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Lindsey Graham (5:11)

From Noiser and Airship I'm Lindsey Graham and this is History. Daily history is made every day on this podcast. Every day, we tell the true stories of the people and events that shaped our world. Today is February 19th, 197 CE the Battle of Laudunum. It's March 28th, 193 CE outside the Senate in Rome, just a few hours after the murder of Emperor Pertinax. A crowd of soldiers surrounds Senator Didius Julianus. Julianus has just learned of the Emperor's assassination and it's shocking news, but less surprising than what he hears next. These Praetorian Guardsmen want Julianus as their new emperor. The 60 year old senator takes a few moments to gather his thoughts before he gives a curt nod of acceptance. Then, under the COVID of darkness, the soldiers escort Julianus to the Praetorian barracks where they intend to proclaim him Emperor. But when they arrive, they discover that another group of soldiers has had the same idea but chosen a different man. Sulpicianus, the father in law of the dead Emperor Pertinax. Senator Julianus doesn't waste any time arguing his case to the guards. He knows what will persuade them. Money. So he tells them if they choose him as Emperor, he will pay them handsomely. In hearing this, Sulpicianus insists that he can pay more. This chaotic bidding war continues throughout the night until finally Julianus names a son the soldiers are happy with. While Sulpicianus slinks off home defeated. The Praetorian Guard name Didius Julianus as the new Emperor of Rome. But although the soldiers are happy, Julianus isn't so popular elsewhere. Many Roman citizens don't like that he bought his way to the throne and demonstrate against him in the streets. Julianus is also unpopular among his former colleagues in the Senate who are unhappy that the Emperor was chosen by soldiers instead of politicians. So with public opinion firmly on their side, several Senators begin a quiet search for a different leader. Three candidates emerge from across the Roman Empire. The first is the Governor of Syria, Gaius Persinius Niger. There is also Claudius Albinus, who commands over 30,000 battle ready men in the Roman province of Britain. The third candidate is Septimius Severus, the Governor of a small but influential Roman province. Born to humble beginnings near Modern day Libya. 48 year old Severus would seem an outsider bet to lead Rome. But he soon wins the support of over a dozen legions of the Roman army. Severus is a canny politician as well as a military leader. He was close to the old Emperor Marcus Aurelius and uses that connection to promote his claim to the throne. He announces that the murder of Pertinax was something Aurelius would have found abhorrent and he promises vengeance. He just has to defeat the men Standing against him first. Knowing that he faces war on several fronts, Severus first makes peace with one of his rivals, offering Claudius Albinus a deal. If Albinus backs Severus claim, Severus hints he will name his former rival as his heir. It's an offer Albinus can hardly refuse in Britain. He's too far away from Rome to seize power himself, and this way he still has a good chance of eventually becoming Emperor. So he agrees. That leaves Severus to focus on his two remaining enemies, Paecinius of Sirius and the new emperor in Rome, Didius Julianus. With Pasennius still in the east consolidating his troops, Severus gathers his own men and heads for Rome. Knowing Severus is coming, Emperor Julianus does all he can to protect himself, ordering his troops to dig fortifications and dispatch his assassins to kill Severus in his own camp. But both plans fail, and the closer Severus gets to Rome, the more desperate Julianus becomes. In a final gambit, he asks the Senate to appoint Severus as joint ruler alongside him. But the Senate isn't interested in having two emperors. Instead, they condemn Julianus to death and have him executed on June 1st in the year 193. His rule lasted just 66 days. After that, Severus is named Emperor by the Senate and marches into Rome without opposition. He gets to work right away. True to his word, the new Emperor rounds up the Praetorians who murdered Pertinax and has them executed. The remainder of the untrustworthy guards are exiled, with a warning not to come within 100 miles of the capital. Any who do will be killed. And then the new Emperor makes plans to cement his position. Severus may have secured Rome, but he knows there's a large force to the east still hailing Gaius Pausanias as Emperor. And to the north is Britain and armies of Claudius Albinus. In the months to come, the Roman Empire will face yet more division and bloodshed. Taking the throne has been easy for Severus, but now he'll have to prove he can hold onto it. This message comes from Greenlight. 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Lindsey Graham (11:39)

It's June 1, 193 CE at the Senate building in the heart of Rome. It's been less than a day since Septimius Severus entered the capital and was declared emperor. Now he's working hard to strengthen his hold on the position. To that end, he summoned the politicians who crowned him to a meeting of the Roman Senate. Severus is astute enough a leader to understand that ruling the Roman Empire takes more than just force. It is often about persuasion and storytelling. Having won the throne with an army at his back, Severus knows that he risks being seen as a violent usurper. So he tries to frame his bid for the crown as actions of an honest warrior seeking vengeance for a dear friend, the slain Emperor Pertinax. In truth, Severus has no strong connection to the late emperor, but that doesn't stop him from publicly calling Pertinax father and giving orders for him to receive a grand state funeral. Following this theatrical proclamation, Severus announces the formation of three new armies as well. Officially, these are to continue campaigns against the Parthian Empire, who the Romans have been at war with on and off for centuries. But Severus has no intention of marching these armies on the Parthians. Instead, he has a different plan for the troops use them to vanquish his competitors for the imperial throne. Claudius Albinus and his armies in Britain have been placated for the time being with the promise being named next in line for the throne. This means Severus can focus his attention on his other rival, Gaius Pausanias, the governor of the Roman province of Syria. Hailed as emperor by his legions in the east, Pasenius is regarded as an astute military leader in his own right. But the real brains behind his operation is Aecilius Aemilianus. He is the proconsul of Asia and a man of great political power in the empire. If Pausanias is to take Rome from Severus, he will need Aemilianus by his side. Though neither Pasenius nor Severus declares all out war. The two begin to prepare for the inevitable battles to come. And after a few months of amassing troops and building new armies, Severus leaves Rome and makes for Syria, heading east through Byzantium. Severus racks up a series of victories that quickly leave Pasenius looking for a way out. Although he controls plenty of wealth, his forces are increasingly outnumbered. And as his defeats continue, Pausenias begins to lose the support of key allies. With his chances of seizing the imperial throne dwindling, Pausanias thoughts turn to survival ways he can keep his life and at least some of his riches and influence. So he begins to bargain with Severus, suggesting they end the bloodshed and share power ruling Rome together. Rather than simply refuse him, Severus makes a counteroffer. He says he's willing to negotiate, but only if Pasenius kills his right hand man Aemilianus. Knowing he will be weak without him. Pasenius refuses and the negotiations between the two rival emperors end, setting the stage for a final showdown. The two sides meet at Issus in modern day Turkey in May of the year 194. The battle is a bloody one fought under dark skies. Thunder rumbles over the clash of swords while lightning flashes among the clouds above. Heavy rains soak the ground turning the battlefield into mud which coats the fighters from each side until it's hard to tell friend from foe. Steadily though, Pausanias army is pushed further and further back until it is completely overwhelmed. Having lost thousands of men, Pausanias concedes that today's victory belongs to Severus and he flees south to his last stronghold at the city of Antioch. But Pasenius doesn't find safety there. He's hunted down by Severus men captured and executed in June 194 CE. His wife and children are also put to death and Pausanias severed head is brought back to Rome for public display. But despite the victory at the Battle of Issus, Severus still has one rival left. At the beginning of his campaign Severus promised Claudius Albinus a position as his heir in exchange for a truce. But late in the year 196 severus decides that he wants his own son to succeed him as emperor instead. When word of this betrayal reaches Britain, Albinus will be outraged. Gathering his troops he will declare himself the true Emperor of Rome, and march south at the head of a gigantic army intent on seizing the throne and ending the short reign of Septimus Severus.

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Lindsey Graham (17:54)

It's February 19, 197 CE on the fields of Lag Duke Dunum in Gaul, three years after Septimius Severus won victory at the Battle of Issus. Now Severus looks out over the plains, surveying the vast numbers of troops on each side. There are tens of thousands of soldiers lined up to fight for the two warring emperors, Severus and the pretender Claudius Albinus. This will be a hard battle, but Severus feels confident. He's already struck down many enemies in his three years as Emperor. Albinus is just one more. Severus attaches his imperial cloak to his breastplate, mounts his horse and rides to the front of his men. He gives the order to charge and the soldiers on the left flank move into action as planned. Soon thousands of men collide in bloody close quarters combat. Severus watches from a safe distance. His soldiers are experienced in battle and seem to have an Edge over Albinus men. Sensing a quick victory, Severus commands his right flank to attack as well. But it's all a trap. Albinus soldiers have dug hidden trenches that ensnare Severus troops in a matter of minutes. The battle turns. To rally his men, Severus decides he has no choice but to charge into battle himself. He's heading toward the men caught in the trenches when he's thrown from his horse. Suddenly he's on the ground in reach of enemy swords. With his imperial cloak around his shoulders, he's an obvious target. So Severus cuts the garment free, ready to do battle as just another soldier of Rome. The fight continues through the rest of the day and into night. The sheer number of men makes it difficult to know who has the upper hand at any time. But Severus does have one advantage. Extra troops are on the way. When those reinforcements arrive under the command of General Julius Lytus, it spells the end for Albinus. And in the wake of defeat he takes his own life. It's not enough retribution for Severus though, who finds his rival's dead body and tramples it with his horse before removing Albinus head and sending it back to Rome. Severus quest for vengeance doesn't stop there either. Back in the Senate he roots out and executes all supporters of both Gaius Posse and Claudius Albinus. It's a ruthless move to consolidate power and a sign of things to come over his 18 year reign. Severus will never tolerate challenges to his authority. Even his own general. And the hero of Lugdunum won't be spared. When Severus hears rumors that General Lytus has aspirations to be emperor one day, Severus doesn't hesitate to have him killed. It is a brutal reminder of the chaos, chaos and desperation of the Year of Five Emperors. A period of civil war and bloodshed in the Roman Empire that finally came to an end at the Battle of Lugdunum on February 19, 197 CE. Next on History Daily. February 20, 1939. Thinly disguised as a patriotic celebration, a Nazi rally takes place in the heart of New York City. From noiser and airship, this is History Daily Hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham Audio editing by Mohammed Shahzib Sound design by Matthew Filler Music by Lindsey Graham this episode is written and researched by Owen Paul Nichols. Edited by Joel Callan Managing Producer Emily Byrd Executive producers are William Simpson for Airship and Pascal hughes for Nouser.

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At 24, I lost my narrative or rather, it was stolen from me, and the Monica Lewinsky that my friends and family knew was usurped by false narratives, callous jokes, and politics. I would define reclaiming as to take back what was yours. Something you possess is lost or stolen, and ultimately you triumph in finding it again. So I think listeners can expect me to be chatting with folks both recognizable and unrecognizable names about the way that people have navigated roads to triumph. My hope is that people will finish an episode of Reclaiming and feel like they filled their tank up, they connected with the people that I'm talking to, and leave with maybe some nuggets that help them feel a little more hopeful. Follow Reclaiming with Monica Lewinsky on the Wondery app or wherever you get your podcasts. You can listen to Reclaiming early and ad free right now by joining Wondery plus in the Wondery app or on Apple Podcasts.