Gone Medieval: "Defending a Castle" Episode Summary

Released on November 1, 2024, by History Hit

Introduction to Carlisle Castle

In the episode titled "Defending a Castle," host Matt Lewis delves into the intricate history of Carlisle Castle, a pivotal fortress located in the far northwest of England near the Scottish border. Joined by Professor Jackson Armstrong from the University of Aberdeen, the discussion uncovers the castle's strategic significance, architectural evolution, and its role in various historical conflicts.

Historical Significance and Construction

Professor Armstrong emphasizes Carlisle Castle's longstanding importance due to its geographical position at the intersection of the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Strathclyde (now Cumbria). The castle's origins trace back to a Roman settlement, evolving through the early medieval period. The initial construction efforts began in the reign of William Rufus (1087–1100) with a wooden fortress, later upgraded to stone under King Henry I. Notably, the formidable stone structure known today was largely built by Scottish King David I during his reign, who maintained a royal presence in the region until his death in 1150.

"Carlisle Castle is a site that had tremendous significance because of its location... one of the key sites in the early medieval period" (04:02) – Professor Jackson Armstrong

Sieges of Carlisle Castle

The episode highlights two major sieges: the 1315 siege during the Wars of Scottish Independence and the 1461 siege amidst the Wars of the Roses.

1. The 1315 Siege by Robert I (Robert the Bruce)

   Professor Armstrong recounts the siege led by Robert I, two decades after his father defended the same site. The Scottish forces attempted to breach Carlisle using siege towers and catapults. However, adverse weather conditions, characterized by heavy rain and mud, impeded their efforts, leading to a failed assault with minimal casualties.

   "The siege tower itself was never to make it to the actual walls of the city. It ended up stuck in the mud." (14:27) – Professor Jackson Armstrong

2. The 1461 Siege During the Wars of the Roses

   The later siege occurred during the tumultuous Wars of the Roses, where Lancastrian forces allied with Scots attempted to reclaim power against the newly established Yorkist King Edward IV. Despite limited contemporary records, Professor Armstrong infers from later documents that the siege involved internal conflicts within the town, resulting in significant battles and subsequent repairs to the castle walls.

   "There is a clear sense a few years after the siege that these divisions... were tremendously pressing ones." (32:23) – Professor Jackson Armstrong

Social and Political Dynamics

The discussion delves into the complexities of maintaining a fortress in a border region. Carlisle Castle was not just a military structure but a hub of political authority, housing the sheriff, warden of the marches, and the constable. The close proximity of civic, religious, and royal institutions within the castle and the adjoining city fostered both cooperation and tension.

"The authority of the crown was brought through... all these different elements of what we think of as medieval authority." (08:06) – Professor Jackson Armstrong

The episode also touches on the social repercussions of sieges, such as increased garrison sizes leading to resource scarcity and heightened tensions among inhabitants. The 1461 siege, in particular, showcased internal divisions as the civil war forced residents to choose sides, impacting community cohesion long after the conflict.

Carlisle Castle’s Artistic Heritage

A standout feature discussed is the intricate carvings found within Carlisle Castle, dating back to the 1480s. These carvings, located in the castle keep, blend heraldic symbols, religious iconography, and fantastical creatures. Professor Armstrong speculates that these artworks were likely created by castle residents, serving both decorative and storytelling purposes. The dynamic interplay of light and shadow created by candlelight added a dramatic dimension to these carvings, reflecting the diverse interests and cultural influences of the medieval inhabitants.

"They were probably carved by some of the people who were employed to live and maintain life within the castle... imagine those carvings being viewed by candlelight." (37:56) – Professor Jackson Armstrong

Maintenance and Upkeep Challenges

Maintaining Carlisle Castle was a continuous struggle, fraught with financial constraints and the constant need for repairs due to wear and conflict-related damage. Professor Armstrong discusses the concept of "frontier rhetoric," where castle wardens leveraged the castle's strategic importance to secure funding and support from the Crown, often highlighting the precariousness of the castle's defenses to justify their requests.

"What's sometimes been described as frontier rhetoric... to persuade the purse strings of royal government." (38:02) – Professor Jackson Armstrong

Conclusion

The episode concludes with a reflection on the enduring legacy of Carlisle Castle as a symbol of medieval resilience and strategic importance. Professor Armstrong’s insights provide a nuanced understanding of the castle's role in both military and civilian life, highlighting its central place in the border politics between England and Scotland.

"People have to rub along together and make the most of eking out a living in the towns and countrysides within the border region." (36:24) – Professor Jackson Armstrong

Notable Quotes

• "Carlisle Castle is a site that had tremendous significance because of its location." – Professor Jackson Armstrong (04:02)
• "The siege tower itself was never to make it to the actual walls of the city. It ended up stuck in the mud." – Professor Jackson Armstrong (14:27)
• "The authority of the crown was brought through... all these different elements of what we think of as medieval authority." – Professor Jackson Armstrong (08:06)
• "Imagine those carvings being viewed by candlelight." – Professor Jackson Armstrong (37:56)
• "People have to rub along together and make the most of eking out a living in the towns and countrysides within the border region." – Professor Jackson Armstrong (36:24)

Final Thoughts

"Defending a Castle" offers an engrossing exploration of Carlisle Castle's historical and cultural significance. By weaving together architectural evolution, military history, and social dynamics, the episode paints a comprehensive picture of life in a border fortress during the Middle Ages. Whether you're a history enthusiast or a casual listener, this episode provides valuable insights into the complex interplay of power, community, and survival in medieval England.

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