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- [00:01]
Lindsey Graham
There are more ways than ever to listen to History Daily ad free. Listen with Wondry plus in the Wondery app as a member of Noiser plus at noiser.com or in Apple Podcasts. Or you can get all of History Daily plus other fantastic history podcasts@intohristory.com it's just after noon on December 1, 1990, in a tunnel deep beneath the English Channel. 42 year old British engineer Graham Fagg pushes a heavy jackhammer into the rock face at the end of the tunnel and chips away at the wall piece by piece. Three years ago, Britain and France began work on a collaborative project unlike any before. Skilled engineers on either side of the English Channel began tunneling down, digging below the seabed. After months of gradual progress, the British side has excavated a tunnel 13 miles in length. Now they're closing in on the French team digging in the other direction. Graham's drill cuts into the rock again and a large chunk crumbles away. But as the dust clears though, Graham realizes there's an opening in the rock face. He's broken through. Cheers drift through from the French tunnel on the other side of the wall. Graham sticks his arm into the gap, where it's immediately grabbed by a French tunnel. In the excitement, the Frenchman pushes the upper half of body through the hole and waves to the British engineers. Cameras flash as the journalists who gathered to capture this historic event take photos. Then Graham urges the Frenchman back into his half of the tunnel. When he's safely out of the way, Graham picks his jackhammer back up and begins making the gap larger. Soon enough, it's big enough to walk through. Then Graham puts down his drill and cameras flash again as he becomes the first person to walk from the British Isles to mainland Europe since the end of the Ice Age. The joining of the British and French sections of the Channel Tunnel is the culmination of years of planning and construction. But the engineers task is far from over. Their eventual goal is to build a railroad that will allow people to travel between Britain and France. And another four years of hard work will lie ahead before passenger service beneath the sea finally begins on November 14, 1994. Hey prime members, have you heard? You can listen to your favorite podcasts ad free. That's good news. With Amazon Music, you have access to the largest catalog of ad free top podcasts included with your prime membership. To start listening, download the Amazon Music app for free or go to Amazon.com adfreepodcasts that's Amazon.com ad freepodcasts to catch up on the latest episodes without the ads. History Daily is sponsored by Audible. What would you do if your most famous work, the one that puts you on the map, was both outrageously popular, quoted everywhere, but reviled by some by being simplistic, productive, too commercialized? Well, if you're Malcolm Gladwell, you write a rebuttal sequel Revenge of the Tipping, Overstories, Super Spreaders, and the Rise of Social Engineering. I'm listening to it on Audible because I find there's more to imagine. When you listen as an Audible member, you choose one title a month to keep from their entire catalog. New members can try audible free for 30 days. Visit audible.comhistorydaily or text history daily to 500500 that's audible.comhistorydaily or text History Daily to 500500 from Noiser and Airship, I'm Lindsey Graham and this is History Daily. History is made every day on this podcast. Every day, we tell the true stories of the people and events that shaped our world. Today is November 14, 1994, the first passenger train through the Channel Tunnel. It's January 20, 1986. In a hotel in Beijing, China, almost five years before British and French tunnelers meet below the English Channel. Scottish engineer Gordon Crichton picks up the small electric kettle he always travels with and pours hot water into a cup. Then he stretches and yawns. Ever since he arrived in China to oversee the construction of a new subway, Gordon has struggled with jet lag, and today's no different. He's woken up early. So Gordon switches on the television and flips to the news channel while he waits for his tea to brew. As he gets dressed, a familiar voice on the TV catches his attention. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher is standing at a podium alongside French President Francois Mitterrand. With a rush of excitement, Gordon realizes that they're about to announce the winning bid for a major new construction project. Since the beginning of the 19th century, innovators and engineers have fantasized about the possibility of linking Britain and France by road or rail. In 1881, two businessmen even began digging a tunnel. But the project soon fell apart when neither government offered financial backing. For centuries, Britain and France had regularly been at war, and many believed that a physical link between the two would be disastrous for the security of both nations. But in the 20th century, the relationship between Britain and France became more harmonious and the idea of a cross channel transport link was resurrected. Last year, Prime Minister Thatcher and President Mitterrand invited several companies to submit designs. These were narrowed down to four an enormous suspension bridge, a Series of bridges and tunnels between artificial islands, a road tunnel and a rail tunnel. Eager to hear the news of who won the bid, Gordon settles down in front of the television, having forgotten his cup of tea. His company specializes in building subway systems and is part of the rail tunnel bid. And as he watches, Prime Minister Thatcher announces that their submission is the winner. Gordon settles back in his seat, laughing to himself. He's glad he's already working on the Chinese subway, because building the Channel Tunnel won't be easy. Even at its narrowest point, the English channel is still 21 miles wide. Construction is expected to take at least seven years, and since nothing has been attempted on this scale before, there's a high chance of failure. So Gordon pities the colleague who'll be chosen to lead the tunneling. But Gordon's engineering and management skills are too good for his company to leave in China. Nine months later, he gets a call making him the director of engineering of the Channel Tunnel and placing Gordon responsible for excavations on both sides of the Channel. In a series of meetings in London and Paris, Gordon outlines the construction schedule to his team. On the English side, the rock is drier, more pliable, and easier to cut through. And for this reason, the British team is given responsibility for boring through 13 miles of tunnel. The French will have to dig only 10 miles, but through tougher geology. Then, after the distances are agreed upon, the two countries digging teams must decide on a meeting point. If the tunnels miss each other, correcting the mistake would be costly. But accurately digging to one spot underneath the English Channel is going to be difficult. Satellite mapping is ineffective under so much water. So instead, the British and French crews both use laser targeting to direct their tunneling machinery. But even that machinery presents a problem. There's no equipment on the market that can excavate a tunnel underneath the English Channel at the speed required to complete the job by deadline. And British and French companies can't make the equipment to the right specifications at the right budget. So Gordon commissions a Japanese company to build 11 boring machines that can cut a tunnel, collect the loose rock, and transport it to the surface using conveyor belts. By the time preparations are complete, the equipment is ready and excavation begins at the end of 1987. The clock is already ticking. Gordon's deadline to complete the work is May 1993. That gives him just five and a half years to complete one of the largest tunneling operations the world has ever seen. As work begins, Gordon makes sure his team is aware of how difficult this undertaking will be. Everything that can go wrong probably will. But Gordon will be proven right sooner than he knows because the boring machines won't get more than a few hundred yards from shore before water begins pouring in and work on the Channel Tunnel comes to a sudden stop. History Daily is sponsored by Greenlight this weekend we're doing something pretty special for our daughter. We're heading to New Orleans to see Taylor Swift. And yeah, that squeal you just heard from what seemed like hundreds of miles away was in fact her level of excitement reaching a piercing, audible buzz. But we were clear to her this is a very special trip and we saved up for it. This is something she understands because she's saving too, with Greenlight. Greenlight is a debit card and money app made families Parents can send money to their kids and keep an eye on their spending and savings while kids and teens build up money confidence and lifelong financial literacy skills. You can send your kids instant money transfers, get real time notifications of spending, manage chores and automate allowance. Millions of parents and kids are learning about money with Greenlight, the easy, convenient way to raise financially smart kids. Sign up for greenlight today@greenlight.com historydaily that's greenlight.com historydaily to try greenlight today, greenlight.com history daily is sponsored by Mint Mobile. I am a 50 year old man and yet I will admit I am still subject to fomo. I mean I shouldn't be. 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Additional taxes, fees and restrictions apply. See Mint Mobile for details. It's February 1988 in the English section of the Channel Tunnel. A few weeks after digging work began. Engineering director Gordon Crichton stares at water dripping from the roof of the tunnel. At his side is another engineer, Helen Natris. Both of them are up to their ankles in water. This is the first real test of the Channel Tunnel project. Earlier today, construction ground to a halt as workers discovered water pouring in through the roof. Every day the digging stops add roughly $2 million to the budget, so the leak must be fixed quickly. But Gordon is perplexed as to where the water is coming from. They're 300ft below the seabed, and there are two geological layers of rock above their heads that should be impervious to the water of the English Channel. Gordon's years of experience tells him that there shouldn't be any way that seawater can leak into the tunnel. But somehow, his feet are still soaking wet. Gordon sighs and heads away from the rock face. He needs to report the work stoppage to the government minister overseeing the project. But he's only splashed a few feet down the tunnel when Helen shouts for him to stop. Gordon turns around to see her crouching in the water. With a broad grin on her face, she tells Gordon to taste it. Gordon's confused. He's not sure what point Helen's trying to make, but he's worked with Helen for years and trusts her. So he bends over, takes a scoop of water and lifts it to his mouth. Gordon smiles as well when he tastes it too. It isn't salty, and that means it can't be coming from the English Channel. Instead, it's fresh water. Water filtered through the rock. Rain from hundreds of thousands of years ago when the English Channel didn't even exist. Gordon sets off back down the tunnel. But now he's got a different phone call to make. Since it's not water from the English Channel seeping in, they should be able to simply fill the cracks in the roof. That'll plug the leaks and allow tunneling to continue. So he orders a chemical resin to be injected into the rock fissures as well as pumps to remove the standing water from the tunnel floor. And within a few weeks, the tunnel is dry and digging can begin again. But now Gordon faces a race to get the project back on schedule. His company offers bonus payments to work crews that meet distance targets. The tunnelers welcome the extra pay, but some believe that speed is being prioritized over safety. Those fears are given extra weight when a 19 year old worker dies in an accident. Reports suggest that Andrew McKenna missed the underground train that carried his work crew to the tunnel face. So he started walking down the track to catch up. But he was then trapped when trains approached him in both directions at the same time. Andrew is the first fatality during construction of the Channel Tunnel. But he's not the last. One British worker dies when a tunnel boring machine starts up unexpectedly. Another is killed by heavy lifting equipment. And yet another is electrocuted when fixing a Cable. In total, 10 people are killed during the excavation of the tunnel. But three years after work first began, there is finally cause for celebration. The British and French tunnels meet 132ft below the English Channel. And British tunneler Graham Fagg shakes hands with his French counterpart, Philippe Cosette. And thanks to the laser guided boring machines, the two tunnels are only a few inches off target. When they meet. Celebrations take place on both sides of the tunnel. The British have a buffet of sandwiches, but the French have come better prepared. They offer their British counterparts hot food and champagne. And after the ceremonies are complete, the British engineers hitch a ride on the French tunneler's train and get their passports stamped when they arrive in Calais. The first British visitors to travel to France by land in recorded history. Gordon Crichton knows that the joining of the tunnels is a historic moment. But the job isn't finished yet. The project won't be complete until three tunnels have been dug beneath the sea. Two for trains with a service tunnel in between them. So the excavations will continue for another three years. After that, tracks will be laid, the rails will be electrified and ventilation shafts dug. Only then, more than 18 months behind schedule, will the Channel Tunnel be ready for its first paying customers. And a new era in European travel will finally begin.
- [15:35]
Lionel Stephenson
Etsy knows these aren't the sounds of holiday gifting. Oh. Or ah. Okay, thank you. Well, they're not the sounds you're hoping for. You want squeals of delight like this. Ooh. And spontaneously written songs of joy. I am so happy. Oh, yeah. Oh yeah. To get those, make everyone on your list. Fill heard with gifts like personalized jewelry, custom artwork, vintage pieces and home decor. For original gifts that say I get you, Etsy has it. We all know playtime and problem solving as a kid is super important. That's why Kiwico is launching Kiwico Clubs to engage kids on a journey of seriously fun learning. With Kiwico Clubs, kids will learn the fundamentals through hands on projects and progressively build their skills with each new project they work on. Watch your kids go from learning to build bows and arrows to engineering their own robot. Kiwico has five clubs with unique topics like science, technology, engineering, art and math, otherwise known as Steam, that encourage kids to be creative, bold, curious and persistent. Through hands on plan projects, Tinker Create and innovate with Kiwico get up to 50% off your first crate at kiwico.com promo code wondery that's up to 50% off your first Crate at kiwico.com promo.
- [17:09]
Lindsey Graham
Code wondery It's November 14, 1994, at Waterloo Station, London. Four years after British and French tunnelers met beneath the English Channel, Lionel Stephenson ascends on an escalator toward the platform. As a train driver, Lionel's made thousands of journeys all across Britain, but none quite like this. Today, Lionel's about to drive the first passenger train through the Channel Tunnel. Six months ago, the Channel Tunnel was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II and French President Francois Mitterrand. A month after that, freight trains began operating. But the first paying passengers had to wait until additional safety checks were conducted and terminals had been completed. Now the Channel Tunnel passenger service is finally ready to begin. As Lionel reaches the top of the escalator, he's met by the sound of a brass band. Smartly dressed waiters circulate with silver platters of canapes and champagne, but Lionel waves them off as he makes his way down the platform to the front of the train. There, photographers capture the moment. As Lionel climbs into the driver's compartment, reporters ask him questions about how he's feeling ahead of the first journey of the most expensive transport transportation project in history. Lionel just smiles and assures them he's feeling happy and confident. Several onlookers then ask Lionel for his autograph and he willingly signs his name, laughing at the idea of being a celebrity for the day. Lionel then checks the instruments as a second driver joins him at the front of the train. Then, as passengers begin to board, Lionel's nerves creep in. He and his partner have completed this journey numerous times in testing, but this is the first train carrying paying passengers. If anything goes wrong, or if they're delayed, it will make headlines for all the wrong reasons. Moments before the train is due to leave, Lionel's supervisor arrives to offer a last minute pep talk. But then the supervisor notices that neither driver is wearing the correct uniform. They're missing their hats. Lionel realizes they must have left them in their lockers. After a hurried conference, the three men decide to go on without their headwear, figuring it's better to arrive in France on time and underdressed than be late wearing their hats. With a final blow of the guard's whistle, Lionel pushes the controls and the train departs. It's just one minute behind schedule, and they quickly make up the deficit on the journey. Less than three hours after leaving London, Lionel's train arrives in Paris. It's the first of countless successful journeys underneath the English Channel. Today, the Channel Tunnel transports passengers not just from London to Paris, but also to Brussels and Amsterdam, and over 18 million people use the service every year. But years of construction were required before the first passengers could travel through the Channel Tunnel on the inaugural service, which left Waterloo Station bound for Europe on November 14, 1994. Next on History Daily November 15, 1969 half a million people marched through the streets of Washington, D.C. to protest the Vietnam War. From Noiser and Ayrship this is History Daily Hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham Audio editing by Mohammad Shazi Sound design by Molly Ba Music by Thrum this episode is written and researched by Owen Paul Nichols Edited by Scott Reeves Managing Producer Emily Burke Executive producers are William Simpson for Airship and Pascal Hughes for Noise. And now a next level moment from AT&T business. Say you've sent out a gigantic shipment of pillows and they need to be there in time for International Sleep day. You've got ATT 5G so you're fully confident, but the vendor isn't responding. An International Sleep Day is tomorrow. Luckily, AT&T5G lets you deal with any issues with ease, so the pillows will get delivered and everyone can sleep soundly, especially you. ATT 5G requires a compatible plan and device. 5G is not available everywhere. See att.com 5G for you for details.