Loading summary
Scott Bertram
Every week Hillsdale College president Larry Arn joins Hugh Hewitt to discuss great books, great men and great ideas. This is Hillsdale Dialogues, part of the Hillsdale College Podcast Network. More episodes at podcast Hillsdale. Edu or wherever you find your audio.
Hugh Hewitt
Morning Glory and Evening Grace America. I'm Hugh Hewitt. That music means the Hillsdale Dialogue is here. It's the last broadcast hour of the week and for the past couple of months, say for a week where we plunged into current affairs. Dr. Larry Arn, President of Hillsdale College and I have been focused on this book, the gathering storm. The first of six volume Churchill history of World War II that Winston Churchill put out beginning in 1948, extending through I think 1953 or four. Chapter six, part seven of our series is entitled the Darkening Scene 1934. And it begins with Churchill noting that Hitler was not at all subtle or secretive about his plan. The first page of Mein Kampf contains the sentence German Austria must return to the great German motherland. And that's on page 81 of the gathering storm. So Dr. Arne, Hitler is being as unsubtle as possible and Great Britain has got its head in the sand.
Dr. Larry Arnn
Yeah, it, and you know, you know Neville Chamberlain wrote, you know, he him about Czechoslovakia. See when Austria goes into union with Germany and that was a put up job, right? They agitated in Germany. You know, they killed the prime minister, they, and they got a vote to come in with Germany and but that flanked Czechoslovakia. If you look at a map you'll see how that works. And, and so he's extending his influence now and it also goes down toward Italy and Italy assistive about that because you know, Mussolini had his own ambitions, right? And Hitler, and when Mussolini agreed, well, we'll get there. But when Mussolini agreed to the anslush, to the taking of Austria, Hitler pledged his eternal friendship to Mussolini.
Hugh Hewitt
Well, you're, you're there. We're there now. It's in this chapter. I didn't know much about Mussolini. I, I had very little knowledge of him. I didn't realize he was very suspicious of Hitler at the beginning. I didn't realize he was a failed socialist pundit, that he'd marched on Rome in 1922, become the dictator with the help of the king. But what struck me is he really wasn't sold on Hitler. He was in with Dollfuss in Austria. And the Hungarian political class, they were not sold on him at all. They thought he was going to be a tyrant. What happened?
Dr. Larry Arnn
Well, you know, in the end Mussolini was weak and he, he didn't the, the Italy never commanded the force that Germany commanded and what, what Mussolini was doing, you know, that the Austria was a key element in the Habsburg Empire and that was much of southeastern Europe. And it was a whole bunch of countries that many of them didn't like each other very much. Some of them were Slavic and some of them were. Were Latin. You know, they used the Latin Alphabet, the others use the Cyrillic Alphabet. Some of them were close to Russia, some of them were close to Italy, which borders over the mountains. And so Mussolini was mucking around in all that and, you know, trying to grow Italian influence and. And Hitler was just bolder and stronger than Mussolini, and Mussolini decided at some point to go along. Italy, by the way, was an ally of the Britain and France in the First World War against Germany. But Hitler manages to reverse that also. Italy, as in, you know, the, the nations that lost the First World War, at least Germany, and they wanted an empire. They come late to the empire deal because, you know, there wasn't really a Germany, a unified Germany until almost the 20th century. And so Britain had a big empire by then and they wanted one. And Italy, you know, wanted to revive the glory of Rome. That's sort of Mussolini's politics around that. We get the name Fascist from the fasces, the bundles of sticks that were carried in certain official Roman ceremonies when the emperor or the. Or the console was parading, right? And so Mussolini would do that when he was building his fascist movement, recovering Rome. And Rome had a big empire, right? And so he's off over there in Abyssinia in Northern Africa fighting to get an empire. And they don't fight very well. It doesn't go very well. And, and Germany supports them and Britain opposed them. And you know, if you look at Ukraine today, right, there's some people who think that it's. And by the way, we can't tell right now who's right about this. We won't know for a long time. But there's. Some people think that if we oppose Russia with all our might right here and back them off, then we can get along with Russia. And some people think we should have been compromising more with Russia all along, especially when they were weak, because then we'd get along better with them. I don't think either one of those is necessarily true, but Churchill is rather more standoffish about the condemnations of Italy then his eventual successor, his prime minister, Anthony Eden, who took out hard after Italy. And Churchill wondered if that was wise because, you know, we've been allies with him, with Italy. They're there in the Mediterranean. We have a fleet down there. It's the Italian fleet, which is not as big as ours, but it's there. If it joins Germany, we'll lose flexibility and strength. And so Churchill is cautious about that. Right. And what Anthony Eden and the conservative government and people in France and other places too, they get a League of nations sanctions against Italy over Abyssinia. Well, that helps to estrange Italy from them. And the sanctions, Churchill wrote it, great line about that. The sanctions exempted the one thing Italy could not do without at this time, which was oil. And Churchill says of that, willing to strike but afraid to wound. And so the. The sanctions were toothless and. And it helped to estrange Italy from. And strengthen Hitler. And Italy, in the midst of all this, endorsed Hitler's takeover of Austria.
Hugh Hewitt
And that made Hitler stronger in 1934. You mentioned last week, Churchill. The crowds began to come back in after Churchill began to form focus and people began to listen to him on rearmament. And he gives a speech on February 7th of 1934 which says wars come very suddenly. I have lived through a period when we look forward, as we do now, with great anxiety and uncertainty to what would happen in the future. Suddenly something did happen, tremendous, swift and overpowering, irresistible. So he's saying 1939 seems like a long way away. It's five years down the road. But he's five years ahead of his time. And he says we've got to, one, prepare factories to convert. Two, we have to regain freedom of design and trash. Whatever the London Treaty is, I assume it's a naval treaty that restricts what they can build. And then thirdly, the air. Churchill gets again that the war has completely changed from World War I. Thirdly, the air.
Dr. Larry Arnn
Yeah. And that's the. The crux of Churchill's campaign in these years that the locust has eaten and after was we need a serious superiority over Germany in airplanes. And the reason is that's the first step, right? We. They can attack us. They can. We've never been in a position where the British. Not since what, since 1588 in the Spanish Armada. We've never been in a position where the homeland of Britain is subject to immediate attack. And the airplane is from that point of view, a disastrous invention. And so we have to dominate the air just to protect ourselves. So we have the strong base that's necessary. And Churchill is figuring out now others are too, but he's early that the airplane is going to be a very important thing in land war. We couldn't have done D day. It would prove later if we didn't have complete mastery of the skies. And so he's figuring all that out. So these things come always come to build more airplanes. Military airplanes, fighters and bombers.
Hugh Hewitt
Pause right Always a good idea. Build more airplanes. Say it means more B21s, more F35. Build more airplane. Be right back with Dr. Larry Arn on the Hilltail Dialogue. All things hilltailtail. Edu. Stay tuned.
Hillsdale College Announcer
Hillsdale College is a small Christian classical liberal arts college that operates independently of government funding. And we want you or your son or daughter to apply. At Hillsdale, students grow in heart and mind by studying timeless truths in a supportive community dedicated to the highest things. Hillsdale College costs significantly less than other nationally ranked private liberal arts colleges and receives regular recognition as a best value. And nearly all students receive financial aid. Our robust core curriculum, vibrant student life and 8 to 1 student to faculty ratio make for an education like no other. For more information or to fill out an application, visit Hillsdale eduinfo that's Hillsdale. Edu Info.
Scott Bertram
Hey there, it's Scott Bertram, host of the Radio Free Hillsdale Hour. On this week's program, we talk with Mark Krikorian, executive director at the center for Immigration Studies, and he's written an essay about how America makes assimilation more difficult than it has to be for immigrants. Christina Lambert from Hillsdale's English department starts a short series on the works of T.S. eliot. And John Seifert, associate professor of computer science here at Hillsdale, tells us about the unique way that Hillsdale teaches computer science and the resurrection of our computer science program. All that this week on the Radio Free Hillsdale Hour. Find it at podcast hillsdale.edu or wherever you get your audio.
Hugh Hewitt
Welcome back, America. That music means the Hillsdale dialogue is underway. Dr. Larry Orn is my guest, as he is most Fridays. We are talking about Winston Churchill's World War II memoirs and it's always fun to talk to Dr. Arne about this stuff. And we return to the scene of the of the conflict. Last month, September 3, China held a military parade in which Xi Jinping hailed the unstoppable Chinese military. He sends a peace or war warning. Trump accused him of conspiring against the US it's really quite a lot of saber rattling and we haven't seen parades like this since May 1st in the Soviet Union, the old Soviet Union. And they showed off something called a hypersonic missile that is driven around on trucks. So you don't know where it's like the MX missile of our youth, but not on big rail cars that everyone can see, but on trucks. And they stand up and they fire and they move at five times the speed of sound and they go into orbit and they come back and you have no idea where they are. America is not unlike America in 2025, is not unlike Great Britain in 1935. Waking up to the fact that there is no abroad. And I don't know that we've got a Churchill around, maybe our friend Senator Cotton, but there aren't many people warning about this.
Dr. Larry Arnn
Well, and see, you know, I'm holding out. And see, that's, that's one item among many, right? That's, there's a lot going on here and they have a bigger navy than we have and we have built these wonderful aircraft carriers and can we defend them? And you have a son in law or son serving on in that world.
Hugh Hewitt
And.
Dr. Larry Arnn
And he, he's, you know, maybe we can defend him right now, but will we be able. So I'm holding out for the laser weapons for that. And those are going to be important, I think, because if you just look at the strategic situation, here's what the airplane did. You know, it turns out if you want to build London or major manufacturing capacities or anything in infrastructure terms, it's really expensive. And you can, if you can blow it up with something that's a lot cheaper than. The terms of war have shifted. And, and so that's what the airplane did. Well, that's what these drones and these hypersonic missiles do. Because aircraft carriers cost billions and drones cost thousands and you make a lot of them. And so can we protect the aircraft carriers? And there's an argument that we don't need them, but it is true that.
Hugh Hewitt
There'S an argument that they are great for everything except superpower conflict. But you. But even with the Houthis, when they fired one of their drones or one of their monster garage boats at us, we would fire off a $10 million missile to kill it. It's not a good exchange. Not a good exchange.
Dr. Larry Arnn
Yeah. And there's more and more of that now. Right? And that means that the military we have built and which has dominated the world since the Second World War, things are changing very fast. And we've got these enormous investments in those things and the Chinese have enormous investments which are growing all the time in things to destroy those things. So we've got some major adjustments to make.
Hugh Hewitt
And the question becomes, is there anyone like Hitler out there now in this chapter? He spends A lot of time on the night of Long Knives, about which I only knew a little bit. I knew that Hitler took out his opponent. I didn't know he murdered between 5 and 7,000 people on the same night and included Rome, who had basically ran the brownshirts and was a competitor with Hitler. He took out the general who had rebuilt the army. He took out everyone. They went over the Reichstag and defended it. And he is absolutely shameless. And in saying he is Germany and Germany is him, I think we've got that kind of a personality in China right now. Certainly we do in Russia. I don't know if any of them are as reckless as Hitler. Do you think they are?
Dr. Larry Arnn
Well, we don't know. They haven't been yet, because whoever was. But yeah, it's. It's. You know, you just got to think like the. Let's say you want to predict the behavior of the United States of America. Well, you have to predict a lot of things that are embedded in a constitutional form that millions of people are involved in. And. And those countries are not like that. Right. They've got one guy and that. And in countries like that, the one guy, the guy who gets to the top tends to be a strong man. Right. And that means that you can't be sure that they're not going to use force on you as has been used on them in domestic politics. I mean, Xi has been imprisoned several times, Right. For unorthodoxy, and he has imprisoned many others and killed them. And so. So he's a ruthless man.
Hugh Hewitt
You know, Churchill, Warren, he stands up in front of parliament and he says Hitler is worse than a military dictatorship, because a military dictatorship are based on a very accurate study of real facts, whereas a dictator like Hitler is not so bound by reality and is apt to go adventuring. Makes me think of Putin.
Dr. Larry Arnn
Yeah. And. And, you know, then when you do that and see, remember the first breaches of the. Of Hitler, the first external advances of Hitler, they went swimmingly, right. And everybody was afraid, and Hitler went ahead and then he won, and now he's stronger, you see the next time he tries it, you know, Czechoslovakia marching into the Rhineland and then marching into taking Austria, that raised a lot of fear. Somewhat less with Czechoslovakia, especially, because we'll get there, we'll talk about that. And then Poland after that, Hitler just had the whip hand by them. He just decided to do those things.
Hugh Hewitt
That he could, and he did, and he kept going. And no one said anything to him, and no one would say anything about stopping him. Except for Churchill throughout the 30s. We'll continue to talk about that. Welcome back, America. I'm Hugh Hewitt. Dr. Larry Arne is my guest. You may have seen Dr. Arne at Charlie Kirk's funeral, give a heartfelt salute to him. When I was reading this book, the assassination of Charlie, when I read this chapter, had not yet happened. But there's a lot about assassinations in almost the run up to every major world crisis. There you can see if you're watching on Salem News Channel, Dr. Arn giving his eulogy of Charlie. And there's something about assassination that surprises me in this book. Dr. Arne, now the absolute gobsmacking revelation to me in the Gathering Storm. I know all about Sarajevo in 1914. I have never heard about the assassination in Marseille in October of 1934 where King Alexander, the King of Yugoslavia, the leading general in France and the foreign minister of France are all in a car and they get blown up in Marseilles. Have you studied this? Is this. I know it's not news to you, but have you studied it?
Dr. Larry Arnn
No, no, I knew about it.
Hugh Hewitt
But it's remarkable because it brings a guy named Laval or Lavelle, how do you say his name? To power. And Laval doesn't like England. He's a French foreign minister and he's the guy that cedes the Saar to Germany and basically brings appeasement. Across the Channel, Churchill has been saying, thank God for the French army. Thank God for the French army. I don't, I don't know that we knew how paper tigerish the French army was in the 30s. Did we?
Dr. Larry Arnn
No. And, you know, the, the, the poor French, you know, they, they, they, they were. It's like in. What is it where you, I can't remember the name of the thing right now where you have a dance and while the music plays, you got to find a seat.
Hugh Hewitt
Oh, yeah.
Dr. Larry Arnn
There's not enough, whatever that is. And the point is they were just out of step with the music. In the First World War, everything was the offensive with the French lodest esprit, you know, go, go. Right. And then they ran into barbed wire and machine guns. In the Second World War, everything was defense and they underestimated the tank. And so their defenses didn't work. And, and so then they just get, you know, they just get hammered. Right. I mean it. And, and Churchill says in the middle of the collapse of the French army and the eventual escape of the British army from, from the continent, Churchill says in speech to the People, he says it's not you know, there's no example of an army of millions of men being overcome in a few weeks. But we got such an example. And it was part, it's partly because they were just, and, you know, was the French army weak? They fought very well, although they mutinied, which the British army never did in the First World War. But they bled something awful, as did the British and the Russian and the German, but the Germans, not as much. And in the Second War, they just, you know, they just got off on the wrong foot, had the wrong idea and they got blasted and, and remember, that's their last big war. I mean, Vietnam and Algeria lost those, too. Yeah. So they've, you know, from the days of Napoleon and they, they, and see that, that's a point, isn't it? If you, if you want to understand the strategic disposition of Winston Churchill, these Churchill critics, they just don't understand at all. Right. They really think, you know, Churchill, he did, he, he did not follow the strategy or methods or aims of Napoleon. For example, he admired Napoleon, but he thought, you know, really try to conquer all of Europe, bleed your country to death. He liked the British way, and the British way was naval and cheap and low body count and protecting the homeland. So you don't suffer terribly. Right. That's how he thought of war. And of course, he wrote beautifully about that. Most of his writing is about that.
Hugh Hewitt
And it is wonderful writing. Don't go anywhere, America. Time for a break. Dr. Arnold will be back right after the break. All of our prior conversations about Winston Churchill's World War II era memoir. And we're in volume one, the Gathering Storm. You can catch up with us. There are six volumes. They're all collected over at hueforhillsdale.com the Hillsdale Dialogues are also on the Hillsdale homepage. Hillsdale. Edu so is imprimes. So is the application for the college. If you're a youngster and you want to go to a serious place and learn serious things, go get that application for Hillsdale. Eduardo. You have to be smart. You have to be willing to work pretty hard. Dr. Arn says that again and again, but boy, will you be glad you did. Hillsdale. Edu I'll be right back. On the Hilltale dialogue with Dr. Larry Orne. Portrait of the Hewitt show is.
Scott Bertram
This show is a part of the Hillsdale College Podcast network. If you like what you hear, please subscribe to your favorite. You'll get brand new episodes of all your favorite shows sent right to your device. And you'll help us know that you're out there listening. Never miss another episode by going to Podcast Hillsdale. Edu subscribe. That's Podcast Hillsdale. Edu subscribe or click the Follow or Subscribe button on Apple podcasts Spotify or YouTube. Hey there, it's Scott Bertram, host of the Radio Free Hillsdale Hour. On this week's program, we talk with Mark Krikorian, executive director at the center for Immigration Studies. He's written an essay about how America makes assimilation more difficult than it has to be for immigrants. Christina Lambert from Hillsdale's English department starts a short series on the works of T.S. eliot. And John Seifert, associate professor of computer science here at Hillsdale, tells us about the unique way that Hillsdale teaches computer science and the resurrection of our computer science program. All that this week on the Radio Free Hillsdale Hour. Find it at Podcast Hillsdale. Edu or wherever you get your audio.
Hugh Hewitt
Welcome back, America. I'm Hugh Hewitt with Dr. Larry Ahron. The Hilltale dialogue's underway. In the last segment, I always try to get to the nub of what we have been reading. Dr. Arne, what's the takeaway from this week?
Dr. Larry Arnn
What he's calling for in this volume is timely steps that will keep the worst from happening. And he never thinks we should have this war now, not until 1938 does he rather think that for the first time. And that's because Czechoslovakia had a really great army. And he said if we're going to have to fight him, maybe now's the time and maybe they'll back down because we'll be stronger if we with Czechoslovakia, they have big arms, industry.
Hugh Hewitt
And Czechoslovakia had a frontier that was like the Maginot Line. They had a that's what Putin wants in Ukraine right now is the frontier belt where Ukraine has built up a series of fortresses and depots and railroad centers. And he asked Trump in Alaska. Trump said no, but he said, I want the frontier cities. That's what Hitler wanted from Czechoslovakia, and Chamberlain gave it to him. I want to make sure I get this in before we run out of time. Dr. Oren, at the end of this chapter. And then we're going to get into specifics. Next week on Air Power, he puts himself in the mind of Hitler. Churchill says Hitler is looking at us and he must view the Allies as, quote, decadent fools. And then proceeds to purge everyone and focus on the expansion of German forces. So he takes the measure of Laval and Baldwin and Chamberlain and whore and Mussolini, everybody. And he says they're, they're just Weak. They won't stand up to me. Do you think G thinks that about us now?
Dr. Larry Arnn
Well, I doubt if he thinks that about Trump.
Hugh Hewitt
I agree.
Dr. Larry Arnn
But I also think that, you know, some of this is chest beating. Right? Like, we have to demonstrate strength. Well, you can't demonstrate strength if you don't have it. Right. And that means that we got some big military problems to solve and manufacturing problems to solve, and we need to solve them, and things like that are what impress people like xi. Right. And, and, you know, it's, you know, the personal reaction of Hitler to the statements of Baldwin and meeting Chamberlain, that's part of it, but the big part of it is, what are they actually doing?
Hugh Hewitt
Yeah.
Dr. Larry Arnn
What are they doing?
Hugh Hewitt
Yeah.
Dr. Larry Arnn
You know, and, you know, Stalin asked the famous question about the Pope, how many divisions has he got? And so that's, you know, in other words, we, We've, you know what we, we should. We should think right now, at least, I think we should think a little less about appearing strong and a little more. A lot more about being strong.
Hugh Hewitt
Because I want to sneak in, I want to sneak in just one commentary from you on the two cases of the Supreme Court that will be going there by 7 to 4. The Federal Circuit struck down Donald Trump's tariffs under the International Economic Emergency act powers from a few years ago, and by a vote of 2 to 1, the 5th Circuit struck down his use of the Alien enemies Act from 1798. They're both going to the court. They both concern core presidential powers with a lack thereof. What do you think this court should do based upon the fact that the Constitution commits the tariff power to the President, to the Congress, and the IEEPA doesn't say anything about tariffs, but the Congress passed the Alien Enemies act and it's chosen never to repeal it. What do you think?
Dr. Larry Arnn
Well, both of those are acts of Congress. Right. And it's a matter of what they say. And, you know, it is. Trump is. Have people noticed? Trump is a decisive fella. He's taking these powers. I do believe that he is assiduous in having a strong argument that he's authorized to do these things. And, and, but he is doing them hard and well. Well, to my mind, I think about the tariffs. What I think is we need a neutral tariff regime. And, you know, and we've been in an unfavorable tariff regime for 65 years. And we did that on purpose. But, you know, everybody has tariffs on us and we have the lowest tariffs. And, and so what he's. What Trump is doing There is putting on big tariffs and then they negotiate and he's, he says what he's going to try to do is make them equal. That seems good to me. And does he have the power to do that? That depends on the reading of the act. But I don't believe that that's any user, you know, unless he really has just violated the act big time, which.
Hugh Hewitt
I doubt he has not. I, I read the act. The act does not include the word tariff, but it contemplates the use of all economic powers of the United States. So it doesn't mention tariff by name. And the argument back that goes back to Justice Jackson and Youngstown Sheet and to if they don't like it, they can take it back. The Congress can act.
Dr. Larry Arnn
Yeah, that's right. Yeah. And the other thing is you have to remember about the powers of the Congress, if the Congress doesn't like what the President's doing, don't give them any money. Yes, that comes up every year.
Hugh Hewitt
Indeed it's about to come up right now. America, we've got ourselves a shutdown in the offing. And that shutdown is always blamed on the Republicans. But this time I think everyone is going to agree it's not the Republicans problem. It is the Republicans trying to stop the Schumer shutdown. But Congress doesn't give the President any money. The president has to work on essential employees only. Not the best way in the world to operate a railroad. But by next week, whether it'll be Dean Spalding or Dr. Arn back with me, we'll be able to figure out where we are in that shutdown because I think it'll happen over the weekend and into the next week and we'll find out whether or not Democrats have blinked again. They have blinked in the past, but it is a congressional power. If you don't want the government to run, you can shut it down and the President can use the inherent authority as commander in chief and as head of the executive branch to keep the government open when there's an essential employee involved. But don't expect there to be a lot of essential employees. With Russ Vogt running it over at the Office of Management and Budget. We'll check in on how that is unfolding next week. Meanwhile, all things hilltail@hilltail.edu all of our prior dialogues about Churchill and his war members at hugh for hillsdale.com hugh f o r hillsdale.com, hugh for hillsdale.com Stay tuned. Welcome back, America. I'm Hugh Hewitt with Dr. Larry Arrnd. We're talking about Churchill, but we're also talking about the courts. We're talking about everything that's going on right now. And It's a potpourri, Dr. On an.
Dr. Larry Arnn
Absolute potpourri, I think. What was that? The tariffs is the first thing. Oh, the Alien Enemies Act. That's, yeah, really interesting. Right, because it, it is pretty broad. Partly in reaction to that, partly in reaction to that act and the accompanying Sedition act, the party that founded America, the Federalist Party, was destroyed by the party of Thomas Jefferson Y and it's an amazing thing, it's an amazing thing that that act remains on the books today. And, and, and, you know, again, Trump is, you know, look, if you just look at England right now, it's a mess. And one reason for the mess is there are very large numbers of people who are voting increasingly as a bloc and getting benefit from the day they showed up. And that makes it difficult for England to reform any of that stuff. Right. And so we've had, you know, a wave of 9 or 10 million and, you know, a total wave of 30 or 40 million people. And the 9 or 10 million, Trump argues, and I think he's right about a lot of it, that was simply illegal to let them in here. And, and so he's trying to do something about it and, you know, he stopped it. It's not going on anymore, but he's sending them away. Friend of mine and yours almost, I won't name him, wrote me a letter and said, wrote me an email and said, I have a friend who's been in this country a long time and their kid was detained and they were panic stricken. All this deportation stuff is very clumsy. And I responded, yeah, I don't know about that case, but if you actually are trying to deport large numbers of people, it's going to be messy. Which is one of the reasons it was a very clever thing to let them in here in the first place. Hard to get them out.
Hugh Hewitt
I think we will find out and perhaps next week we'll talk. I think we're going to find out that the Biden administration's lawlessness has deeply injured the United States in ways we only beginning to grasp. From the appointment of unqualified people to the opening of the border to between 10 and 20 million people, to the appointment of radicals to the bench that Joe Biden had no idea about. We will find out a lot. But it may be Baldwin in the scale of his ineptitude and the people around him. On that note, Dr. Arne that concludes part seven of our venture in Catch Up. The Gathering Storm is great reading. It's fabulous writing and you will learn a lot, including about a 1934 assassination in Marseille about which I just didn't know a thing until I read the Gathering storm. Thank you, Dr. Arne. All things hillsdale at hillsdale.
Dr. Larry Arnn
Edu.
Hugh Hewitt
All previous hillsdale dialogues are found at. Thank you for hillsdale.com.
Scott Bertram
Thanks for listening to the Hillsdale Dialogues, part of the Hillsdale College Podcast Network. More episodes at podcast hillsdale.edu or wherever you find your audio. For more information about Hillsdale College, head to Hillsdale. Eduardo.
Hillsdale Dialogues
Episode: Churchill’s The Second World War, Part Seven
Date: September 29, 2025
Host: Hugh Hewitt
Guest: Dr. Larry P. Arnn, President, Hillsdale College
Topic: Churchill’s The Gathering Storm – Chapter entitled “The Darkening Scene, 1934”
In this episode, Hugh Hewitt and Dr. Larry Arnn continue their in-depth discussion of Winston Churchill’s The Gathering Storm, the first volume of Churchill’s multi-part history of World War II. This installment explores the turbulent events of 1934—marked by Hitler’s aggressive ambitions, the shifting allegiances of Mussolini's Italy, the growing threat of aerial warfare, the vulnerabilities of Britain and France, and what these lessons portend for contemporary international politics. As always, Dr. Arnn brings Churchill’s incisive writing into conversation with both historical facts and present-day analogies.
Timestamps: [00:32]–[03:13]
Churchill’s Foresight: The episode opens with Churchill’s warning that Hitler was never secretive about his plans; Mein Kampf plainly states the aim of uniting German Austria with the Reich.
The Anschluss & Czechoslovakia: Dr. Arnn details the Nazi-engineered union with Austria—agitation, assassination, and a staged vote brought Austria into Hitler’s fold, thereby flanking Czechoslovakia.
Timestamps: [02:35]–[08:19]
Mussolini’s Early Reluctance: At first suspicious of Hitler and closer to Austria and Hungary, Mussolini ultimately aligned with Hitler due to weakness and geopolitical calculation.
Italy’s Imperial Ambitions: Mussolini aspired to recreate a Roman-style empire, leading to adventures in Abyssinia (Ethiopia), and resulting League of Nations sanctions—sanctions which Churchill described as “willing to strike but afraid to wound.”
Estrangement & Consequences: Toothless sanctions pushed Italy into Hitler’s camp, shifting Mediterranean power balances.
Timestamps: [08:19]–[10:49]
Insight on Air Power: Churchill foresaw the profound change in warfare due to airplanes, warning Britain to build up its air force and prepare its industry.
Contemporary Parallel: Hewitt draws a line from Churchill’s warnings to today’s defense needs—emphasizing the call to “build more airplanes.”
Timestamps: [12:48]–[15:58]
Rising Powers & Deterrence: Hewitt compares modern China’s military and technological buildup (hypersonic missiles, naval strength) to Britain’s “late awakening” in the 1930s.
Asymmetric Costs: Dr. Arnn discusses how modern drones and cheap missiles threaten expensive platforms like aircraft carriers—much as the airplane changed war in the 1930s.
Timestamps: [16:28]–[18:44]
Hitler’s Ruthlessness: Hewitt is astonished at the scale of violence during the Night of the Long Knives—thousands killed to consolidate Hitler’s grip.
Modern Resonance: Dr. Arnn draws analogies between Hitler’s one-man rule and modern autocrats like Xi and Putin, who have shown similar ruthlessness.
Timestamps: [19:31]–[24:27]
Unexpected Assassinations: Discussion of the little-known 1934 Marseilles assassination, which brought the appeaser Laval to power in France.
French Army’s Illusions & Decline: Arnn describes France’s shift from overconfidence (pre-WWI) to overcautious defense (pre-WWII), leading to their swift collapse.
Churchill vs. Napoleon: Churchill eschewed Napoleonic conquest in favor of British traditions—limited war, naval supremacy, low casualties.
Timestamps: [26:48]–[29:31]
Churchill’s Strategic Outlook: Churchill called for “timely steps that will keep the worst from happening,” advocating rearmament but not wanting war until it was truly inevitable.
Dictators’ Calculations: Churchill recognized that dictators like Hitler advanced simply because they could, facing only weak resistance.
Strength vs. Appearance: Arnn emphasizes the need to actually possess strength, not just perform it.
Timestamps: [30:02]–[36:36]
Presidential Authority & Supreme Court: Brief detour into legal issues surrounding tariffs, presidential powers, and Trump’s use of older statutes.
Immigration Policies: Arnn discusses the Alien Enemies Act, contemporary immigration, and enforcement dilemmas, paralleling historical challenges of governance in crisis.
Quote: “If you actually are trying to deport large numbers of people, it's going to be messy. Which is one of the reasons it was a very clever thing to let them in here in the first place. Hard to get them out.” — Dr. Larry Arnn [36:10]
Modern Parallels: Hewitt likens recent U.S. leadership (especially under Biden) to the systemic weaknesses and “ineptitude” of 1930s Britain and France.
On Mussolini: “In the end Mussolini was weak and he...decided at some point to go along. Italy, by the way, was an ally of Britain and France in the First World War against Germany. But Hitler manages to reverse that also.”
— Dr. Larry Arnn [03:13]
On Sanctions: “The sanctions exempted the one thing Italy could not do without at this time, which was oil…willing to strike but afraid to wound.”
— Paraphrasing Churchill, Dr. Larry Arnn [07:17]
On Air Power: “We need a serious superiority over Germany in airplanes... We've never been in a position where Britain is subject to immediate attack... The airplane is, from that point of view, a disastrous invention.”
— Dr. Larry Arnn [09:26]
On Rising Threats: “America in 2025 is not unlike Great Britain in 1935. Waking up to the fact that there is no abroad.”
— Hugh Hewitt [13:46]
On Dictators: “Whoever was…But, yeah, it's…you just got to think like...in countries like that, the one guy…can't be sure that they're not going to use force on you as has been used on them in domestic politics.”
— Dr. Larry Arnn [17:17]
On Churchill's Call for Strength: “We should think a little less about appearing strong and a little more—a lot more—about being strong.”
— Dr. Larry Arnn [29:33]
| Time | Segment Description | |----------|------------------------------------------------------------------| | 00:32 | Hitler’s aims, Churchill’s warnings, and British denial | | 02:35 | Mussolini, Italy, fascism, and shifting alliances | | 08:19 | The strategic importance of air power and Churchill’s prescience | | 12:48 | Modern parallels: China’s build-up & U.S. vulnerabilities | | 16:28 | Night of the Long Knives; modern dictatorships | | 19:31 | The 1934 Marseilles assassination and resulting French appeasement | | 26:48 | Churchill’s calls for rearmament and lessons for today | | 30:02 | Contemporary U.S. legal and immigration tangents |
For More: