Alex Ritson (4:00)

Yeah, because these sanctions were put in place because President Trump has long blamed European countries for buying oil from Russia, thus ultimately funding the war in Ukraine. If he makes this exception for Hungary, what does that say?

Nick Thorpe (4:14)

Well, Hungary pays a year in trade with Russia, approximately $5 billion. So since the start of the war or the full scale Russian invasion, that's, you know, close to $15 billion over those three years. Of course, Hungary is a relatively small country in the bigger picture of things. A lot of Russian oil is sent around the world as seaborne oil, so not coming through a pipeline. So Hungary is in a slightly different situation to many countries around the world. And presumably the American sanctions will stay in place on those seaborne supplies. Also, we don't know many details yet about the form in which this exemption will take. Another big question on all of this. Is America agreed in the deal signed today to sell much more LNG liquefied natural gas to home? One might ask, if Hungary continues to get, as it says, cheap Russian gas through the Turk Stream pipeline, why would it agree to buy large amounts of American gas as well?

Alex Ritson (5:26)

President Trump has an interesting relationship with Viktor Orban of Hungary, doesn't he? He was full of praise for Hungary's immigration policy.

Nick Thorpe (5:37)

President Trump praised Viktor Orban to the skies, really, as a great man, as a great leader. Forgetting migration. Migration policy is right. This is a reference, obviously, to Viktor Orban being the first country or one of the first countries in Europe to build a large border fence back in 2015 to try to limit the flow of irregular migration up through the Balkans. There were many parallels at the time with the wall that President Trump was reinforcing along the US Border with Mexico. So these are men with similar sort of political instincts, similar hab of identifying enemies, migrants coming to take American jobs or Hungarian or European jobs. So there's always been a lot of sort of body language between the two. And Mr. Orban clearly trying to cash in on this because one should remember now that we're just five months ahead of a crucial election here in Hungary and Mr. Orban is trailing in the opinion polls.

Alex Ritson (6:39)

Nick Thorpe. Yet Another attempt to end the US government shutdown after a record 38 days has not succeeded. A vote in Senate again failed to pass. The proposed measure would have provided immediate compensation for some 2 million civilian and military employees who've been obliged to work without pay. Democrats opposed the partial pay plan, saying it was a tactic to prolong the shutdown without addressing their demands for health care and social funding protection. The Republican congressman, Don Bacon, is from Nebraska. He's not standing for re election next year. So perhaps he's able to be a little more candid in his assessment of how his party and his president are handling the situation. Well, it's disgusting, it's embarrassing that the.

Alan Fern (7:27)

United States government is so dysfunctional that this is happening.

Alex Ritson (7:31)

And obviously the Democrats in the Senate have filibustered the funding of all these.

Alan Fern (7:35)

Programs because they want concessions, concessions, by the way, that many Republicans are willing.

Alex Ritson (7:41)

To work with them on.

Alan Fern (7:43)

But this is really more of a fight against President Trump. But unfortunately, we're losing flights. We've had airports closed and we have.

Alex Ritson (7:49)

42 million Americans who are losing SNAP.

Alan Fern (7:52)

Benefits, 1.4 million federal workers who aren't being paid.

Alex Ritson (7:56)

I think it's a very disgusting time. One of the most severely affected areas has been transportation, with some 1200 domestic flights being cancelled because of a shortage of air traffic controllers. I asked our US Correspondent David Willis why the Republicans appeared unable to solve the standoff given that they control both houses and the presidency.

David Willis (8:20)

Very good question, Alex. And as you say, this is now officially the longest government shutdown in American history. 38 days and still, it would seem, no end in sight. The Democrats are demanding an extension of health care subsidies for low income Americans. They're concerned about cuts that are proposed to health care programs. And currently such subsidies are due to expire at the end of this year. And that would raise premium costs for millions of people here. Republicans have consistently said that they won't negotiate on those sort of demands until the government here is reopened. And a Republican bill to extend government funding has been rejected by the Democratic opposition no fewer than 14 times. Well, earlier today, as you mentioned, Alex, the Republican leader in the Senate, John Thune, rejected a new offer by the Democrats to reopen the government in exchange for a one year extension of those health care subsidies. He called such a move a non starter. President Trump has called for an end to the shutdown. He said today that members of the Senate should stay in Washington over the weekend and indeed until such time as they reach a solution to this crisis. And he's also called for the legislative filibuster, which requires 60 Senate votes in order to pass most legisl legislation, to be scrapped, thus allowing Republicans to bypass Democrats altogether in this regard. But Republicans so far in the Senate have rejected that call.

Alex Ritson (10:04)

Republicans, of course, did poorly on Tuesday in a number of regional elections. Can we conclude that Americans are perhaps blaming them more than the Democrats for this shutdown?

David Willis (10:16)

I think that's fair to say and certainly opinion polls tend to suggest that. And there does seem to be perhaps more at stake for the Republicans all this than there is for the Democrats. And normal life in the meantime is being disrupted considerably for people here. Food aid for 42 million low income Americans has been placed in jeopardy. A judge has ordered the Trump administration to fund the $4 billion shortfall in those sort of benefits, but the administration has asked the Supreme Court to overturn such an order. So a lot of questions. Airlines, as you mentioned, Alex, have cut more than 1,000 flights because of the shutdown because of the failure to pay air traffic controllers for nearly a month. They're staying at home in many cases. And it's expected there could be more cancellations next week as those controllers miss a second paycheck.

Alex Ritson (11:16)

David Willis. James Watson, one of the scientists who discovered the structure of DNA, has died. He was 97. In 1953, Watson, an American, and a British scientist, Francis Crick, identified that the DNA molecule is shaped in a double helix, which resembles a spiral staircase. Their model showed how the molecule could duplicate itself, store biological information and be used to make a living organism. The breakthrough paved the way for advances in genetics, medicine and forensics. Watson, Crick and another scientist, Morris Wilkins, shared the Nobel Prize. Speaking on the BBC World Service in 2010, James Watson said the discovery surprised him. And I don't think it was intellectually that clever. We were just there at the right time.

Nancy Hopkins (12:06)

And I've told Francis, if we were chemists, we would have, you know, founded.

Alex Ritson (12:10)

In six weeks at most.

Nancy Hopkins (12:13)

And I was a expert watcher and.

Alex Ritson (12:16)

He was a physicist.

Nancy Hopkins (12:18)

And so neither of us knew the chemistry that we should know.

Alex Ritson (12:22)

And when you think back, well, why didn't the chemistry do it? But James Watson was also controversial. He often disparaged female scientists, including Rosalind Franklin, who he and Crick didn't credit, even though they used her work to make their modeling possible. And in 2007, Watson was quoted as saying that he was inherently gloomy of the prospects for Africans as their intelligence, he said, was not the same as other races. He later apologized and said there was no scientific basis for such a belief. Celia Hatton has been speaking to Nancy Hopkins, a professor of genetics who was a student and friend of James Watson.

Nancy Hopkins (13:05)

Oh, well, he changed my life in addition to changing the entire world and the future of science. I met him when I took a class as an undergraduate at Harvard University and I heard him talk. And one hour later I knew I'd found the purpose of my life and wanted to be a molecular biologist. And I was lucky enough to go and work in his laboratory. And we became friends and he became my mentor and friend for life. So I was very lucky.

Asma Khalid (13:35)

We've just heard that James Watson didn't really rate his discovery at the time that he made it. But how important was the discovery of DNA?

Nancy Hopkins (13:43)

How important was it? Well, it was one of the considered three most important discoveries really made in biology. There was Darwin, there was Mendel, and then there was Jim Watson and Francis Crick and of course the others who worked with them. So it's so profound it's hard even to grasp it. It really was the secret of they really did discover the secret of life. So I think he sounded a little modest for Jim in those comments too, frankly, a little uncharacteristic.

Asma Khalid (14:09)

I mean, indeed, he was accused of not sharing the credit enough for discovering DNA. Is that fair?

Nancy Hopkins (14:17)

Ah, such a fascinating question. There's been a lot written about it. I think that today it might have been done differently, but I think in that era they were young, highly driven, and the circumstances were very odd. And the person who made such a critical contribution was a woman. And women tended to be omitted from getting credit. So I think it looked very different back then. But they certainly did lean upon the data that came from Rosalind Franklin and from Wilkins, her collaborative today, probably her name might have been on the paper or there would have been two Nobel Prizes and one for Wilkins and Franklin and one for Watson and Crick. But, you know, it was a different era and it's still much debated of how it should have played out.

Asma Khalid (15:04)

And James Watson is celebrated for his scientific work, but he also voiced some very controversial views in his later years, for example, he argued that embryo screening and genetic engineering should be used to improve the health of the population. What do you make of that?

Nancy Hopkins (15:20)

Well, I feel in a way as a good friend who cared so much about him and whose life was inspired by him. You know, I wish that he could have been remembered for the science that literally changed the world, truly affects everybody's life, and not for these views where I really think he overstepped the line.

Alex Ritson (15:37)

Professor Nancy Hopkins on James Watson. In an earlier edition of the podcast, we told you how the world's richest man, Elon Musk, is set to become even richer. Tesla shareholders have approved an astonishing pay package that could make the electric car company's founder and CEO a trillionaire. But he does need to hit certain performance targets for the company to get it. Among them, he has to sell 1 million AI humanoid robots. Promotional videos show the robots doing household tasks, tasks including mopping floors and washing dishes. Something you might be asking, does anyone really want a human shaped, human sized robot performing tasks inside their home? A question for Alan Fern, professor of robotics at Oregon State University.

Alan Fern (16:26)

I think all of us would be ready to have a robot that will do all of our chores. I don't think the technology is quite there yet. We can get robots to dance and do acrobatics and do very repetitive tasks that we teach them to do with lots and lots of training data. But going into an arbitrary home and being able to fill the dishwasher and clean your messy house, I think we're quite a few years away from that general capability. But I think, yeah, we're definitely on the road there. I think the first customers will be more industrial customers, so probably Tesla will be able to use them them. They'll be able to train the robots to do certain tasks in their factories. You can imagine warehouses where you can have robots that are doing relatively repetitive things, moving boxes around in relatively structured ways and they can be trained to do that. So I think those will be the first applications. My ideal vision is we have a hard time getting enough people for the labor jobs we have now. We'd love to be able to build a lot more, a lot faster than we can now. I imagine a future where you have one worker who's doing the actual task now, managing a team of 10 robots doing that task. That's the vision that I have will accelerate our productivity and that's usually been good for society over the years. Getting them in the homes. I think there's a lot of challenges, both safety wise and also just technologically being able to have the intelligence in these robots that will handle all the diversity of tasks they need to do.

Alex Ritson (18:09)

Alan Fern, professor of robotics at Oregon State University. Still to come on this podcast, all roads lead to Rome. If the land is flat, it makes sense to build a straight road. But we do see particular locations where the road is more sinuous and follows the landscape and the terrain. Now researchers have made an interactive map of an ancient highway network work.

Asma Khalid (18:44)

America is changing and so is the world.

Alex Ritson (18:48)

But what's happening in America isn't just the cause of global upheaval. It's also a symptom of disruption that's happening everywhere.

Asma Khalid (18:56)

I'm Asma Khalid in Washington, D.C. i'm.

Alex Ritson (18:59)

Tristan Redman in London. And this is the Global story.

Asma Khalid (19:03)

Every weekday we'll bring you a story from this intersection where the world and America meet.

Alex Ritson (19:08)

Listen on BBC.com or wherever you get your podcasts. Last week's election in Tanzania was criticized by observers and branded a sham by the opposition. The Tanzanian Electoral Commission declared that President Samir Sulihu Hassan won with a whopping 98% of the vote, cementing her party's decades long hold on power. But many Tanzanians were unhappy that the opposition was barred from taking part and took to the streets. Some reports suggest 800 people died in the ensuing crackdown, though the government says the figure is exaggerated. Now the authorities are charging at least 240 people with treason for their alleged involvement in the protest. Oliver Conway heard more about the events of last week from our reporter Anita Nkonge.

Anita Nkonge (20:04)

What proceeded to happen after the general elections was that many Tanzanians across the country went out onto the streets to protest what they were saying was a rigged election. If you remember, President Samir Salouhou Hassan was the main candidate running for the elections. And two of the main opposition leaders, one had been barred from vying and the other is currently in prison being charged with treason. And so what a lot of those who are protesting and also opposition criticism have been saying is that that election was never democratic. It was a mockery of democracy.

Alex Ritson (20:37)

And it was a very violent day.

Anita Nkonge (20:39)

It was, it was a very violent day. And it proceeded for three more days where there was a crackdown on protesters. We have heard reports from opposition members who claim that hundreds of people lost their lives during the protest demanding for electoral reforms. We have also heard of videos of killings and police brutality emerging on social media. But the BBC has not been able to verify the numbers of those people who are killed or the videos either. But we do understand, understand that it was a very, very violent couple of days.

Alex Ritson (21:06)

So according to the opposition, the violence was meted out by the authorities, but by the government's actions, it looks like they're pinning the blame on the protesters with all these arrests.

Anita Nkonge (21:17)

Yes, they were. President Samia Solo Hassan, during her speech, even went as far as claiming that it was foreigners who had come in to, to try to instigate and cause disruption in the country.

Alex Ritson (21:28)

And tell us more about these charges.

Anita Nkonge (21:30)

Well, we do know that right now it's 240 Tanzanians. We do not know if they'll be more arrested or more who will come up in court, but we know that so far it's more than 200 and they've been charged with treason. From a Tanzanian magistrate court. According to the charge sheets, the accused are alleged of having incited public demonstrations at various times with the intention of obstructing the general election that took place. Many of them actually are young tick tockers, prominent business women and men, all who have been very open about how they feel about the government, which is critical.

Alex Ritson (22:00)

And what is the mood in Tanzania following all that violence and the election result?

Anita Nkonge (22:06)

Well, to be honest, shock and fear. We have been getting reports of people who are trying to look for their family members. Some of their family members are missing and they're not quite sure how to trace them. Lots of questions. I think it's important to add that Tanzania is a multi party democracy. But over the years the country has seen an increased crackdown on anyone who opposes the government, from opposition leaders to government critics and citizens who oppose the government. So I believe what's going on in Tanzania is a very tense time right now.

Alex Ritson (22:36)

Anita Nkonge, New Zealand's former Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, a special envoy for Oceania at this year's COP climate summit, has warned that inaction and political division risk the survival of entire nations in the Pacific. Speaking to the BBC in Brazil, she called on leaders to take politics, politics out of the debate on climate change.

Asma Khalid (22:59)

Without significant change, you run the risk of a planet that's so warm that people will die from heat. But that is actually the consequence of indecision and inaction. There should be no politics in that. It should be much more straightforward. So to any politician, I would say endeavor to take the politics out because that is only holding us back.

Alex Ritson (23:21)

The Pacific island nation of Palau is one of those smaller countries that would be adversely affected. It's made up of 340 low lying coral and volcanic islands. And is home to just 17,000 people. Celia Hatton has been speaking with Palau's president, Sir Angel Wipps, who's in Brazil, and asked him to explain what's at stake for his country.

Sarangel Whipps (23:46)

Well, we have islands that will disappear. We have food resources which are our taro. Swamps will be inundated with seawater and people living along the coast of our main islands will be deeply impacted. We have loss of life when it comes to fish and corals and jellyfish, all important to our biodiversity and important to the tourism industry that we have. The reality is the increasing number of storms, drought and extreme heat. This is the just what we are already facing and we just continue to face even more frequently.

Asma Khalid (24:28)

So what are you hoping to get out of this COP summit? Some small island states say they're not attending because of the expense, but you've obviously decided it's worth it to a certain degree. What are you hoping to achieve?

Sarangel Whipps (24:43)

Well, we need to see tangible results and that includes a credible pathway to limit warming to 1.5. We need all countries submitting and implementing highly ambitious national commitments. Right now, only one third have submitted. We need more. We also need climate finance that delivers an adequately funded loss and damage facility. There needs to be multi year flows that enable us to plan for resilience, adaptation and manage relocation where necessary. And all this must be done with urgency and integrity. You know, at cop 30, the world must show that it does recognize our special circumstances and is ready to honor the decades of promises. You know, that's, that's what it's been. You know, this year we, it's 10 years since we all committed to 1.5. And really anything less would be a betrayal on the most vulnerable.

Asma Khalid (25:44)

You're strategically quite an important country, aren't you? You're geographically closer to China than any other Pacific island nation. You also have a really good relationship with the United States. But you differ when it comes to the Trump administration and their position, their lack of faith in the Paris Agreement. How do you handle that diversity?

Sarangel Whipps (26:10)

Well, you know, and that's the beauty of the world that we live in. I mean, we're democracies, we're free to have deferring opinions.

Asma Khalid (26:19)

But in this case, that difference of opinion really threatens your country. I mean, if they don't support this massive emitter of greenhouse gases, doesn't fall in line to support any change.

Sarangel Whipps (26:31)

And that just means that we have to work even harder. And you know, one of the things that we're working hard on is to ensure that next year we have a cop in the Pacific, a cop in Australia, to bring the focus to the Pacific, because for so long the focus doesn't go to those that are most vulnerable. And having an Australian cop, a Pacific cop, brings that focus there. I'd like to bring leaders to the Pacific that have those doubts because I think seeing is believing, and that's what we need to do. We need to work hard.

Alex Ritson (27:05)

PRESIDENT OF PALAU SARANGEL WHIPS Lose weight or lose your job. That's the new warning for thousands of North Sea oil workers after a new safety policy ruled that the maximum weight workers being flown to oil rigs would be 124.7kg, 19 and a half stone. That is so offshore workers can be winched to safety in case of emergencies. So how will this policy be implemented and who will be affected? Ira Khan reports.

I (27:40)

There are dozens of oil rigs across the North Sea where the sound of drills and cranes echo across the waters. On these isolated structures, offshore workers battle strong winds and waves for long hours. They operate heavy machine while living on the platform for extended periods of time. And while for some industries, maintaining a certain physique is important, the North Sea oil workers may not necessarily come to mind. But that is about to change. Offshore Energies UK, the leading body for the UK's offshore energy sector, has issued a maximum weight requirement of 124.7 kilos for its workers. This is to ensure offshore safety proceeds procedures so workers can be taken via helicopter in case of illness or emergency. The rescue helicopter winch load can simply not lift anyone heavier. The company says more than 2,200 workers are currently above the weight limit and 2,500 are just under, meaning that the policy could affect almost 5,000 workers. Graham Skinner, the health and safety manager at Oeuk, did not rule out that jobs could be lost if workers did not meet the requirements.

Alan Fern (28:50)

Employers will have a duty to support.

Alex Ritson (28:52)

Their workers through this and try and find reasonable solutions for it, but in the very worst cases, that would be the case for some people. We've chosen to take a year to bring in this policy and to give.

Alan Fern (29:02)

Everyone a really reasonable chance at losing.

Alex Ritson (29:04)

All of that weight.

I (29:06)

Phil Perry is an offshore worker from aberdeen who was 129 kilos at one stage, which would have been over the new limit. He's worked hard to lose weight and is now down to 118 kilos.

Alex Ritson (29:18)

I think you can be healthy, but I think people just choose not to be. People come off shift after 12 hours, they go and get their snacks and they go to their bed. When you go offshore, there is gyms, you know, you can go for a walk around the heli deck and stuff like that. You know, there's treadmills. So they do give you the opportunity to, you know, you can be fit there.

I (29:38)

His colleagues now have a year to make sure they're under the limit, because when the new rules come into effect, they will be weighed at the helipad and if they're too heavy, they will not be allowed to board the helicopters heading to the oil rigs.

Alex Ritson (29:49)

Ira Khan to end this podcast, a fresh look at one of the marvels of the ancient world, the amazing network of Roman roads. As the proverb tells us, all roads lead to Rome. And at that time, they all did. Perhaps surprisingly, those who studied this ancient network didn't really know where many of them were located. But now researchers have released an interactive map that reveals 300,000 km metres of roads stretching from Britain to North Africa to the Middle East. This report by our science correspondent Helen Briggs.

Asma Khalid (30:24)

It's been dubbed the Google Maps of Roman Roads, a high resolution digital map of routes across the Roman Empire that's available for anyone to explore online. The project, called itinerary charts, about 185,000 miles of road roads pieced together using ancient atlases, military charts and satellite images. Dr. Joseph Lewis from the University of Cambridge says it dispels the myth that all Roman roads were straight.

Alex Ritson (30:55)

If the land is flat, it makes sense to build a straight road, but we do see particular locations where the road is more sinuous and follows the landscape and the terrain. Because it's at a higher resolution than previous data sets, we can really start to understand how the road road moves across the landscape.

Asma Khalid (31:11)

The map shows a dense web of roads stretching from Britain to North Africa. Major routes linked cities, while thousands of smaller routes connected farms, villages and forts. The researchers hope the map will help historians understand the movement of people, goods and even infectious diseases across the Roman Empire and allow anyone living today to find out if they're traveling or on or near one of these ancient roads.

Alex Ritson (31:40)

Helen briggs, and that's all from us for now. But there'll be a new edition of the Global News podcast later. If you want to comment on this podcast or the topics covered in it, you can send us an email. The address is globalpodcastbc.co.uk. you can also find us on X@BBC World Service. Use the hashtag globalnewspod. This edition was mixed by Zabihullah Karoosh and the editor is Karen Martin. I'm Alex Ritson. Until next time. Goodbye.

Asma Khalid (32:24)

America is changing and so is the world.

Alex Ritson (32:28)

But what's happening in America isn't just the cause of global upheaval, evil. It's also a symptom of disruption that's happening everywhere.

Asma Khalid (32:36)

I'm Asma Khalid in Washington, D.C. i'm.

Alex Ritson (32:39)

Tristan Redman in London, and this is the Global Story.

Asma Khalid (32:42)

Every weekday, we'll bring you a story from this intersection where the world and America meet.

Alex Ritson (32:48)

Listen on BBC.com or wherever you get your podcasts.