Gone Medieval: Theodora, the Rags to Riches Empress
Episode Release Date: June 10, 2025
Host: Dr. Eleanor Jaenega
Guest: Stella Duffy, Author of Theodora, Actress, Empress, Whore and The Purple Shroud
Introduction to Empress Theodora
The episode delves into the extraordinary life of Empress Theodora, a pivotal figure in Byzantine history. Dr. Eleanor Jaenega sets the stage by describing Constantinople during the tumultuous year of 532 AD, amidst the Nika Riots—highlighting Theodora's unwavering resolve to protect her city and people against the chaos wrought by rival chariot factions, the Greens and the Blues.
Stella Duffy on Discovering Theodora
Stella Duffy shares her personal journey of uncovering Theodora's story. Inspired by a striking 6th-century mosaic in Ravenna, Italy, where Theodora is depicted with imperial grandeur equal to Emperor Justinian, Duffy realized the stark contrast between Theodora's historical significance and her obscurity in mainstream consciousness.
“[...] she died in Imperial purple. And today, to discuss one of the most incredible lives ever lived, [...]”
— Stella Duffy [05:08]
Theodora's Humble Beginnings
Born around 500 AD as the daughter of a bear trainer for the Green Chariot faction, Theodora's early life was marred by poverty. Following her father's death, her family aligned with the Blue faction, where Theodora honed her performing skills—likely encompassing dance, acting, and possibly sex work, given the blurred lines between actresses and courtesans in the early medieval period.
“She was born to the Greens, she died in Imperial purple.”
— Stella Duffy [05:55]
Ascension to Empress
Theodora's rise from the margins to the imperial throne was nothing short of miraculous. Overcoming societal prejudices and legal barriers, she became Justinian's wife by altering existing laws to permit a union between an emperor and an ex-actress. Their marriage is portrayed not just as a political alliance but as a genuine love match, evidenced by Justinian's lifelong devotion to Theodora, despite lacking heirs.
“They changed the law to allow an ex-actress to marry him.”
— Stella Duffy [20:43]
The Nika Riots and Theodora's Leadership
Theodora's most defining moment came during the Nika Riots. As unrest threatened the empire's stability, Justinian contemplated fleeing Constantinople. It was Theodora who persuaded him to stay, famously asserting that she would rather "die in purple," symbolizing her dedication to her role and the empire.
“I'd rather die in purple, meaning as empress, than leave and leave the purple behind.”
— Stella Duffy [31:31]
Her leadership during the riots showcased her strategic acumen and deep empathy for the populace, contrasting sharply with Justinian's more stoic demeanor.
Reforms and Legacy
As Empress, Theodora championed progressive reforms, particularly concerning women. She established institutions like Metanoia, offering former prostitutes a chance at redemption, and enacted laws to curb sex trafficking and protect women's dowries during divorces. These initiatives position her as an early advocate for women's rights, earning her veneration as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church despite contemporary accounts—primarily by Procopius—painting her in a negative light.
“She brought in the first anti-rape laws. She brought in the first laws to give women back their dowry.”
— Stella Duffy [22:03]
Challenging Historical Narratives
Theodora's portrayal has been largely influenced by Procopius's Secret History, which demonizes her character. Duffy critiques these accounts, arguing that they reflect the misogynistic biases of their male authors. By highlighting Theodora's genuine contributions and leadership, Duffy seeks to reclaim her legacy from the shadows cast by flawed historical narratives.
“The men who have the power of writing and sharing stories with us, telling us these scurrilous, have to be lies about this woman because she's a woman.”
— Stella Duffy [27:09]
Theodora's Death and Justinian's Grief
Theodora's untimely death in 548 AD from breast cancer left Justinian profoundly affected. Unlike typical emperors who remarried for political alliances or succession, Justinian remained devoted to Theodora, suggesting the depth of their bond beyond mere political convenience.
“He visits her mausoleum at least once a week for years and years and years.”
— Stella Duffy [40:42]
Theodora as a Saint
Despite the vilification in historical texts, Theodora's sainthood in the Eastern Orthodox Church underscores her positive impact. Her religious conversion and philanthropic efforts, especially towards women, solidify her as a revered figure who transcended her tumultuous beginnings to leave an indelible mark on history.
“She is remembered as a saint because she did actual cool, good work.”
— Stella Duffy [42:52]
Conclusion: A Lasting Impression
The episode concludes with reflections on Theodora's profound influence on Byzantine society and her enduring legacy as a powerful female leader. Stella Duffy emphasizes the rarity of such figures in history and celebrates Theodora's resilience, compassion, and strategic brilliance.
“No empress left so profound a mark on the imagination of her people as did Theodora.”
— Stella Duffy [46:59]
Notable Quotes:
- Stella Duffy [05:55]: “She was born to the Greens, she died in Imperial purple.”
- Stella Duffy [20:43]: “They changed the law to allow an ex-actress to marry him.”
- Stella Duffy [22:03]: “She brought in the first anti-rape laws. She brought in the first laws to give women back their dowry.”
- Stella Duffy [27:09]: “The men who have the power of writing and sharing stories with us, telling us these scurrilous, have to be lies about this woman because she's a woman.”
- Stella Duffy [40:42]: “He visits her mausoleum at least once a week for years and years and years.”
- Stella Duffy [42:52]: “She is remembered as a saint because she did actual cool, good work.”
- Stella Duffy [46:59]: “No empress left so profound a mark on the imagination of her people as did Theodora.”
Final Thoughts
This episode of Gone Medieval offers a compelling re-examination of Empress Theodora's life, challenging established historical narratives and highlighting her significant contributions to the Byzantine Empire. Through the insightful conversation between Dr. Eleanor Jaenega and Stella Duffy, listeners gain a deeper appreciation for a woman whose strength, intelligence, and compassion helped shape one of history's most fascinating eras.
For more episodes exploring the rich tapestry of the Middle Ages, feel free to subscribe to Gone Medieval on your preferred podcast platform or visit History Hit for additional content.