Lindsey Graham (3:38)

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Narrator (4:07)

Hiring From Noiser and Airship I'm Lindsey Graham and this is History Daily. History is made every day on this podcast. Every day we tell the true stories of the people and events that shaped our world. Today is March 10, 1876 Alexander Graham Bell makes the first telephone call it's the afternoon of June 2, 1875, in Boston, Massachusetts, 40 years before the first transcontinental telephone call. Inside a room in his attic laboratory, 28 year old Alexander Graham Bell tinkers with a modified telegraph machine. Bell has been long interested in communication. Born to a deaf mother, he first found work helping deaf people learn how to speak. But Bell also has a passion for electrical engineering, and for the past few years he's been experimenting with telegraph equipment. Equipment. Right now, only single tone telegraphs exist. They work by transmitting Morse code over wires, but they use only one frequency of sound. So Bell is investigating whether a single tone telegraph machine could be altered to send and receive different tones. He reasons that if tones are of a different frequency, multiple messages could be transmitted at the same time over a single wire, making the telegraph network far more efficient. But before Bell tests his modified telegraph, he checks it has power and is set to receive a signal. Everything seems to be in order, so he alerts his assistant, Thomas Watson, that he's ready. But from the room next door, Thomas shouts back that there's a problem with his telegraph transmitter. Bell sinks to his seat with a sigh. Every day he treads between these two rooms hundreds of times. Already his feet and back ache today, so he stays in his seat and asks Thomas what the issue is. Thomas replies that one of the vibrating reeds they're using to transmit tones is stuck to a magnet. Bell instructs him to pull it off, but be careful not to damage it. Seconds later, Bell hears a tinny twang, reverberating as a reed comes free, but then jumps up with a start as he takes in what just happened. The sound was more more than just a single tone. And it didn't carry from next door. It came through the telegraph receiver in his room. Bell excitedly calls for Thomas to stick the reed back to the magnet and pull it off again. Then he cups his ear next to the receiver and listens carefully. Once more, he hears the twang. And there's no doubt about it. A proper, complex sound. And not just a single tone traveled through the wire. The inventors rejoice at their breakthrough. Bell points out that they've discovered more than just a way to transmit different single frequency tones. They've developed a machine that can send a full spectrum of sounds across a wire. And then, he thinks, they can take their discovery one step further. Bell imagines that if they refine the machine, they could even transmit human voices. The prospect drives Bell and Thomas to work tirelessly refining and fine tuning the invention they're calling a telephone. It's tedious, repetitive and difficult. For eight months, they struggle to get their setup to transmit intelligible human speech. But Bell knows that other inventors are working on similar technology. So before their invention is even complete, he instructs his attorney to put in a patent application to ensure he is credited as the inventor of the telephone. At noon on February 14, 1876, Bell's lawyer, Marcellus Bailey, makes his way into the Federal Patent Office in Washington, dc. Marsilis walks to the front desk and explains his mission, handing over Bell's application to patent what he describes as an improvement in telegraphy. The clerk glances at the documents before placing them in the office's in basket and returning to his work. But Marsilis is not satisfied. Today's pile of patent applications, already in the office's in basket, is too high. He knows Bell is worried about other inventors beating him to the punch. So Marsilis insists that his client's application be filed immediately. And begrudgingly, the clerk obliges. This expedited filing will prove consequential, because back in Boston, Marsilis and Bell will learn that the Patent Office received another application for a voice transmitting telegraph on the very same day. But even though Bell's application was filed a few hours earlier, the rival inventor will claim that his application actually arrived first, and this controversy will cast doubt on the proper recipient of the patent, but it will not deter Alexander Graham Bell. The Scotsman will remain set on bringing his invention to fruition before any competitors, and he will do all he can to make sure his creation is better than any of his rivals, even if it means using potentially illegal means.

Lindsey Graham (9:19)

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Narrator (11:00)

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Narrator (11:37)

It's early March, 1876, in Washington, D.C. just over two weeks after Alexander Graham Bell's lawyer submitted a patent application. Zenas Fisk Wilbur sits behind his desk at the United States Patent Office and stares at two sets of documents. Each details a new invention, a way of transmitting speech through electric wires. As the patent examiner in charge of electrical devices, it's Zena's job to judge the relative merits of the two conflicting applications before him. But today that duty has been complicated by a sudden arrival. Zenas clears his throat and looks up at the man sitting on the other side of his desk. Alexander Graham Bell. Zenas is not supposed to discuss patent claims with the applicants, especially when there may be a conflict between parties. But Bell was insistent that he meet with Zenas today. As soon as his lawyer told him about the rival claim, Bell booked a train to Washington and rushed to the patent office to request a meeting. But before the inventor can begin pleading his case, Zenis outlines the problem he's facing. He understands that Bell has submitted an application for a new form of telegraph that can transmit speech. But on the same day, Elisha Gray, an engineer from Illinois, filed paperwork at the patent office for a remarkably similar invention. Bell cuts in, urging the patent examiner to overlook the unfortunate timing and goes on to explain that he's been working on his invention for years and is close to a breakthrough. It would be a shame not to be awarded the patent now. Zenas nods sympathetically. Before extending an offer, he explains that Gray has submitted a patent caveat, essentially a provisional application saying Gray has the theoretical knowledge to build a telephone but hasn't done so yet. On the other hand, Bell has submitted a full patent application, and that means he has physical proof that his telephone works. Assuming Bell has a functional telephone, Zenas says he will award the patent to him. He then looks at Bell questioningly, but the inventor doesn't respond. So Zenas asks outright, does Bell have an operational telephone? Bell remains silent for a moment and shifts uncomfortably. Then it dawns on Zenas that Bell has not yet built a telephone that works. His patent application has been submitted too early. So Zenas declares that without a functioning telephone to speak of, their meeting is over. But Bell refuses to give up. As Zenas begins collecting his papers, the inventor reaches across the desk and holds Zenas sleeve. He asks whether it would be possible to check Gray's paperwork. Zenas frowns, explaining that would be a breach of the office's rules. But Bell's eyes flit down to the desk, and Zenas follows his gaze Seeing that a hundred dollar bill has appeared between them, Zenas pauses. This is a clear attempt at a bribe, but $100 is the same as his entire monthly salary. After a moment's indecision, Zenas decides that allowing Bell a quick look at Gray's application wouldn't do any harm. Bell's patent application does, in theory, supersede Gray's caveat, after all. So Zena sweeps the bill into his pocket and heads for the door. He tells Bell that he's off for the bathroom, leaving the inventor free to inspect his rival's paperwork. Five minutes later, Zenas returns to his office, and Bell is still seated by the desk, looking pleased with himself. Then the inventor stands, shakes Zenas hand, and announces he's returning to Boston. He promises evidence of his working prototype will be in the patent office soon. Zenas nods and says he'll send a letter to Gray informing him that his patent caveat will be rejected, since Bell has beaten him to making a functional telephone. A few days later, Thomas Watson hears footsteps running up the stairs to Bell's attic laboratory. He stands from his desk and leaves the equipment he was cleaning to welcome his employer back. But he finds Bell is already hunched over his notebooks and scribbling furiously. Thomas has seen Bell in similar moods before, and it usually means he stalks of a new idea. Thomas peers over Bell's shoulder at a diagram of their telephone. But as he looks closer, Thomas spots a new addition to the plans. Bell tells him that it's a dish of acidified water. He explains that the liquid may be able to transmit sound better than air, and it's possible that it could enable them to more precisely vary the signals sent through their telephone. The resulting sound could be clearer and perhaps help operators to distinguished speech. Thomas thinks it's a clever idea and asks Bell how he came up with it. The inventor stutters and says it just popped into his head on the train ride home. But the liquid transmitter likely is not Bell's own idea. It could have been gained illicitly from Elisha Gray's patent caveat. Nevertheless, armed with this new knowledge, Thomas and Bell will spend the next frenzied hours modifying their telephone. And within only a few days of his meeting in the patent office, Bell will make history when he utters the first words transmitted in a telephone call. Mom, I need to lay low for a few days.

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Narrator (18:09)

It's March 10, 1876, in Boston, Massachusetts, three days after Alexander Graham Bell returned from the Federal Patent Office. Once again, Bell and his assistant, Thomas Watson, stand in separate rooms in their attic laboratory, each working on their prototype telephone. But so far they have not been able to transmit any speech through them. Bell creeps to the door and quietly closes it. When he tests his telephone again, he doesn't want Thomas to hear his voice float from room to room over the air. He wants to be sure that it's transmitted only through the wire. Sitting down and picking up the receiver of his telephone, Bell Smith smiles as he leans in close and says, Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you. From the other room, he hears a loud exclamation, and then Thomas bursts through the door. He heard Bell's exact words and repeats the sentence back. The two men leap for joy. Bell moves into the receiver room and takes his turn listening as Thomas picks up a book and begins reading the first page. Every word comes through, though occasionally muffled and indistinct. There is still no doubt about it. Their telephone works. As word of their invention circulates, many celebrate the inventor's success. But one person takes offense, claiming Bell stole his idea. Elisha Gray takes the Scottish inventor to court, but Gray ultimately loses their legal battle. Bell remains credited as the inventor of the telephone, happily taking the glory for a device he is sure will change the world. But not everyone agrees with Bell's grand estimations of the telephone, at least not at first. When Bell forms a new telephone company in 1877, he offers shares to the nation's leading telegraph company, Western Union. But they scoff at his new invention and refuse to put in a penny. Just a year later, Western Union realizes its error and offers Bell 25 million million for the patent rights to the telephone. But by then it is too late. Within 40 years, a telephone network will traverse the entire United States. Twelve years after that, phone calls will be made across the Atlantic Ocean. Now there are more telephones in the United States than there are people. Telephone communication has shrunk the world, allowing families to keep in touch around the globe and enabling businesses to close deals on the other side of the planet. All this and more became possible when Alexander Graham Bell made the first successful telephone call on March 10, 1876.

Lindsey Graham (20:46)

Next on History Daily March 11, 1973.

Narrator (20:50)

In Greenwich Village, New York, the gay.

Lindsey Graham (20:52)

Rights campaign group PFLAG is formed by.

Narrator (20:54)

Friends and family of gay men and women who want to show support for their loved ones. From Noiser and Airship. This is History Daily Hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham Audio editing by Mohamed Shahzeeb Sound design by Molly Bach Music by Lindsey Graham this episode is written and researched by Scott Reeves produced by Alexandra Curry Buckner. Executive producers are Stephen Walters for Airship and Pascal Hughes for Noiser.

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