Lindsey Graham (3:36)

From Noiser and Airship I'm Lindsey Graham and this is History. Daily History is made every day on this podcast. Every day we tell the true stories of the people and events that shaped our world. Today is August 6th, 1991. The first website. It's June 1980 at the European Organization for Nuclear Research, or CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, 11 years before the first website goes live. 25 year old Tim Berners Lee takes a seat at a desk, opens up the drawer and empties a case of pencils, pens and erasers into it. Next, he arranges his papers into neat piles. It's Tim's first day at CERN and he wants to hit the ground running. He's been hired on a six month contract to help program the computers that run one of CERN's particle accelerators. It's a highly skilled job and Tim is an expert programmer. Nevertheless, his new desk doesn't actually include a computer. Four decades ago, during World War II, electronic computers were used to crack German military ciphers. After the scientists and engineers who developed the code breaking technology were demobilized, they adapted their computers for civilian use. But the first post war computers were extremely expensive and the circuitry required for them was so large it took up entire rooms, so only specialized research institutions like CERN made use of them. Although some corporate firms have recently begun constructing smaller desktop computers, they don't yet have the capability to solve the complex calculations necessary to run the machinery at cern. And that means that Tim must work with pencil and paper before transferring his code to a console in one of CERN's computer labs. Over his first few days on the job, Tim struggles to get to grips with CERN's unfamiliar systems. When he comes up against a problem, his go to solution is a small library of books in the central computer control room. But it's a frustrating and time consuming process. Tim is sure there's a better, more efficient way to store and share complicated information. So in Breaks between programming, Tim devises a database called Inquire that organizes and collates information about CERN's system. His database links different bits of information, like a spider's web, meaning that if there's a problem in one area, Tim can follow a trail to see how it might impact other parts of the system. After six months in Geneva, Tim's contract expires and he returns home to Britain. But Tim can't get his work at CERN out of his head. So when a permanent job there comes up four years later, he jumps at the chance to return. And thanks to the extra work Tim put in to develop the Enquire database, he gets the job. But the CERN that Tim returns to is quite different to the one he left. Computer technology is developing rapidly now. Every member of staff has their own computer on their desk. Each linked via local network. No longer does Tim have to go to a computer lab every time he needs to input some code. And soon, soon after he arrives, CERN's computers are also connected up to the Internet, a worldwide network of computers. But the Internet has a major flaw. There's no standardized way for computers to communicate with each other. So in March 1989, Tim proposes a solution. He wants to work on an information management system, like his old Enquire database, that will allow computers to better communicate. After his bosses give their blessing, Tim gets to work. And soon he has the basis of his system. He uses hypertext links to navigate between different documents and files. He writes a programming language to create new files, which he calls Hypertext Markup Language, or HTML. He also establishes a set of rules for transmitting files over the Internet, which he calls Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or HTTP. Finally, he devises an address system that every file will use to identify itself. These addresses are named Uniform resource locators, or URLs. It takes two years of work for Tim to complete this project. But by the summer of 1991, he's finished. He presents what he calls the World Wide Web to his bosses at cern. And to prove it works, Tim clicks his mouse and shows them the first website that that he published earlier that day. It's a simple text based site comprising several documents outlining what the World Wide Web is and how it works. But although Tim's website can be viewed by anyone on any computer around the world, they need a browser that can read and understand Tim's code. And at first, only a small group at CERN has access to this browser. But that will soon change. Tim's World Wide Web will Grow exponentially and begin an information revolution that will change the lives of everyone on earth.

Wix (8:55)

What's the difference between DIY and doing it yourself? It's the difference between a part time passion and a full time business. Wix gives you the power to turn your passion into a moneymaker with a website that fits your unique vision. Let your ideas flow with AI that guides you but keeps you in the driver's seat. Manage your business from one dashboard and keep it growing with built in marketing features. It's time to turn your daydream into your dream job. Go to wix.com hey Jack, I got.

Nick (9:26)

Some trivia for you. You ready? Nice. Which company's iconic fleece jacket was inspired by a toilet seat cover? Gotta be Patagonia. What's next? Okay, which sneaker was banned by the NBA but then became the most iconic basketball shoe in history? Air Jordans. Come on, give me something hard.

Lindsey Graham (9:42)

Awesome. All right.

Nick (9:42)

What energy drink used to plant empty cans in nightclubs to fake its own popularity? That was Red Bull. Legendary move by a legendary brand. Instant classic. This is Nick and this is Jack. We're best friends, ex finance guys and resident 90s cultural experts. And every week on our podcast, the Best Idea yet, we explore the untold origin stories behind the products you're obsessed with and the bold risk takers who made them go viral. From the Teenage Mutant Incident, Ninja Turtles to the iPhone, to the most powerful force in business, Costco's Kirkland brand. Follow the Best Idea yet on the Wondery app or wherever you get your podcast. You can listen early and ad free right now by joining Wondery Plus. And if this podcast lasts longer than 45 minutes, call your doctor.

Lindsey Graham (10:34)

Foreign 1993 at the University of Illinois. 17 months after Tim Berners Lee's first website was published, 21 year old Mark Andreessen stuffs his notepad into his backpack, swings it onto his shoulders and heads for the lecture hall exit. Mark's an undergraduate studying computer science and he's just finished his final lecture of the day. Now he's heading for the part time job he has to help pay his tuition. But unlike many of his peers, Mark doesn't work in a bar or restaurant and he doesn't deliver pizzas. Instead, he's a programmer at the national center for Supercomputing Applications, or ncsa. This organization is a government funded research lab on the college campus and many of its projects involve networking computers over great distances. Programmers like Mark are building on the pioneering work of Tim Berners Lee. After Tim published his first website. The World Wide Web did everything he hoped it would. It made complex information easier to access and far quicker to search. Tim hoped that vast amounts of data would make it to the web because the more it held, the more powerful it became as a research tool. But the difficulty was persuading people to use it. The World Wide Web wouldn't function if people didn't use Tim's Pro programming language or upload using his transfer protocols. The best way to get them to do that was to make it as easy and cheap as possible. So in April 1993, almost two years after launching the first website ever, Tim persuaded his bosses at CERN to distribute the software needed to access the World Wide Web free of charge. Since then, the number of people accessing the Web has only grown. And now, in a lab at the University of Illinois, Marc Andreessen compares notes with colleagues as he shows off his latest creation, a new web browser. Plenty of other people have already taken Tim's original design and improved the code to make it more effective. But Mark's browser does something unique. Other web browsers only display text. If a user clicks on a picture file on a website, it opens up the image in a separate application. But Mark's browser displays graphics and pictures alongside text on the webpage itself, thanks to its unique capability to combine text and pictures. Mark calls his browser Mosaic, and it soon becomes a browser of choice for many web users. But at the end of the year, Mark graduates, moves on from the University of Illinois, and leaves Mosaic in his rearview mirror. A talented programmer, Mark easily secures a position at a California research institute. But just a few months into his first role after graduation, Mark's approached by an established computing entrepreneur. 49 year old Jim Clark believes there's money to be made in web browsers. Currently, most users of the World Wide Web are computer enthusiasts with a passion for cutting edge technology. But Jim thinks that the web will soon evolve into a mainstream tool used by people from all walks of life. He wants to take advantage of this by partnering with Mark on a new commercial venture. A browser that's designed to make a profit. Mark will be the chief programmer, and Jim will put up the capital. The following week, Mark and Jim board a plane and head for Illinois. There, Mark persuades six of his former colleagues at NCSA to drop out of college and take a job with his new company, Mosaic Communications. But NCSA doesn't take well to Mark perhaps poaching its programmers, nor to Mark launching a company to sell a web browser he developed while working for NCSA in response, they threatened to sue Mark for stealing proprietary work. Mark realizes that he needs to tread carefully, otherwise his new business will be overwhelmed by a long and expensive legal fight. So he dodges the lawsuit by changing the name of his company to Netscape. Then he has his programming team re rewrite the web browser from the ground up. After six months work at their keyboards, they're ready for launch. The new browser looks and performs just like Mosaic, but the code bears no resemblance to the original. The new product, Netscape Navigator, also differs from its predecessor in another important way. Educational institutions and home web surfers can use it for free, but businesses and commercial users are expected to pay. This new piece of software, Netscape Navigator will redefine the way people surf the web. Its user friendly interface will make home users comfortable accessing the Internet, paving the way for millions to get online for the very first time. But eventually, Netscape Navigator will be replaced as the number one browser by Microsoft's Internet Explorer. And Mark's company will shut down in time in 2003. But by then, Netscape Navigator will have helped change the world.

Business Wars (15:38)

Before the Internet ruled our lives. AOL brought America Online with email and Instant messenger. By 2000, AOL was so powerful, it bought media giant Time Warner. This was a deal that was supposed to bring us into the future, revolutionize media. But instead, it became one of the messiest corporate disasters in history. So what went wrong? The dot com crash? Culture clashes? Or something deeper? Business wars gives you a front row seat to the biggest moments in business and how they shape our world. Because when your flight perks disappear, your favorite restaurant chain goes bankrupt, or new tech threatens to reshape everything overnight, you can bet there's a deeper story behind the headlines. Make sure to follow Business wars on the Wondery app or wherever you get your podcast. And you can binge all episodes of Business. The AOL Time Warner disaster. Early and ad free right now on Wondery.

Lawless Planet (16:36)

How hard is it to kill a planet? Maybe all it takes is a little drilling, some mining, and a whole lot of carbon pumped into the atmosphere. When you see what's left, it starts to look like a crime scene.

Lindsey Graham (16:48)

Are we really safe? Is our water safe? You destroyed our tap.

Lawless Planet (16:52)

And crimes like that, they don't just happen.

Wix (16:54)

We call things accidents. There is no accident. This was 100% preventable.

Lawless Planet (17:01)

They're the result of choices by people. Ruthless oil tycoons, corrupt politicians, even organized crime. These are the stories we need to be telling about our changing planet. Stories of scams, murders and cover ups. That are about us and the things we're doing to either protect the earth or destroy it. Follow Lawless Planet on the Wondry app or wherever you get your podcasts. You can listen to new episodes of Lawless Planet early and ad free right now by joining Wondry plus in the Wondry App, Apple Podcasts, or spot.

Nick (17:42)

Foreign.

Lindsey Graham (17:45)

It's July 27, 2012 at the Olympic Stadium in London, England. 21 years after the first website went live. 52 year old Tim Berners Lee sits inside a mock up house listening to the roar of a crowd. It's the opening ceremony of the 2012 Olympic Games, and as one of Britain's most influential inventors, Tim has been invited to take part in the festivities. Since the World Wide Web opened up the Internet to anyone with a computer and a modem, society has undergone a digital revolution. There are now hundreds of millions of websites, all of which are cataloged by search engines. Web surfers can access information which was previously only available in print, they can keep in touch with friends through social media, they can share photographs and videos, and they can buy almost anything they want on e commerce websites. Even Tonight's opening ceremony is being broadcast live online to a worldwide audience as the roar of the crowd in the stadium dies down. In a moment of anticipation, the walls of the miniature house lift into the air, revealing Tim to tens of thousands of spectators. Tim is momentarily overwhelmed by the noise and lights, but he remembers the role he's supposed to play. He taps the keyboard of a fake computer, then looks up and around the stadium as the lights go out and the arena falls into darkness. The words that Tim just typed are illuminated in huge letters across the stands. This is for everyone. Tim's central role in the opening ceremony of the London Olympics is just one of the many honors he receives for his role in kickstarting the digital revolution. He's knighted by the Queen and appointed to the exclusive Order of Merit, which is restricted to only 24 members at any one time. He's named an honorary member of several distinguished learning societies and is also included in Time magazine's list of the most important people of the 20th century. Even so, the accolades seem to pale in comparison considering Tim's achievements. Thanks to Tim Berners, Lee and other Internet pioneers like Netscape's Marc Andreessen, almost every aspect of daily life can now be carried out online, and all of it can trace its ancestry back to the very first website published on a machine in Geneva on August 6, 1991. Next on History Daily August 7, 190922 year old Alice Ramsey arrives in San Francisco behind the wheel of her Maxwell Model 30 automobile, making her the first woman to drive across the continental United States. From Noiser and Airship this is History Daily Hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham Audio editing by Mohammed Shazi Sound design by Gabriel Gould Music by Thrum this episode is written and researched by Scott Scott Reeves Edited by Joel Cowan Managing Producer Emily Burke Executive producers are William Simpson for Airship and Pascal Hughes for Noiser.

Wix (20:58)

So you've got a business, but what about a brand? The difference More of you Wix gives you the freedom to create your website, own your brand and do it on your own exactly how you envisioned it. Experience limitless customization. Boost your creativity and efficiency with AI tools for every part of your business journey. Scale up with built in SEO, ecom and scheduling features. Put more of you in your business. Go to wix. Com and do it all yourself.