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Lindsey Graham (4:49)

From Noiser in Airship, I'm Lindsey Graham, and this is History Daily. History is made every day on this podcast. Every day, we tell the true stories of the people and events that shaped our world. Today is April 11, 1979 the fall of Idi Amin. It's January 26, 1971, in Kampala, the capital of Uganda. General Idi Amin stands on a wide veranda and welcomes a nervous cluster of reporters to his home. Tall and powerfully built, Amin towers over the journalists, and the military medals pinned to his broad chest glint menacingly in the sunlight as he speaks. Amin's rise has been extraordinary. He grew up in a remote village in northwest Uganda and has little education beyond learning the Quran. But in the aftermath of World War II, he joined the British Colonial army in East Africa and rose quickly through its ranks. Starting as a cook, Amin eventually became one of the most senior black soldiers. In his regiment, the King's African Rifles. When Uganda achieved independence From Britain in 1962, Amin was promoted even further. And in 1965. He was made head of the entire Ugandan army. But by then, the newly independent Uganda was drifting towards civil war. A power struggle between Prime Minister Milton Obote and President Mutesa. Eventually saw Amin lead an attack on the presidential palace in May of 1966. After the fall of Mutesa, the army became even more powerful. And the new ruler of Uganda, Milton Obote, Grew increasingly suspicious of Amin. In 1969, Obote was targeted by assassins but survived. And rumors soon began to circulate that Amin was responsible for the attack. Obote demoted Amin and planned to have him arrested. But Amin struck first. In early 1970, Amin. While Obote was out of the country, Amin launched a coup. Now Amin has complete control over Uganda. And after welcoming reporters onto his veranda. Today, he makes his first announcements as the country's new president. There will be nighttime curfews. While the army provides security in all major cities and airports. But Amin vows that his one man rule will only be temporary. Until free and fair elections can be held. The military coup is greeted with joy on the streets of Kampala. And Amin quickly embarks on a tour of the country. To shore up support for his new regime. Amin is known as Big Daddy to his supporters. And to win over the crowds, he makes jokes in local languages, Joins in with tribal dances. And even shows off his boxing skills. Honed over years competing in the military. But this is only one side of the man. During his early months in power, Amin also suspends large parts of the Ugandan constitution. Creates a defense council that supersedes parliament. And has thousands of supporters of the old regime murdered. It's rumored that condemned men are run over by tanks or blown up. There are even stories that Amin keeps the heads of his enemies as trophies in a personal freezer. Amin executes a former prime minister and a former governor of the Ugandan Central Bank. Even members of his own government aren't safe. If Amin detects even the slightest hint of disloyalty. Anyone can join the ranks of the disappeared. But no matter how many he kills. It seems there is always another internal enemy for Amin to target. And for decades, there has been a thriving South Asian community in Uganda. Originally brought over by the British to help construct the railroads. These South Asians have since established themselves. As the most successful part of Uganda's middle class. They are shopkeepers, bankers and business owners. But to IDI Amin, they are a threat. As a young man, Amin once worked as a laborer for Ugandan Asian business owners, and he's nursed a grudge against this community ever since. He claims that they exploit black Ugandans for profit and are holding the country back. So in August 1972, he gives all Ugandan Asians 90 days to leave the country or face the consequences. A chaotic exodus follows. Ugandan Asians flee as refugees to London, Toronto, Delhi, and other towns and cities all over the world. The property they leave behind is confiscated by the Ugandan government and handed over to regime loyalists. But most of these cronies have no interest beyond lining their pockets. So what were once thriving businesses are quickly driven into the ground as corruption spreads, supply chains break down and unemployment skyrockets. Soon there are shortages of food and basic commodities in Uganda, and even fresh water is in short supply. But as hardship rips through the country, IDI Amin's paranoia and cruelty will only deepen. And soon it won't just be the people of Uganda who will pay the price. History Daily is sponsored by indeed. One thing I've noticed in my business is that by the time a problem reveals itself, it's already too late. You might say we need help now, but it's more like we needed help six weeks ago, but we are only just figuring that out. And if the help you need is a new hire, well, get ready for more waiting. Unless you turn to Indeed. How fast is Indeed? Well, in the minute I've been talking to you, 23 hires were made on Indeed according to Indeed data worldwide. Plus, with Indeed sponsored jobs, there are no monthly subscriptions, no long term contracts, and you only pay for results. There's no need to wait any longer. Speed up your hiring right now with Indeed. Listeners of History Daily will get a $75 sponsored job credit. To get your jobs more vis@ Indeed.com OnThisDay just go to Indeed.com OnThisDay right now and support our show by saying you heard about Indeed on this podcast. Indeed.com Onthis day, terms and conditions apply. Hiring Indeed is all you need. Why are there ridges on Reese's peanut butter cups? Probably so they never slip from her hands. Could you imagine I'd lose it? Luckily, Reese has thought about that. Wonder what else they think about.

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Lindsey Graham (11:23)

It's July 1, 1976, inside Entebbe Airport, 30 miles south of Kampala, and six years after Idi Amin seized power in Uganda. At the back of a dim departure lounge, a young boy sits on a blanket, gripping his mother's hand. Around him, over a hundred other people huddle on mattresses, blankets and airport chairs, anxiously awaiting their fate. A few days ago, they were all just ordinary passengers on an Air France flight from Tel Aviv to Paris. But during a stopover in Athens, German Palestinian hijackers took control of the plane and diverted it thousands of miles south to Uganda. Now, guarded by the armed terrorists and soldiers from the Ugandan army, these passengers are all now hostages. The hijackers demand the release of 53 Palestinian prisoners and a ransom of $5 million from Western governments. If they don't get what they want, they say, they're going to start shooting the hostages. But the young boy doesn't understand any of this. He just wants to go home. Down the terminal, he hears marching footsteps. The hijackers open the doors and an entourage of well dressed officials enter the room. Maybe this is a sign of a breakthrough in negotiations. But then the boy sees that at the helm of the group is a huge man in military uniform. He visits them almost every day and terrifies the boy more than any of the hijackers. By now, IDI Amin's self proclaimed titles include Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Seas, as well as Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in general, and Uganda in particular. Others call him less complimentary names, though. International media details his harem of mistresses, his countless children, and the gruesome execution methods he uses. But Amin seems to revel in his status as a cartoon villain and is even known to tell jokes about the taste of human flesh. So when he meets the hostages at the airport, Amin tries to make light of this situation too. But no one in the terminal is in the mood to laugh. Displeased, Amin then proceeds to rant at the hostages, emphasizing his role as their protector and savior, before marching off again. But it's not just the hostages who are treated to his strange performances. In front of the world's media, Amin boasts about his pivotal role in the hostage negotiations and poses as an international statesman. But in reality, he's just enjoying the limelight and has no intention of resolving the crisis. What Amin doesn't realize is that others are about to bring the situation to a bloody end without him. And just before midnight on July 3, an elite Israeli commando unit infiltrates the airport. When they enter the terminal, a fierce gunfight ensues. The hijackers are all killed, along with an Israeli commander. Three of the hostages and 40 Ugandan soldiers. Soldiers. The surviving hostages are then led to military jets and promptly flown back to Israel. This leaves IDI Amin furious. He feels he's been humiliated in front of the entire world. In the aftermath of the Israeli raid, he has 14 of his own officers executed for negligence and orders that one elderly hostage who was rushed to a local hospital before the rescue, to be dragged from her bed and beaten to death. This violent response isolates Amin further. More than ever, he's now an international pariah. But this only fuels his growing paranoia and provokes him to step up his attacks against his opponents. He has regime critic and Anglican archbishop Janani Loom arrested and executed. And in the countryside, hundreds of suspected opponents are slaughtered at the Tanzanian border. Then, to counter perceived foreign threats, Amin diverts more and more money to the military, leaving Uganda's education, transport, healthcare and infrastructure paralyzed. With the economy on the brink of collapse, he then decides there's only one way to revitalize his stagnating country. War. In October 1978, Amin launches a raid into northwest Tanzania, an area long claimed by Uganda. But with his army hollowed out by corruption and nepotism, the incursion quickly falls apart and Tanzania declares war on Uganda in return. Floundering, Amin offers to resolve the dispute with a boxing match against the president of Tanzania, to be refereed by none other than Muhammad Ali. But for many Ugandans, such jokes aren't funny anymore. Ugandan exiles in Tanzania form a resistance movement called the National Liberation Front, with just one primary goal to remove Idi Amin from power. And in early 1979, Tanzanian and Ugandan liberation soldiers crossed the border into Uganda. After almost a decade of inventing enemies within Ugandan society, IDI Amin now faces a real one on his doorstep. But his corrupt rule has left the country in no state to repel the invaders. And it won't be long before his cruel regime is finally brought to an end.

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Lindsey Graham (17:51)

It's April 11, 1979, outside the Lubiri palace in Kampala, three months after Tanzanian troops crossed into Uganda. On the palace grounds, a Ugandan liberation soldier advances up a red soil path. Concrete walls rise on either side, converging on a dark tunnel entrance ahead. With his rifle raised, he creeps cautiously up the path toward the shadowy opening. As he enters, the rotting stench of death overwhelms him. His eyes adjust, and he sees that the tunnel walls are lined with iron cages packed with decomposing corpses. Piles of skulls line the pathway, placed neatly next to various torture instruments. As Tanzanian tanks roll into Kampala, torture chambers like these are discovered all around the country. They earn the Ugandan dictator IDI Amin a bleak new nickname. The Big Daddy, the lord of all the beasts of the earth and the fishes of the sea, is now simply known as the Butcher of Uganda. As his capital falls and his regime crumbles, Amin flees Uganda and heads into exile. He will never see the country he ruled again, but instead he will eventually settle in Saudi Arabia, where he will spend the rest of his days in a peaceful retirement. Back in Uganda, IDI Amin's fall ushers in another tumultuous period for the country. Milton Obote returns, but there's another civil war and he is overthrown, leading to the rise of Yoweri Museveni, Uganda's long serving leader. But the legacy of IDI Amin is still debated in Uganda and beyond. He is revered by some for his role in the early years of Ugandan independence, but his heinous crimes are remembered and reviled by many more. IDI Amin's rule drove Uganda to the brink of destruction. And though his regime was toppled and the madness of his rule eventually ended, his ghost still haunts Uganda, decades after he lost power on April 11, 1979. Next on History Daily April 14, 1935. One of the largest dust storms in American history brings devastation to Oklahoma and Texas. From Noiser and Airship, this is History Daily Hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham Audio editing by Mohammed Shazi Sound design by Gabriel Gould Supervising Sound Designer, Matthew Fuller Music by Thrum. This episode is written and researched By Angus Gavin McCarr Edited by William Simpson Managing Producer Emily Byrd Executive producers are William Simpson for Airship and Pascal Hughes for Noiser.

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