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$25@Weightwatchers.Com the holidays mean more travel, more shopping, more time online and more personal info in more places that could expose you more to identity theft. But LifeLock monitors millions of data points per second. If your identity is stolen, our US based restoration specialists will fix it, guaranteed or your money back. Don't face drained accounts, fraudulent loans or financial losses alone. Get more holiday fun and less Holiday worry with LifeLock. Save up to 40% your first year. Visit LifeLock.com SpecialOffer Terms Apply hello, I'm Matt Lewis. Welcome to Gone Medieval From History Hit, the podcast that delves into the greatest millennium in human history. We've got the most intriguing mysteries, the gobsmacking details and latest groundbreaking research. From the Vikings to the printing press, from kings to Popes to the Crusades, we cross centuries and continents to delve into rebellions, plots and murders to find the stories, big and small that that tell us how we got here. Find out who we really were with Gone Medieval. Welcome to this episode of Gone Medieval. I'm Matt Lewis. The Christmas break means that all those outside the Gone Medieval dungeon are off partying. So we've got a handpicked repeat from our huge back catalogue for you. This is a great episode that I did with the wonderful Annie Whitehead about the rise of Mercia, the Anglo Saxon kingdom of at the heart of England. Definitely no bias in this episode from this Mercian, I promise. This episode is part of a series we did about the Anglo Saxon kingdom, so you can find Northumbria and Wessex in there too. So sit back and enjoy the story of the rise of Mercia. The year is 641 A.D. after years of tension and hostility between the great kingdoms of Mercia, Northumbria, the reign of Oswald is over. The legendary ruler of Northumbria has been slain. In Bede's account of Oswald's death, the Northumbrian warlord is killed by Penda, the last pagan king of the Mercians, in a great battle at a place called Mazerfield. Bede writes that Penda removes Oswald's head and hands to display them on stakes and perhaps as an offering to his pagan God of war. It's a momentous defeat. Penda returns to Mercia victorious. For some, the death of a mighty ruler like Oswald isn't a cause for celebration. But for the Mercians, it was no small feat. One that could only be achieved by a kingdom of. Of strong, ambitious rulers with a multinational significance. Welcome to Gone Medieval. I'm Matt Lewis. In our cycle through the most significant kingdoms of the Anglo Saxon period, we've arrived at, frankly, the best one. And I say that as someone who grew up within its bounds, so obviously it's beyond debate. Here. Last episode, we traced the rise and fall of the Northumbrian kingdom, its religious clout and its recurring conflicts. This episode, we're looking at its almost perpetual enemy, the kingdom of Mercia. We discovered how, before a unified England existed, the British Isles were divided up into petty kingdoms, each vying for power with varying degrees of success. Mercia was one such kingdom, and it had more success than most, to put it lightly. Occupying the English heartlands, the mighty Midlands, Mercia's reach was vast. At its most powerful, its territory included London and almost all the land south of the River Humber. Mercia dominated Anglo Saxon politics for three centuries. It was the last Anglo Saxon kingdom to adopt Christianity in it remained for a long time a realm of sub kingdoms, a federation of tribes acting together under one ruler. Some of the best known figures in medieval history ruled during this period, the most legendary being Penda, an Offa. And Lady Godiva should surely get an honourable mention here too. As we've already heard, Penda was the last pagan ruler of Mercia, whilst Offa was the most powerful ruler in the kingdom's history and one of the greatest of all the Anglo Saxon monarchs. That's right, he's the Offa. As in Offa's dyke. Mercia and Northumbria were staunch enemies, and during Mercian supremacy, fierce battles were fought between the two kingdoms, with Mercia coming out on top by the 8th century. But much like the Northumbrians, it too fell foul of infighting and instability just a century later. This ultimately led to its steep decline, which saw, in turn, the rise of Wessex. But let's not get ahead of ourselves. More on that kingdom in the next episode. Tragically and mystifyingly, a lot of Mercia's history has been lost. Perhaps it was burnt in Viking raids on monasteries, churches and libraries. Or it was strategically misplaced. And here I'm looking at you, Alfred. So if we're going to try and unearth the story of Mercia who better to invite back to the podcast than Annie Whitehead, whose book the Rise and Fall of a Kingdom is the perfect companion to this discussion? Welcome back to Gone Medieval Annie.
- [06:34]
A
Oh, thank you for having me.
- [06:36]
B
It's wonderful to have you back. To start us off with, can you just talk a little bit about what area of England Mercia covers? So whereabouts are we?
- [06:45]
A
Right, so it's essentially what we would think of now as the Midlands, but it's a bit more than that because it's not just what you think of as the Southwest Midlands. It incorporated the East Midlands, and at its height, at its most powerful, it sort of ranged from everywhere south of the Humber, really, right down and sometimes including London, Kent, Sussex. So it's difficult to explain because the borders were so fluid throughout the whole of the Anglo Saxon period, but it essentially, if you think the Midlands and then some, you've kind of got it.
- [07:21]
B
And how did or why did Mercia emerge from the local petty kingdom? So I think, like a lot of other Anglo Saxon realms, it begins off as a fractured group of tribal groups that eventually morph into this one single kingdom that covers such a huge area.
- [07:39]
A
We don't really know the process, and it's true of all the major Anglo Saxon kingdoms, we don't quite know how they managed to establish themselves. So obviously absorbing the British kingdoms that were there beforehand, whether it was through violence or whether it was a question of protection, sometimes from the other English as they came to be kingdoms. So we do know of one. In 628, there's reference to Penda fighting the West Saxons and afterwards came to terms. This is how it's put. And the idea is that the area there at Cirencester, where they were fighting part of the old kingdom of the Hwiche, and at that point that area came under Mercian control. For the time being, they kept their kings, later on they lost them. Some old historians thought that Pendam actually created this kingdom. Now the thinking is it probably existed beforehand. So whether he was protecting it from the West Saxons or taking it from West Saxon control, we're not entirely sure, but we can kind of assume that this is what was going on with the other tribal areas, that they were gradually, peacefully or otherwise being absorbed, and perhaps what they needed or required was better served by coming under one umbrella than another. So there may have been an element of protection going on, but the process is not really understood or known, unfortunately.
- [09:07]
B
Yeah, I think we tend to think that it's always violent conquest, but it could just be more of an alignment of ideas or that they're stronger together than they were apart or that they feel they need the protection of a particularly effective warlord during that period. It's not necessarily that everybody's going in, burning everything and claiming control.
- [09:26]
A
Yeah. And we do have instances of particularly the Mercians and it makes sense because they're so close to the Welsh, actually allying themselves with the Welsh against other English kingdoms. So very much a question of, you know, shared interests and possibly a little bit of, you know, the enemy of my enemy is my friend kind of thing. And the Mercians particular, as I say, based where they are ideally placed to take advantage of those sort of cross border alliances. It's a difficult one because we have so little in the way of written sources, particularly for Mercia, where we essentially have none. So, yeah, we're not really sure, unfortunately.
- [10:04]
B
How then does Mercia, as it grows, begin to gain an upper hand amongst the heptarchy? So we kind of see this swinging around of power. We've had Northumberland rise to the fore. How and when do we see Mercia begin to pick up the mantle of being the most important member of the Anglo Saxon group of kingdoms?
- [10:25]
A
So it's really the 8th century where it comes into its own and is at its largest. But I think Pender, I mean, he's the famous pagan 7th century warlord, kind of started that process. The Mercians really stayed a federation and Professor Simon Keynes has pointed this out that even in the later period their eldermen were still really being drawn from the leaders of tribes rather than being appointed centrally. So I think it always maintained that sort of bit of difference. Although we have this document called the Tribal Hydage, nobody knows who drew it up, what it was for and when it was drawn up. But if it was a Mercian document, it lays out all the different tribes and you can see how Mercia was really made up of different areas. So we've got the Huiche, as I've mentioned, which was obviously at one point a kingdom on its own. The Magansati, the people called the Rikin dwellers. So it's always been a little bit of a federation, but Penda seems to have been the one who turned it into one unit. And I'm probably going to be quite controversial here. I don't see him as an aggressor. I see him as defending Mercian territory from the Northumbrians, who in the seventh century were all powerful. They had the supremacy. Yes, he killed two of their kings. Yes, he definitely meant to, but it was I think more a question of to try and stop Northumbrian expansion. He wasn't going looking for a fight necessarily, so I think he was the first one. And obviously we hear about him because we've got Bede, who's chronicling the history of Northumbria, and obviously he's going to pay attention when somebody comes in and kills two of the kings, two of whom he really admired. So, yeah, Pender, I think, started the process, definitely, and made sure that perhaps his borders were defined and for whatever reason, as though we don't know how he absorbed these other tribal kingdoms under the Mercian umbrella, but he seemed to stop there. He kept Northumbria at bay rather than trying to take it over, which was probably sensible because Northumbria was vast and huge and powerful.
- [12:45]
B
I'm pretty sure us folk in the Midlands are still a pretty conciliar, you know, non aggressive, defensive bunch. It sounds exactly like Friday night in Wolverhampton. But do you think Mercia's location kind of being central played a part in that rise? Or was it luck or was it the actions of particular rulers?
- [13:03]
A
I think it was probably a combination of all those things. It's interesting that, I mean, I mentioned Bede. Northumbria had its supremacy in the seventh century and then obviously Wessex in the later portion of the period. And at those times they had their writers who were championing them. So Bede, obviously very pro Northumbrian, very pro Christian, and then later on you've got Alfred the Great, biographer Assa and the Anglo Saxon Chronicle. So obviously they're going to play up the part that their own kingdoms played in historical events. We have absolutely nothing for Mercia, so everything we've got is from someone else's perspective. But in spite of that bias, it still managed to be successful. There is an element of luck, luck, by which I mean force of personality, force of military leader, the luck that the ebb and flow. So towards the end of the 7th century, the Northumbrian dynasty that had ruled successfully for most of the seventh century died out. And then they were subject to an awful lot of infighting and loads of different claimants coming forward and either being successful or being murdered or a little bit of both, that wasn't happening in mercia during the 8th century. So after Penda's dynasty died out, Mercia didn't fail because of the strength of the almost unrelated kings who came next. They were strong. Mercia ruled for the whole of the 8th century by just two kings for a whole century. So there was stability, just pure luck of the draw, I think, in that respect, you know, a dynasty fails in Northumbria and it all topples. A dynasty fails in Mercia and all, and it becomes even stronger than it was before. So, yeah, very much the luck of the draw, I think, and location. I don't know whether that played a huge part, except to say that it's a lot easier to get at other kingdoms from Mercia, perhaps. I mean, I would say the same in this day and age, as, you know, if you're in the Midlands, if you're in Birmingham, it's easy to get pretty much anywhere else in the country. So that might have played a part as well. Yeah, yeah.
- [15:18]
B
And I guess if you're a strong mercier, that's fine, but if you're not a strong mercier, that brings its own problems in that it's easy for everyone else to get at you as well. You're sort of in between everybody else. You've got lots of borders with lots of other people.
- [15:29]
A
Yes, absolutely true.
- [15:31]
B
And we've mentioned Pender a couple of times, and he's obviously one of the most famous rulers of Mercia. He was a pagan, sort of quite famously, and I guess that's why we get this bad impression of him from Bede, because Bede is championing Christian Northumberland against pagan Mercia. How unusual was it for Pender to still follow pagan religion at this point in English history?
- [15:55]
A
I think it's not that unusual because this is the period where the kings are gradually converting, and it's a process that only really started in the seventh century. So Pender's first nemesis, in a way, Edwin of Northumbria, took quite a while to convert to Christianity. And I think there was a little bit of personal aggro between the two, because prior to marrying a Christian princess of Kent and converting, Edwin had been married to a kinswoman of Pender's, possibly his cousin, and put her aside. Pender had form in that regard because one of the West Saxon kings repudiated Pender's sister, we're told, and Pender chased him, literally across the country, and this guy ended up in exile in East Anglia for three years. So there was obviously a little bit of personal aggression between Pender and Edwin. So I say Edwin took his while to think about convert. I think a lot of times it was maybe political considerations and perhaps Penda didn't need that. We do know that the king of the South Saxons were still pagan in the lifetime of Pender's son, because Pender's son, Wulfher stood sponsor at his baptism and Bede mentions a couple of other kings up and down the country who converted to Christianity and then apostatised. So I think things were a little bit fluid throughout the early to middle portion of the 7th century. So penda was perhaps not that unusual, but he seems to be one of the last ones who hung on and decided not to convert. But very significantly, Bede, who've got no reason to say anything good about Pender at all, does and does say that he was religiously tolerant and he did allow preachers to come into Mercia, missionaries to convert, whoever. So he was obviously saying, it's not for me, but. But I'm not going to stop anybody else because he's quite famous and because Bede was quite interested in him. We hear about his paganism, but I don't think he was the last man standing in that regard. Mazda. Once you discovered the Mazda CX5 Mazda, it doesn't take long to get it. With standard all wheel drive, a premium interior and advanced safety features, it's an SUV that gives you more at every turn. It will have you saying Mazda, the Mazda CX5, it's made to move you.
- [18:38]
B
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A
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- [19:04]
B
And when does Mercia officially convert to Christianity? And how significant a change was that for Mercia?
- [19:10]
A
We have to assume it was with his son Wulfher. So Penda ultimately wasn't successful. He was killed in battle by a Northumbrian king and for three years Mercia was controlled by Northumbria. And then Penda's son Wulfher came out of hiding, we don't know where, and managed to overthrow the Northumbrians. We know he was Christian and all of Penda's children were were Christian. And it's notable that the majority of his children and grandchildren were actually remembered as saints. So Anglo Saxon saints are slightly different. You don't have to do a lot in Anglo Saxon England to be remembered as a saint. It's not like nowadays most of his granddaughters became abbesses, founding monasteries and abbeys. All of his sons were Christian and one of them actually retired to become a monk and again was remembered as a saint. So essentially I think that the official paganism died out with Penda. And then religiously in that regard, Mercia was no different from any of the other English kingdoms from that point onwards.
- [20:21]
B
And I guess that would allow someone like Bede to become favourable of Mercia then, because suddenly it's A Christian kingdom that is doing the right religion, in Bede's view.
- [20:30]
A
Yes. And also, again, going back to the troubles that beset Northumbria, Christianity wasn't working out too well because the Christian kings were behaving in a unchristian like manner in Northumbria in the 8th century. And Bede and other Northumbrian scholars were absolutely horrified about that. So perhaps, by contrast, Mercia was behaving itself once Penda had gone.
- [20:52]
B
One of the other prominent names amongst the rulers of Mercia is Offa. So when does Offa rule and sort of what does he contribute to Mercer's development?
- [21:02]
A
Offa came to prominence midway through the 8th century, so 757, and his predecessor, Athelbold, he was killed by his own bodyguard, so we're told. And we don't know whether Offa had anything to do with that. Killed by your own bodyguard. You might imagine that this is some kind of essentially a palace coup. But it doesn't look like Offa was amongst those men because he'd made no appearance at court beforehand. He's not present for any witnessing of any charters. It's quite possible that he was in exile, which happened a lot in all the kingdoms. You find these strong, powerful kings emerging from exile because they've been a threat to the incumbent. So we're not quite sure where Offa came from or what he'd been doing beforehand. He inherited a very strong kingdom by this point and was able to sort of reinforce what had gone on before. He was very keen to try and establish his own dynasty because he wasn't especially related to any of the previous kings. Looks like he was descended from a brother of Pender's and he was very keen to ensure that his line continued to the point where he had his son anointed in his own lifetime. Didn't do him any good. That son only reigned for five months. I have, in my new book, which is coming out next year, made reference to the fact that I'm pretty sure that this was not a natural death. And it's very significant that when this son of Ofas died after reigning for only five months, a Northumbrian scholar said that he died for the sins of his father. And there's lots of mention about a lot of bloodshed going on in Offa's reign. So we can sort of hazard a guess as to how non peaceful it was. But again, we don't know. And I said in my book, my History of Mercia, that Offa is a man that's very difficult to get to know, because we just don't have any sources relating to Mercia at this time that come from Mercia. But we know he wasn't just a bloodthirsty warlord because he had trading deals with the Emperor Charlemagne. He tried to get the influence of the Church of Canterbury away from Mercia. He actually set up his own archbishopric in Lichfield, which didn't last long. And that may be because he needed a different archbishop to anoint his son, because the Archbishop of Canterbury wouldn't do it. His wife was a very, very strong character and she actually had coins minted in her own name. She's the only queen that we know of that had this. And I was listening to a lecture by historian Vanessa King recently, and she suggested that these coins were perhaps indicative of this woman's agency, that she might actually have been ruling Kent. For Offa, because he had control of vast swathes of the south of England, so he had trading agreements, he reformed the coinage, he was trying to get his son anointed and establish a dynasty. So it's not all brutal warfare. There was a lot of that as well. I say ultimately it didn't do him any good, but it did establish him as probably one of the best known Anglo Saxon characters, I would think. And yet, ironically, we know that he actually promulgated his own laws, and as far as we know, he was the only Mercian to do so. But they didn't survive. We only know about them because Alfred the Great said he incorporated them into his own laws. And again, I detect a little bit of West Saxon bias, because Alfred used other rulers laws and they were preserved and offers weren't kept. Who knows what was lost to the Vikings as well. A lot of documents were burned and Mercia obviously suffered very badly during the Viking incursions. So that might be a reason that we've lost a lot of documents as well. But Offa certainly considered himself to be a major player on the international stage and considered himself to be on an equal footing with Charlemagne. And I'm not entirely sure that Charlemagne felt the same way about him.
- [25:18]
B
I was going to say, actually, it's really interesting when you talk about those trade agreements, particularly on the international stage and dealing with Charlemagne. It's one of the elements of Anglo Saxon England that I think we often overlook. We tend to think of all of these kingdoms fighting with each other for supremacy within England, and we don't allow for the international aspect to them. They were just kingdoms in their own right. In the same way that England would become and they had relations with overseas powers. You know, Northumbria had really strong trading links with the continent throughout its supremacy. And there's no reason that Mercia shouldn't have done the same. I think it's an aspect of Anglo Saxon England that we often forget about.
- [25:53]
A
Absolutely. And particularly, I mean, just straying a little bit. Kent had such strong links with Frankia, particularly. I think possibly for Mercia it was harder just because of the geography. Obviously Mercia doesn't have a coastline to this day. You know, the Midlands doesn't have a coastline, so that makes it slightly more difficult. But at this time, London was part of Mercia. You've got the Thames again. We have Charlemagne's letters to offer. We don't have Offer's letters to Charlemagne. They obviously existed at some point, but there is talk of trade and even the items that were traded. And at one point they did have a big spat and there was a sort of trade embargo because Offa had upset Charlemagne. But this is real diplomatic, political stuff going on. And it just shows, you know, Offa's predecessor, Appelbald, was actually able to free the Bishop of London from the tolls on ships. So you can see that there's trading going on and there's trading agreements and there's tolls and taxes being taken or exempted. There's commerce going on as well as fighting.
- [27:00]
B
We probably can't talk about Offa without mentioning Offa's dyke. It's obviously something, you know, it's not a million miles away from me quite often. It just looks like a bit of a pile of earth. I've grown up, up without a clue what offers dyke was and what it was for. Am I alone in not knowing what offers dyke is?
- [27:17]
A
You're certainly not alone, because I don't know either. So I mentioned Assa, the biographer of Alfred the Great, and he had a lot to say about the Mercians, actually had a lot to say about Offa's daughter, who married a West Saxon king and accidentally poisoned him. And Asa said this is the reason why West Saxon queens were no longer called Queen. I think the guy she was married to was actually a Mercian, a puppet of Offa's. But Assa also talked about Offa and how he built or ordered this dike to be built. And because we know that Murcia was rich and they weren't just fighting all the time, it's perfectly feasible and believable that Offa had the resources, the equipment, the labour. Assa said that this Dike went from coast to coast, but I know that archaeologists disagree with that assessment. And if it didn't go coast to coast, then it wasn't much good. If it was a defensive thing, if it was a border demarcation. We know that Offa fought the Welsh, but we also know that the relations between Wales and Mercia were again, very fluid, fluctuated, depended entirely on the leaders. So sometimes they got on really well and sometimes they didn't. So the idea that you sort of build a defensive dike. And again, why defensive? I don't think Offa had anything to fear. It doesn't make a lot of sense. It may have been a demarcation, but there were gaps in it for trading. Honestly, we don't know and the archaeologists don't know, more importantly. So whether the question will ever even be answered, I don't know. But it's the thing. It's probably what Offa is most famous for. And yet again, like with so much of Mercia and with so much of even the really pivotal reigns, so many questions that we just can't answer.
- [29:14]
B
Yeah, it's frustrating that we have this thing called Offa's Dyke and we don't know what it is, what it's for, what it's meant to do, why it's there. It's frustrating. When Mercia was at its height, what would you say it was known for? I guess it's difficult because, as we've said, we don't know too much about Mercia. But was it known for war, for art, for culture, for literature, for religion?
- [29:35]
A
Probably not so much for religion any more than any of the other kingdoms. And again, and I'm sorry to keep going back to it, this is partly because of the sources that we have and their origins, but there are some little bits and pieces that give us clues as to what was really going on. Because there are poems that have survived that were written by a man named Cunewulf, and his name suggests that he was a nobleman. He wrote quite long poems and he wrote in an Anglian dialect that is probably associated with Mercia, possibly Northumbria. But most people think he was a Mercian. And these are quite long poems, mostly of a religious nature. We also know that Alfred the Great was famous for two things, essentially beating back the Vikings, apparently single handed, with. With no Mercian help whatsoever, and being very conscious of a lack of education amongst his people and of wanting to do something about that. But what I enjoy immensely is the fact that he had to get Mercians in to help him with that. And a later chronicler who a lot of time we have to take what this later chronicler, William of Malmsbury, says with a pinch of salt. But he said, I'll just quote. Since there was no good scholar in his kingdom, Alfred sent for Werfeth, who was the Bishop of, of Worcester. And he wasn't the only one, because Plegmund, who was the Archbishop of Canterbury and he wasn't the first Mercian Archbishop of Canterbury, was also invited to Alfred's court. The preface to the translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral care acknowledges the help of four men, including this Plegmund, Archbishop of Canterbury. So the standards of literacy that were improving in Wessex, that was boosted by people from Mercia, and so Professor Simon Keynes actually calls an intellectual achievement in Mercia, even though anything that was written is now lost. But we know it was going on because of what we hear from the West Saxon sources. So that's interesting. So again, levels of literacy in Mercia must have been high at that time. If you're calling on people from the Mercian court, stands to reason that that's because, as William of Malmesbury said, there weren't those people available in Wessex and so they had to ask for mercy. And.
- [32:31]
B
When and why did Mercia then begin to decline?
- [32:35]
A
Bit of a perfect storm. So Athelbold and Offa reigned for almost entire 8th century. So Athelbold exceeded in 716, Offa died in 796. So for virtually the whole of that century, you've only got got two kings between the death of Offa and the last Mercian King in 878. I've just got some statistics here for you. There were more than a dozen reigns and one of those reigns lasted for 25 years. So you can see there were an awful lot of kings. And as I said in my book, some of those kings had their reigns interrupted. Few of them succeeded or preceded members of their own branch of the family. The king who rolled for 25 years was succeeded by his brother, who only lasted for two years. He was then replaced by another king who was killed in battle a few years later, succeeded by another who was killed in battle. He was succeeded by a king who reigned twice, had his reign interrupted by the king of Wessex who was, and you'll talk about this in another episode, he was the founder of Alfred's dynasty. Essentially three branches of the Mercian royal family at this point, and they're all fighting and names either began with B or C or W, and they're all so familiar, I'm not going to mention any of them by name, but these branches were all fighting for control. So it's a real echo of what had happened in Northumbria the previous century, where you've got loads of contenders for the throne, claiming maybe even just an ounce of royal blood. And lots of murders ensuing, famously, in Mercia's case, a couple of child or young adult murders. One particular child, St Wistan, who was actually, because of these complicated family relationships, had two royal grandfathers. Both of his grandfathers had been king. He apparently objected to somebody from another branch of the royal family wanting to marry his widowed mother, and he ended up murdered because of it. So shades of Northumbria just happening a century later. And I think the problem is it's just circumstances. You know, you can run out of members of particularly strong dynasty and somebody else equally strong will come in or not. And as we move into the 9th century, it was very much a question of or not. And Mercia unraveled because of these dynastic struggles and tussles. We also have two other elements to this rapid decline. One was this founder of the Alfredian dynasty, King Ecgberht. Now, he'd been driven into exile by Offa and actually harboured at the court of Charlemagne, which is one of the reasons that Offa and Charlemagne didn't always see eye to eye. Ecgberht was King Alfred's grandfather, and nobody knew at the time, but he was about to establish this really strong dynasty which then gave rise to West Saxon supremacy. The third crucial factor is that the Vikings came and they hit Mercia hard. So a perfect storm and you can just see how things roll on in history. It's right place, right time, wrong place, wrong time. And all these events just conspired to weaken Mercia. Yeah.
- [35:55]
B
And I think we often give all of the credit for resisting the Vikings to Wessex without allowing that. There was plenty of Mercian resistance going on in there as well, wasn't there?
- [36:06]
A
Oh, absolutely, yes. It's interesting because we've got, as I mentioned earlier, the Anglo Saxon chronicle is very much, at this stage, a history of Wessex and the West Saxons. And it's talking about every time the Mercians were calling on help from the West Saxons. This is not the true picture. The Mercians were fighting back. At times, they were lending aid to the West Saxons. I think it's just. It's not so much that history belongs to the victor. I think it's more a question of history belongs to whoever writes it and Alfred the Great, and then after that, his son, Edward the Elder, they were dictating what was being recorded. And so we end up with this version of events that very much favours the West Saxons and makes them look like they were in total control. But I think the truth is that they couldn't have done it without the Mercians, any more than the Mercians could have survived on their own. And there was a joint partnership. And we know this because when we don't have, as it were, paper evidence, we have other stuff, have archaeological evidence and we have coinage evidence. And we know that one of the last kings of Mercia, Celwulf ii, who was dismissed in the Anglo Saxon Chronicle as a foolish king's thane, and apparently he gave away vast swathes of Mercia to the Vikings. And he was a turncoat and a disgusting individual. But actually he seems to have been working. He was a legitimate king, by the way. He wasn't a foolish king, sayin. A legitimate king working side by side with the West Saxons. And we have coins known as the Two Emperors, which show him and Alfred. And they're very famous because there's recently been a legal battle where some detectorists found some of these two emperor coins and didn't declare them. So we know from this numismatic evidence that the Mercians and the West Saxons were fighting together, as they were during lady the Mercians tenure. Whether she was actually physically fighting or not, she was working side by side with first her husband and her father, and then later on her brother, to push back the Vikings. And you and I chatted in an earlier podcast about the strategic planning that went into that campaign, all airbrushed out of the main part of the Anglo Saxon Chronicle. But as I say, when you're writing a chronicle for your king, you paint him in a good light, which is what the West Saxon scribes did.
- [38:37]
B
Yeah, big shout out to our Aethelflaed lady of the Mercians episode that we did before as well. It's wonderful extra colour to what we're talking about here. And a fascinating character in her own right, too. So essentially, I'm taking away from this that the people of the Midlands are conciliar, very modest, very peaceable, very learned. We don't write chronicles about ourselves, but we're actually the cleverest people in the kingdom. Does the Anglo Saxon kingdom of Mercia have a legacy beyond the fact that all Midlands people are still like that?
- [39:08]
A
We perhaps might gloss over the incident in Offa's Reign where he beheaded the East Anglian king.
- [39:13]
B
Yeah, we'll forget that, we'll forget that.
- [39:16]
A
We'Ll forget that, yeah. I think they literally ran out of kings and then the West Saxons took over, but their history didn't stop. And there were some really influential characters that contributed to pre conquest history, even so, because even when Mercia stopped being a kingdom, it still maintained its status as one of the four big earldoms, as they were eventually known. And we've got a lot of very feisty characters, a lot of them female, and offer probably one of the most well known Anglo Saxon names, even for people who perhaps don't know so much about this period of history. But also Lady Godiva, famously, and so much more than just a naked horse ride, which I don't believe actually happened. And she was a member of a hugely powerful and hugely influential family, one member of which was Elfiva of Northampton, who was King Knut's first wife and ruled Norway on his behalf. A woman you wouldn't like to cross, I would say Lady Godiva, hugely influential, basically founded Coventry. She was the one who wanted to build the abbey there. In that same branch of that family, we've also got Lady Wolveren, after whom the city of Wolverhampton is named. And in that same family again, we have Ialdgith, or Edith, as her name would probably be pronounced now, who was a queen twice over. Uniquely, she was a Queen of Wales. Now, normally leaders of Wales weren't known as kings, more often princes, but her husband was known as King of Wales, King Griffith. And after he died, she came back to Mercia for a wee while and was then married to a certain chap called Harold Godwinson. And so she became Queen of England. And but for a quirk of fate, all our royalty would have been descended from the Mercians, So hugely influential people, even after it stopped being a kingdom. But I think even into modern times, I mean, we know that Birmingham is the second city city we've got. The industrial heartland of England is in the Midlands. The jewellery quarter of Birmingham, the silversmithing tradition, the potteries of what's known as the Black country now, the canal networks. And if we remember that at its apogee, London was part of Mercia as well. You've got all of this trading, the industrial heritage is all part of the Midlands as we know it today. So it's kind of, kind of lived on. Even the name hasn't completely disappeared because it's still there in the police force, I think a couple of other institutions as well. So I think its legacy is ongoing because right from early on and right through the Industrial Revolution and further on than that, it's been the powerhouse, the industrial heart of the country. And also they don't exist now, but for a long time, the salt works, most of those were in Mercia and places like Nantwich, a lot of the places that ended in, which is generally market, but in Mersing cases, these were salt works and hugely important. And charters relating to the establishment of saltworks date from Uthelbold's reign, so we know how important they were. So it's always been this sort of hub of industry and very important and important politically as well.
- [42:50]
B
Yeah, it's fascinating. I've grown up with the name Mercia around me. As you say, it's on police cars, was in the Midlands of the West Mercia police force and things like that. So it is a name that still exists today and it's fascinating to link it back to 1500 years or more of history. And I grew up in Wolverhampton, so I grew up looking at that statue of lady wolf Runa outside St Peter's Church, the woman after whom the city I grew up in is named. It's incredible to have all of that wealth of history in an area that I think often isn't connected with those things. It's very much remembered for the Industrial Revolution these days, I think. But its medieval history is probably even more fascinating.
- [43:29]
A
Yeah, I think so. And as I say, I think a lot of the names that you instantly associate with Anglo Saxon history, even if you don't know much about it, obviously people will know Alfred the Great, but as I say, Pender Offa, Aethelfla, Lady Godiva and one guy, he was apparently at one point voted the most evil man in English history. Eadric Trioner was a Mercian. And the names of prominent people that he murdered or connived to murder is just incredible. But again, a really, really important name and lots of people have heard of him. So characters. And I think that's what first drew me to Mercia. Even when I was studying the period back at uni, it was always the Mercians seem to be the most colourful, charismatic characters. There's something very attractive about its history. It's just a shame that we don't have have more of their side of the story.
- [44:19]
B
We're even the best at being the worst. What can I say? You know, we're just so good at everything. Well, thank you so much for joining us, Annie. It's been absolutely fascinating to talk a bit more about Murcia. I apologize for championing the kingdom of Mercia as well.
- [44:31]
A
Oh, never apologize for that.
- [44:33]
B
I hope you enjoyed this episode or revisiting Mercia if you've heard it before. You can find the links to the other episodes in the series, including the Rise of Northumbria and the Rise of Wessex, in the show notes below. There are new installments of Gone Medieval every Tuesday and Friday, so please come back to join Elena and I for more from the greatest millennium in human history. Don't forget to Also subscribe or follow us on Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts and tell all of your friends and family that you've Gone medieval. Sign up to History Hit for hundreds of hours of original documentaries with a new release every week@historyhit.com subscribe. Happy New Year to you all. I hope 2026 will bring you health and happiness. Anyway, I better let you go. I've been Matt Lewis and we've just Gone medieval with History.
- [45:34]
A
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