico. And I think also, it needs to be said, this is something that could benefit President Trump and the Republican Party more broadly politically here in the U.S. as I mentioned, many, many Cuban Americans feel very strongly about this, and that's generally a bloc of people that has been in favor of President Trump. But over the last year and a half, we saw those numbers start to slip. The rather harsh immigration policies which didn't spare newly arrived Cubans from detention centers, for example, or from having their political asylum blocked, that was raising quite a lot of concern among Cuban Americans in Florida and in other places. And I think this move will be very popular among them, which benefits the White House and Republican candidates more broadly.

[Celia Hatton]

What strategic importance does Cuba have for the United States?

[Bernd Debusman]

For one, I think its main strategic importance to the United States is that it's very close to its shores. The distance between Cuba and Key west, the southernmost point of the United States, is just nine. And that's something that has raised alarm for decades, since the Communist revolution took Cuba in 1959. Many people will remember the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, for example, in which Russian missiles were based in Cuba, almost prompting what very well could have escalated into a nuclear war. And we're seeing kind of a continuation of that. Just this week, Defense Secretary Pete Hexseth raised concern that Russia and China could have intelligence gathering functions in Cub oriented to the United States. And that's not something that this White House is willing to allow. They very much see Cuba as kind of the heart of a problem in Latin America. And I think that's in addition to its proximity, that's the main strategic interest the United States has on the island.

[Celia Hatton]

Bernd Debusman, speaking to us from Washington. Elon Musk's rocket and satellite company, SpaceX, is poised to become the first trillion dollar debutant on an American stock market. I spoke with Lily Jamali, our tech correspondent in San Francisco, and asked her how SpaceX had become so valuable.

[Lily Jamali]

It is a lot of money, isn't it? And this company is many things all in one. It is a rocket maker. It has, in that regard, become almost a replacement for NASA, the US Space program. It's a complement, but has replaced some of the key functions that NASA once carried out. It's also the provider of Starlink, the satellite Internet service which a lot of people around the world use. And it has under its auspices xai, which is Elon Musk's AI startup, which makes Grok, the chatbot that's been embroiled in controversy a couple times over the last year or so, as well as

[Celia Hatton]

X so it's prolific. What we've learned more about Space X from its initial filings to the stock market. What did that uncover?

[Lily Jamali]

Yeah, finally getting a very intimate look at the financials of one of the most valuable parts of Elon Musk's business empire. So we learn, for example, what their revenues look like, what do sales look like. And I'll just give you two numbers here. They have made a lot of money, 13.8 billion pounds in revenue, I believe that's for, for last year. But at the same time they suffered a net loss in the most recent quarter. So they are making a lot of money, but they are also spending a lot, especially right now as presumably as they gear up for this ipo. So we got a little bit of that. We also understand that they have a hundred plus billion dollars in assets. They also carry some debt. So a mixed bag. But overall a company that I think is in fairly sound financial health. And I think that confirms what, you know, many observers have seen, given the wide array of businesses that SpaceX operates in.

[Celia Hatton]

It's a huge company, isn't it? But it's not the only company that Elon Musk has. So where does Space X fit within Elon Musk's business empire?

[Lily Jamali]

So the other major company that he is the head of is Tesla, which is also publicly traded right now and he owns majority of SpaceX. So this IPO, SpaceX, remember, values itself as at well over a trillion dollars. Could mean Musk reaps a payday of north of, you know, $600 billion. And that could push him into the category of the world's first trillionaire. He has Tesla, he has a couple of other business interests like Neuralink, which is in sort of the biotech space and others. The boring company is yet another that just has not gained a lot of traction yet, maybe never will. But you know, SpaceX has been. Even with all of the political controversy that Musk has found himself in, aligning himself with US President Donald Trump, shifting to the political right, Space X has been one of these rare islands that are devoid of controversy. That is of course, until they pulled in Twitter and Xai now, now there's a little bit of legal exposure the company is exposed to.

[Celia Hatton]

Lilly Jamali in San Francisco. Ukraine says it aims to shoot down 95% of Russia's long range drones by the end of this year. In the last few months, Moscow's been stepping up its long range strikes, but so has Ukraine, launching hundreds of drones a day at Russian oil refineries and cities the two countries air defenses are being tested like never before. But as our defense correspondent Jonathan Beale reports, Ukraine is making significant advances to defend its skies.

[Paul Moss]

Russia's still trying to pummel Ukraine into submission this month, launching one of its largest attacks, more than 1500 drones and 56 missiles within 48 hours. But most were shot down. Yuri Mironenko, Inspector General at Ukraine's Ministry of Defense, says they're getting better at defending their skies with ballistic missiles. It's not so easy, but for Shaheds, we working about it and every month we raise our results. And I think now we are, unfortunately the best in the world. Ukraine's using all means possible to improve, improve its air defenses, including enlisting the help of private companies and civilians to target Russian drones. We're in a basement where there are just rows of desks, computer screens that show maps, and also cameras. This is where this private company is tracking Russian drones and shooting them down. A lot of the people operating the systems, just simple gaming controls, have been trained for three weeks. They could be mums, they could be veterans, they could be taxi drivers. And this is now their job, working for a private company, hunting down Russian drones. They fire remotely controlled machine guns. And it's all plugged in to Ukraine's military system known as SkyMap, which fuses information from radar and thousands of sensors. On the map, we can see a drone approaching one of the mobile automatic guns they've got trained on the horizon, waiting to see if it comes within range.

[Commercial Advertiser]

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[Paul Moss]

Ruslan's the head of Kamen Sky.

[Commercial Advertiser]

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[Paul Moss]

embracing innovation and technologies, giving Ukraine an edge. And this is the weapon, more than any other, that's transformed its ability to take down Russian drones. In March alone, these kinds of interceptors Destroyed more than 30,000 Russian drones. This is the P1 Sun Interceptor drone. Shaped like a bullet, about half a meter tall, it can travel at more than 300 kilometers an hour. Wilkos is the commander of this air defense unit.

[Commercial Advertiser]

We're showing the world we can fight the bigger enemy while inflicting significant losses. And at the same time, we're defending ourselves effectively.

[Bernd Debusman]

Yes, one big drone, yeah.

[Paul Moss]

But there are gaps in Ukraine's air defenses. Near the city of Kherson, small FPV drones. Still, the Cause of Most casualties continue to strike fear on the front line. How far are the Russians? How far away? 10 km?

[Ghanaian Government Official]

6 km.

[Commercial Advertiser]

6 km.

[Paul Moss]

The simple rifle this Ukraine marine unit's last line of defense. And Russian drones and missiles are still getting through. This week in Kyiv, the funeral of two young girls. 12 year old Lubava and a 7017 year old sister Vera were among 24 killed when a missile hit their apartment block. They'd already lost their father fighting on the front line, their grieving mother now the family's sole survivor. These mass attacks are designed to overwhelm Ukraine's air defenses, but Ukraine's own long range strikes are now posing the same problem for Russia.

[Celia Hatton]

Jonathan Beale still to come in this

[Commercial Advertiser]

podcast already you, you move very slowly on that height, that, that attitude, but because of this queue they're barely moving. That is what is causing the concern.

[Celia Hatton]

The people stuck in a slow moving queue halfway up Mount Everest.

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[Bernd Debusman]

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[Chelsea Coates]

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[Celia Hatton]

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That's genius. Ghana is due to repatriate some of its citizens from South Africa early on Thursday. That's following a wave of sometimes violent protests against illegal immigration across major cities in South Africa. According to a social media post by the Ghanaian Foreign Ministry, a free flight has been arranged. Our correspondent Mayani Jones is in Johannesburg.

[Ghanaian Government Official]

The Ghanaian government says 300 of its citizens in South Africa have expressed an interest in being repatriated home. It's not clear how many of them will be on the chartered flight leaving today. This follows protests against illegal immigration in various South African cities. The demonstrations have been organized by a group called March and March, which describes itself as a citizen led movement for immigration reform. Protesters have blamed illegal immigrants for low wages and unemployment in South Africa. Nigeria has also said that more than 100 of its citizens have asked to be flown home. The South African government has condemned any violence and criminal acts directed at foreign nationals, saying that they don't represent the views of South Africans nor government policy. In a statement earlier this month, President Cyril Ramaphosa added that his country needed to deal with illegal immigration, saying that it added a strain on healthcare, housing and social services, particularly in disadvantaged communities.

[Celia Hatton]

Miani Jones in Johannesburg. Let's focus on the Caribbean now and one of its smaller tourist islands.

[Chelsea Coates]

You might have heard of Antigua, but let me tell you, Barbuda is where it's at. Barbuda, really?

[Ghanaian Government Official]

We got Nelson's Dockyard, English harbor, and

[Commercial Advertiser]

we got the party.

[Chelsea Coates]

Yeah, exactly, man.

[Celia Hatton]

You come to Barbuda, you get core beaches to yourself.

[Chelsea Coates]

And not, not just beaches, pink sand beaches.

[Celia Hatton]

Well, as you've heard there, Barbuda is famous for its beautiful beaches. But campaigners say many of those pristine beachfronts are under threat from wealthy developers. They're accused of buying up land for private use and cutting off access for locals. So some of Barbuda's citizens are challenging the developments in court. Our reporter Chelsea Coates told me more about what's happening there.

[Chelsea Coates]

The beaches on Barbuda are really unique, especially on the south coast. Once a year, the sand actually turns pink, so this lovely kind of rosy hue. Barbuda has quite a small population. It's only around 2,000 people. So it's quite a tight knit community. And a lot of the people I was speaking to there, one of them is called Miranda. She's a schoolteacher. She used to have a bar on this pink sands beach. And she was talking about how there's a really kind of slow pace of life. So people kind of go there to play dominoes throughout the week and they go there to relax after church on Sundays. The beach is a community hub for everyone to kind of gather around.

[Celia Hatton]

It sounds lovely, Chelsea, but what's changed on the beaches now?

[Chelsea Coates]

The main kind of thing that's changing in Barbuda, but also across the entire Caribbean is that as these islands are becoming more popular tourist destinations, they're seeing more developers coming in and buying up beachfront property. Miranda herself has been affected by this. After Hurricane Irma Back in 2017, the whole of Barbuda's population was evacuated from the island to its sister island, Antigua, and her bar and her house were destroyed. And she says that this kind of opened the floodgates for lots of offers for people to start offering her money to buy her land. She rejected all of these offers. She said that the money isn't what matters to her. She wants to preserve her bar for her children. But eventually she told me her bar was bulldozed and she's been locked in a legal fight to gain her land back ever since. I've spoken to the developers that she claims are occupying her land. That's the wording that the Global Legal Action Network uses. That's the network of lawyers that's supporting Miranda. They said that they are not and have never occupied the land, and they strictly followed all agreements since entering a lease in Barbuda in 2017. But she argues, like many other campaigners across the Caribbean, that this is about more than just a source of income or having access to a beach because it's a place to relax or kind of catch a suntan. For her, it's about her heritage, her culture, and her way of life drastically changing and wanting to preserve that for future generations as well.

[Celia Hatton]

Chelsea, what's the government doing during all of this wrangling over beachfront land? The laws around beachfront ownership are quite complicated there, aren't they?

[Chelsea Coates]

They are. So the laws around beachfront ownership, in fact, land ownership generally differ from island to island. But Barbuda is quite unique in that they have something called communal land ownership. Practically, what that means is that individual citizens have the right to occupy a plot of land if they apply for a lease to the local authority. But technically they don't privately own that land. So instead, all land is owned communally, and citizens share the collective right to be consulted on what happens to any said plot of land. That is the kind of system of ownership that they've had in Barbuda ever since slavery ended in the late or mid 18th century. This has complicated a lot of the legal fights that are happening in Barbuda. Complainers were telling me they feel that the government essentially isn't defending the land laws they have had for centuries on the island. And they feel like it's the start of a slippery slope and they're calling on the government to protect their land. And I've reached out to government officials for a response on this, but so far they haven't got back to me on that.

[Celia Hatton]

Chelsea Coates next to another slightly colder destination, because right now hundreds of people are stuck waiting in line up on Mount Everest. This year saw what's thought to be the biggest number of permits ever issued to climb the world's highest peak. And as our global environment correspondent, Naveen Singh Khadka explained to Paul Moss, many of the people trying to climb the mountain are now in trouble.

[Commercial Advertiser]

This is about Camp 3, Camp 4, above 7,000 meters. That is where people have started queuing up to go to the summit. And this is where the serpentine line. You'll see the site is. Even during nighttime, all the lamps on the head, the headlamps, you know, going right to the top of the mountain. So imagine that, that temperature, this place that I'm talking about, 8,000 plus, it's also known as the death zone. And already you move very slowly on that height, that altitude, but because of this queue, they're barely moving, barely. And at times you have to really, really just stand. That is what is causing the concern. Because in the past, similar traffic jams have led to deaths and injuries. So how did it end up with this happening so many people on that crest of the mountain all at once? This time around, the government has given out record number of climbing permits. That's around 500. So this is climbing permits alone. That means for 500 people. Now those 500 climbers will have support staff. So that's why they say multiply that number by two or three. That means either, you know, between 1,000 to 1,500 people will have to be on the summit. At least they will try to go there. And if you remember in the past, the climbing, the summitting would have been evenly distributed. You have very limited days, but you would know it beforehand. So maybe, you know, by mid May, this many people, this many groups, and then towards last of May, this many groups. Yeah, but this time what happened was there's this massive ice block called Serac hanging right above on the Kungu ice fault just above the base camp. And that delayed everything. Rope fixing, ladder fixing, you know, everything was delayed. And as a result, all these mountaineers could not acclimatize and also could not distribute that, you know, who would go first and who would go later. And as a result, all of them now, you know, assembled there on the higher camps. And that is why that concern that, you know, what would happen again, you know, it's also about logistics. Who has enough oxygen bottles and who has not. It sounds like there may have been some kind of mistake in giving so many passes for people to climb Everest.

[Paul Moss]

What is the Nepalese government saying about this?

[Commercial Advertiser]

The logic has always been that Nepal needs money. It's a relatively poor country. This is one of those very limited sources of income. Of course, it also caters to the tourism industry. But then what they have been telling me is they didn't know that there would be this bottleneck because of that cirac and so on and so forth. And also they say that they have deployed liaison officers to take care of it.

[Celia Hatton]

Naveen Singh Khadka speaking to Paul Moss. And last every year, the International Booker Prize is awarded to the best novel or a collection of short stories translated into English. The prize money is split equally between the writer and the translator. This year's winners are Yang Shuangzi for her novel Taiwan Travelogue, written in Mandarin Chinese and translated by Lin King. Taiwan Travelogue is a story set in 1938. A forbidden love between two women, a Japanese novelist, and her Taiwanese interpreter. It's also an exploration of colonialism and a love letter to Taiwan's cuisine. My colleague James Menendez discussed the book with the prize winners Yang Shuangzi and Lin King, with the help of interpreter Jean Lin.

[Jean Lin]

The main point is to have a conversation with Taiwanese people and let them know, like what happened on our land.

[Paul Moss]

When you talk about a conversation to the Taiwanese people about what Japanese colonialism did to the island, is that the theme at the heart of the book?

[Jean Lin]

What I wanted to say that there's an important point in Taiwanese history where in 1945, the ROC regime migrated after civil war to Taiwan, and that kind of erased a part of our Japanese rule era history in Taiwan. And the conversation I want to have with Taiwanese people is to recall that lost history of ours.

[Paul Moss]

So this is when the Chinese nationalists came over from mainland China to Taiwan. Let me bring in Lin at this point, Lyn. It's also fittingly, a book about translation, isn't it?

[Jan from Toyota]

Yeah, indeed. And Shanzi herself is not. She only writes in Mandarin Chinese and doesn't translate professionally. But the framework of this book being a pseudo translation, a fake translation, was so that she could translate what happened in history. That feels unfamiliar for a modern readership that is maybe hearing about some of these things for the first time. But for a real translator, it then becomes this great opportunity to really jump in and sort of flaunt the aspects of the book that are only possible because it's framed as a translation.

[Paul Moss]

And what challenges did that bring for you?

[Jan from Toyota]

The story is set in the 1930s. This is colonial Japan. A lot of the terms that they were using were from a very imperial perspective. So things that are no longer said in modern Japanese because now they try to respect Taiwan as a separate culture. In addition, Taiwan, Even though since 1945 the national language has been Mandarin Chinese, a lot of times people still speak Say Hakka or Taiwanese Hokkien, which we now call Daigi. So actually, in the story itself, historically, they would have only been speaking Japanese and dai ki and not Mandarin Chinese. So even though the work was originally written in Mandarin Chinese, the translation is trying to present it as a historical, accurate work where all the dialogue is being conducted not in Mandarin Chinese.

[Paul Moss]

It's hugely complex.

[Bernd Debusman]

I mean, you'll be very modest about

[Paul Moss]

this, but I mean, did this kind of do your head in to some extent where you were trying to grapple with it?

[Jan from Toyota]

Yeah. And we were working really hard to gauge what point would make the hurdle just too high for the average reader picking up this book in a bookstore. Like, at what point would they just give up? Because there are too many sets of pronunciations, too many languages, too many things to keep track of. But I think my publishers and I really believed in the reader. We believe that even in this day and age, people can hold their attention, can really dive into a story to learn its internal logic, its linguistic systems, and still get something entertaining and rewarding out of the story itself.

[Paul Moss]

Tell us about food. How important is food to this book? Why is it important?

[Jean Lin]

So firstly, as an author, I love food. I want to comment that when I was a child, what I heard most often from people is commenting about how Taiwanese cuisine is a part of Chinese cuisine. I was confused, infuriated to a point that I just want to talk back. And then therefore, under framework of writing about Taiwanese cuisine under Japanese rule, I want to make a point. This is my response to those people that I believe Taiwanese cuisine is not part of Chinese cuisine, nor is it a part of Japanese cuisine.

[Celia Hatton]

Yan Chuangzi, author of Taiwan Travelogue, and her translators, Lynn King, winners of the International Booker Prize. And that's all from us for now. If you want to get in touch, you can email [e-mail] you can also find us on XBC World Service. Use the hashtag globalnewspod. And don't forget our sister podcast, the Global Story, which goes in depth and beyond the headlines on one big story. This edition of the Global News Podcast was mixed by Alana Bowles, and the producer was Stephanie Zacharison. The editor is Karen Martin. I'm Celia Hatton. Until next time. Goodbye.

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