History Daily: The Black Death Comes to America
Release Date: February 7, 2025
Host: Lindsey Graham | Produced by Airship, Noiser, Wondery

Introduction

In the gripping episode titled "The Black Death Comes to America," History Daily delves into the harrowing events surrounding the arrival and spread of the bubonic plague in early 20th-century San Francisco. Hosted by Lindsey Graham, the episode meticulously uncovers the intersection of public health, racism, and political corruption, painting a vivid picture of a city under siege by one of history's deadliest diseases.

Setting the Stage: San Francisco, February 1900

The story begins on February 7, 1900, in the bustling Chinatown district of San Francisco. Listeners are introduced to Wong Chut King, a 41-year-old lumberyard worker whose deteriorating health and mysterious illness foreshadow the impending catastrophe. As Lindsey Graham narrates, "One of the great scourges of humanity has come to the United States, and the battle to defeat it will be more than just a fight against disease" (00:00).

Introduction of Dr. Joseph Kinyon

Parallel to Wong's plight is the story of Dr. Joseph Kinyon, a young and ambitious microbiologist at the U.S. Hygienic Laboratory in Washington, D.C. At just 25 years old when he began his career, Dr. Kinyon becomes a pivotal figure in America's fight against the bubonic plague. Graham details, "Joe's determination to stop the disease has made him some powerful enemies" (10:33), highlighting the personal and professional challenges Dr. Kinyon faces.

Arrival of the Plague: The Nippon Maru Incident

The episode takes a dramatic turn when a Japanese ship, the Nippon Maru, docks in San Francisco harbor with two passengers who succumb to the plague. Despite initial containment efforts, the disease breaches quarantine measures, setting the stage for widespread panic. Lindsey Graham recounts, "Only two months after Joe leaves the laboratory in Washington, a Japanese ship docks in San Francisco harbor" (04:16), emphasizing the swift escalation of the crisis.

Dr. Kinyon's Response and Quarantine Efforts

Dr. Kinyon swiftly identifies the bubonic plague as the cause of Wong Chut King's death after meticulous examination and testing. Faced with mounting evidence, he implements stringent quarantine measures in Chinatown, mandating that ships from plague hotspots fly yellow flags for inspection. However, his efforts are met with resistance from local businessmen and political figures. Graham narrates, "Governor Gage is especially desperate to dismiss any suggestion that the plague is in California" (08:59), illustrating the clash between public health and economic interests.

Conflict with Authorities and Corporate Interests

As Dr. Kinyon's quarantine measures severely impact the local economy, powerful figures like Governor Henry Gage and Mayor James D. Fisk Phelan oppose his directives. They leverage their influence to undermine his authority, with Governor Gage threatening to deploy the National Guard against Joe's policies. Graham highlights the tension: "Joe's determination to stop the disease has made him some powerful enemies" (08:59), showcasing the high stakes of the public health struggle.

Public Panic and Media Denial

Despite Dr. Kinyon's warnings and evidence, media outlets, swayed by Governor Gage's rhetoric, downplay the severity of the plague. Aggressive headlines sow doubt and confusion among the public, hindering effective response efforts. Lindsey Graham notes, "Friendly newspapers spread Gage's message far and wide," (10:33) emphasizing the role of media in exacerbating the crisis.

Government Interference and Personal Consequences for Joe

The federal government's involvement intensifies as Dr. Kinyon faces increasing hostility and threats to his career. Accusations of misconduct and conspiracy against him create a hostile environment, forcing him to carry a gun and seek refuge in hotels under pseudonyms. Graham states, "Joe doesn't meet any physical harm in the end, but his reputation is shredded" (10:33), illustrating the personal toll of his battle.

Aftermath and Long-term Effects

By May 1901, with 11 confirmed cases and numerous hidden infections, the severity of the epidemic becomes undeniable. Political fallout ensues as Governor Gage loses his re-election bid, and his successor adopts Dr. Kinyon's recommended measures of sanitation and rat culling, eventually bringing the outbreak under control by 1904. However, the bubonic plague leaves a lasting legacy, prompting significant reforms in the Marine Hospital Service and laying the groundwork for the future United States Public Health Service. Graham concludes, "From then on, the numbers decline... the US Government knows it's been a close call" (16:11), reflecting on the enduring impact of the epidemic.

Notable Quotes

• Lindsey Graham (00:00): "One of the great scourges of humanity has come to the United States, and the battle to defeat it will be more than just a fight against disease."

• Lindsey Graham (04:16): "Only two months after Joe leaves the laboratory in Washington, a Japanese ship docks in San Francisco harbor."

• Lindsey Graham (08:59): "Joe's determination to stop the disease has made him some powerful enemies."

• Lindsey Graham (10:33): "Governor Gage is especially desperate to dismiss any suggestion that the plague is in California."

• Lindsey Graham (16:11): "From then on, the numbers decline... the US Government knows it's been a close call."

Conclusion

"The Black Death Comes to America" offers a compelling narrative of resilience and struggle in the face of a deadly epidemic. Through meticulous research and engaging storytelling, Lindsey Graham brings to life the complex interplay of science, politics, and societal prejudices that shaped San Francisco's response to the bubonic plague. This episode serves as a poignant reminder of the challenges inherent in public health crises and the enduring importance of leadership and integrity in combating such threats.

Additional Production Credits

• Audio Editing: Mohammed Shazi
• Sound Design: K. Rido Fu
• Music: Thrum
• Episode Written and Researched by: Rob Cromwell
• Edited by: William Simpson
• Executive Producers: William Simpson (Airship), Pascal Hughes (Noiser)

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