Grainger Commercial Announcer (Alternate) (3:47)

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Lindsey Graham (3:49)

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Grainger Commercial Announcer (3:59)

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Grainger Commercial Announcer (Alternate) (4:29)

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Grainger Commercial Announcer (4:59)

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Lindsey Graham (5:32)

From noser and airship. I'm lindsey graham, and this is history daily. History is made every day on this podcast. Every day we tell the true stories of the people and events that shaped our world. Today is January 28, 1986. The Challenger disaster. It's January 5, 1972, 14 years before the Challenger fails to complete its mission. At the California residence of President Richard Nixon, a meeting is about to begin that will decide the future of manned space exploration. James Fletcher, the head of the American space agency NASA, waits in a corridor for the President. He's brought with him to the meeting a model of NASA's proposed new spacecraft. Unlike anything flown before. But in order to build it and launch it into space, he needs Nixon's final approval. This new spacecraft has been in development for years. Even before NASA landed a man on the moon in 1969, there were discussions about what the next great project for the agency would be. Some thought the logical next step was to go to Mars. But Congress was already looking to cut NASA's budget, and the agency simply didn't have the political backing for a mission to the red planet. Instead, NASA decided to pursue a project that they hoped was less costly but just as ambitious. A project to prove that space exploration could be affordable and self sufficient. After years of preliminary design and engineering and horse trading over the projected cost and planned capabilities, the result is the space shuttle. In the past, manned spacecrafts could only be used once. But the space shuttle is designed to be reusable, to go into space, return to Earth, and be ready to fly again in a matter of weeks. After Nixon arrives at the meeting, NASA administrator James Fletcher shows him a model of the new spaceship. President takes it and turns it this way and that. As Fletcher explains the components of the design, the 7 astronaut crew will ride in a winged shuttle, or orbiter that will carry them into space. The orbiter will be propelled into the sky by a large external fuel tank, the one expendable part of the spacecraft used only for liftoff. Attached to the fuel tank are two reusable solid booster rockets that will be jettisoned after they run out of fuel, parachuted down to the Earth and later recovered in the sea. And at the end of every mission, the winged orbiter will re enter the Earth's atmosphere and glide down through the sky to land on a Runway. Fletcher tells Nixon that the program promises a tenfold reduction in the cost of spaceflight. With a fleet of such space shuttles, the agency will be able to launch a mission as often as every week. And by delivering both military and civilian satellites into orbit, Fletcher explains, space exploration will finally add to the government's revenue and the economy. The meeting was scheduled to last just 15 minutes, but Fletcher and the President end up speaking for almost an hour. Later that day, the Nixon administration announces that NASA will receive funding for the space shuttle program. It's early morning on November 16, 1982. More than 10 years have passed since the meeting between NASA Administrator James Fletcher and President Richard Nixon. After over a decade of work on the program, the space shuttle Columbia glides down through an overcast sky. Below, stretching out across California's Mojave Desert is Edwards Air Force Base and the Runway where the Columbia is set to land. After five days in space, the shuttle's first fully operational mission is about to come to an end. Despite the success, for NASA, it's been a long and difficult journey to get to this point. The agency planned to build a whole fleet of reusable shuttles. But 10 years after the program was announced, only one has been the Columbia. Two more orbiters are under construction, the Discovery and the challenger. But NASA's promise of weekly shuttle flights to drive down the cost of space travel now seems hollow. Despite their enthusiasm and confidence at the outset of the program, the space shuttle program has been plagued with design problems, manufacturing delays, budget overruns and terrible publicity. Even this first mission has not gone perfectly. The Columbia successfully carried two commercial satellites into orbit as planned, but a scheduled spacewalk had to be abandoned due to technical problems. Then, at 6:33am on November 16, 1982, the Columbia touches down at Edwards Air Force Base. As it lands on the Runway, the shuttle looks more like a commercial airliner than a rocket ship, with its brilliant white tiles gleaming in the morning light. As the orbiter coasts to a gentle stop, onlookers cheer and applaud with delight. This is a good day for NASA. But the agency knows one shuttle and one mission is not enough to win over the public and the skeptical politicians in Washington. Over the next two years, Columbia is joined by two more orbiters, Discovery and Challenger. But even with this fleet of three shuttles, the promised weekly flights fail to materialize. Instead, months pass between each shuttle mission and pressure increases on NASA to fulfill the promises made to President Nixon all those years ago. Eager for some much needed good publicity, in 1984, NASA will launch a new initiative to take an ordinary American into orbit the agency hopes the Teacher in Space program will transform the reputation of the beleaguered space shuttle and give one lucky educator the experience of a lifetime.

Grainger Commercial Announcer (Alternate) (11:21)

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Grainger Commercial Announcer (Alternate) (12:47)

If you're the purchasing manager at a manufacturing plant, you know having a trusted partner makes all the difference. That's why hands down, you count on Grainger for auto reordering. With on time restocks, your team will have the cut resistant gloves they need at the start of their shift and you can end your day knowing they've got safety well in hand. Call 1-800-GRAINGER clickgrainger.com or just stop by Grainger for the ones who get it done.

Grainger Commercial Announcer (13:16)

If you're an H Vac technician and a call comes in, Grainger knows that you need a partner that helps you find the right product fast and hassle free. And you know that when the first problem of the day is a clanking blower motor, there's no need to break a sweat. With Grainger's easy to use website and product details, you're confident you'll soon have everything humming right along. Call 1-800-GRAINGER clickgrainger.com or just stop by Grainger. For the ones who get it done.

Lindsey Graham (13:55)

It's October 16, 1985, three months before the Challenger disaster. America's first citizen astronaut, 37 year old Christa McAuliffe is weeks into her training. She sits in the back of an airplane waiting to take off. The Teacher in Space project was launched by President Ronald Reagan in August 1984. It was designed to inspire the next generation of scientists and engineers and give NASA a welcome dose of good publicity after a difficult time for the agency. McAuliffe was one of more than 11,000 applicants. She had little confidence she would be selected since she waited to the last possible moment to apply. So she was shocked when on July 19, 1985, Vice President George Bush announced from the Roosevelt Room of the White House that she was the winner. A social studies teacher from New Hampshire impressed NASA's judges with her enthusiasm, her character and charm. But today is a day Christo's been dreading. She's about to take a ride on a plane many astronauts call the Vomit Comet. It's a specially modified Boeing 707 that takes astronauts high into the sky. And by flying a series of steep dives and climbs, the plane mimics the weightlessness astronauts experience in space. It's a vital part of training. And it's not Christa's first time on the Bombet Comet. But still she is nervous. She felt very queasy on her last flight and almost got sick. Today. She hopes she's able to keep it together again so that the crew of the Challenger, all professional astronauts, won't lose respect for her. As the plane takes off, McAuliffe wonders whether she made the right decision. She has a family at home and students at school who need her. She questions whether her dream of going into space is selfish. But just then, the modified 707 levels off from its climb and enters a dive. McCullough floats weightless in the air of the cabin. She catches the eye of one of her fellow crew members, who smiles as he drifts past her. She laughs, the sheer joy of the moment banishing all her doubts. But there is one man who does not feel joy about the upcoming Challenger mission. Engineer Alan McDonald fears that if launch goes forward as planned, Christa McAuliffe and the rest of the crew might be in danger. Alan's concerns center around a shuttle component called called the O ring, a large rubber gasket that seals the solid rocket booster. Alan is deeply familiar with these rocket boosters. He works as an engineer for the company NASA contracted to help build them. The long Cylinder shaped rocket is made up of several sections or segments that are held together by a series of joints which are sealed by the rubber O rings. Allen knows the O rings are supposed to contain hot high pressure gases that are produced by during takeoff. And if just one of them were to fail, gases may leak and combust and the rocket might explode. Alan has been concerned about the integrity of these O rings for some time, especially in cold weather conditions, which makes Alan very uncomfortable about the upcoming launch. The temperatures on the day of the Challenger launch will likely fall to 26 degrees or lower, making it the coldest launch in NASA's history. The night before the scheduled takeoff, Alan is asked to sign a document recommending the Challenger for launch. He refuses, citing safety concerns related to the O ring. But the higher ups at NASA do not heed Allen's warning. On January 28, 1986, Allen gets up at 4:30 in the morning and heads to the launch control center in Florida. After he finds his seat, he scans the video monitors and sees large icicles hanging from the shuttle and the supporting equipment. He thinks to himself, surely they aren't going to launch this thing today. And at three hours to takeoff, NASA officials do briefly pause the countdown to send an ice team to assess the situation. The team members see a thick buildup of ice and they report it back to their superiors. But NASA doesn't delay the launch. They resume the countdown and order the ice team to remove as much much ice as possible before liftoff. Alan is shocked and terrified. At 11:38am the final countdown begins when the shuttle's main engines roar to life. Alan breaks into a cold sweat. But as the shuttle lifts off the ground, he relaxes. For a moment he feared the O rings would fail on liftoff and that the shuttle would never make it off the pad. As he watches the Challenger climb into the sky, he breathes a sigh of relief. But then 73 seconds into the flight, Alan's worst fears come true when the Challenger starts to break apart before going up in flames, killing all seven astronauts on board. But for Alan, there is no time to mourn. The very next day he hops on a plane and heads to the Huntsville Operations Support Center, a facility at the Marshall Space Flight center in Huntsville, Alabama. Then there he will join the rest of NASA's FAIL team to determine what went wrong.

Grainger Commercial Announcer (18:53)

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Grainger Commercial Announcer (Alternate) (19:23)

If you're the purchasing manager at a manufacturing plant, you know having a trusted partner makes all the difference. That's why hands down, you count on Grainger for auto reordering. With on time restocks, your team will have the cut resistant gloves they need at the start of their shift and you can end your day knowing they've got safety well in hand. Call 1-800-GRAINGER clickgrainger.com or just stop by Grainger for the ones who get it done.

Grainger Commercial Announcer (19:53)

If you're an H Vac technician and a call comes in, Grainger knows that you need a partner that helps you find the right product fast and hassle free. And you know that when the first problem of the day is a clanking blower motor, there's no need to break a sweat. With Grainger's easy to use website and product details, you're confident you'll soon have everything humming right along. Call 1-800-GRAINGER clickgrainger.com or just stop by Grainger for the ones who get it done.

Grainger Commercial Announcer (Alternate) (20:24)

If you're the purchasing manager at a manufacturing plant, you know having a trusted partner makes all the difference. That's why hands down, you count on Grainger for auto reordering. With on time restocks, your team will have the cut resistant gloves they need at the start of their shift and you can end your day knowing they've got safety well in hand. Call 1-800-GRAINGER Click grainger.com or just stop by Grainger for the ones who get it done.

Lindsey Graham (21:00)

It's January 29, 1986 at the Huntsville Operations Support center the day after the Challenger disaster. Inside the facility, Alan gathers with other members of NASA's FAIL team to determine what went wrong less than 24 hours ago. But Alan is confident a failed O ring is not to blame. If one had failed, Allen is certain the shuttle would never have made it off the launch pad. Alan agrees with the consensus of the failure team. The problem was likely caused by an engine failure or an issue with the larger fuel tank. The next day, Alan gathers his things and heads for the airport. As he steps outside the building, another member of the team frantically runs after him and instructs him to come back When Alan asks why, a team member explains that one of their colleagues saw something while watching film of the takeoff. Hot gas coming out of a hole in the side of the right solid rocket booster. Incredulous, Alan replies, tell him he doesn't know what the hell he's talking about. A solid rocket isn't going to take off with holes in the side. The team member encourages Alan to come back and see for himself. While watching a video of the Challenger liftoff from a different angle, Alan and his colleagues notice a black plume of smoke emanating from the right solid rocket booster moments before it catches fire. But the smoke is not coming from a hole on the shell of the rocket, as his colleague believes is coming from inside the rocket, from the joint the O Ring is designed to seal. Seeing this, Alan realizes he was right, at least in part due to the cold weather. The O ring did fail to seal the joint, causing gas to leak and combust. But the Challenger didn't immediately explode as Alan feared it would. Soon, Alan discovers why. The extreme heat from the combustion melted materials inside the rocket, temporarily sealing the joint shut and enabling the Challenger to lift off and take flight. But only for a tenuous 73 seconds before the seal broke again and the rocket went up in flames. In the wake of the disaster, Alan tells his wife that he blames himself for not doing more to stop the launch. For Alan, the next few months are extremely difficult. After being demoted at work, he's called to testify before a presidential commission of astronauts, scientists and politicians. He tells them that he tried to warn NASA about the O Ring issue, but they didn't listen. When the commission publishes its final report, they blame NASA's leadership, and they offer a series of recommendations to improve safety in the future. The commission also forces Alan's employer to reinstate him and put him in charge of redesigning the rocket booster. Allen makes the most of his second chance. The improvements he helps orchestrate result in over 100 successful shuttle missions with with no rocket booster issues. Allen retires in 2001 after 42 years on the job. But two years later, another disaster will strike when the space shuttle Columbia breaks apart in the skies over Texas, killing all seven astronauts on board. The subsequent investigation reveals that the Columbia disaster was caused by many of the same institutional failures that led to the Challenger disaster decades earlier. As a result, NASA shutters its space shuttle program. Still, the endeavor of space exploration endures. NASA and other agencies worldwide continue to find new, innovative ways to explore space. But as they do, these institutions would be wise to remember the words of Alan in my career, I don't know how many times people have raised their hand and said, this may be a dumb question, but I always tell them I've never, ever, ever heard a dumb question, but I've heard a lot of dumb answers. If Allen's story is remembered, perhaps the world will never again witness the kind of tragedy that occurred when the Challenger broke apart in the skies over Florida on January 28, 1986. Next on History Daily January 29, 1917 Women's rights activist Margaret Seymour Sanger stands trial after opening America's first birth control clinic. From Noiser and Airship this Is History Daily Hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham Audio editing by Molly Bach Music and sound design by Lindsey Graham. This episode is written and researched by William Simpson. Executive producers are Steven Walters for Airship and Pascal Hughes for Noiser.

Talkspace Advertiser (25:39)

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Grainger Commercial Announcer (26:41)

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