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- [00:00]
Lindsey Graham
There are more ways than ever to listen to History Daily ad free. Listen with Wondry plus in the Wondery app as a member of Noiser plus at noiser.com or in Apple Podcasts. Or you can get all of History Daily plus other fantastic history podcasts@intohristory.com A listener note this episode contains a brief reference to suicide it's the morning of June 17, 1940. World War II is underway in Europe, and the Nazis have just taken France. On an airfield in the port city of Bordeaux, a French cabinet minister named General Charles de Gaulle briskly leads his friend Edward Spears, a British liaison officer, towards a waiting plane. As they walk, Charles glances over the sizable group of armed French police watching their every move, and when Charles arrives at the plane, he opens the cockpit door and gestures to Edward to climb inside. Edward does as he's told. Charles cuts his eyes back to the French policeman, and then he slaps the side of the plane as the pilot starts the engine. Charles shakes his head with frustration. He doesn't recognize his country anymore. Three days ago, Nazi Germany completed its invasion of France, and instead of resisting, the French prime minister agreed to collaborate with Hitler. Edward has been given permission to fly home to England, and Charles has come to see him off. At least, that's what these policemen think. Just as the plane begins to move slowly down the Runway, the cockpit door flies open again, and Edward extends his hand to his friend. Charles bolts forward, taking hold of Edward's arm, and the Englishman pulls the Frenchman aboard the moving aircraft. The French police look on, mouths agape, as the plane accelerates down the Runway and takes off into the clear blue sky. Despite the French prime minister agreeing to collaborate with the invading Germans, many in the French government opposed this defeatist attitude, including Charles de Gaulle. Charles knew his opposition to the government would eventually get him arrested, and he came to believe that the only way to serve France was by fleeing it, leading the fight against Germany from abroad. But France was crawling with Nazis on the ground, so he and Edward created a secret plan to sneak him out by air. The next day, while safe in England, Charles will broadcast a radio address to the people of France. Believe me, nothing is lost for France. The same means that overcame us can bring us to a day of victory. Whatever happens, the flame of the French resistance must not be extinguished. France will heed Charles call to arms. Over the next four years, a French resistance movement will take shape. It will have two main components, one led by Charles de Gaulle and his military commanders abroad, and another led by an underground network of resistance fighters inside the occupied country. In this way, the French people will resist the enemy internally and externally until the Nazis are finally driven from France and Paris is liberated by the Allies on August 25, 1944. History Daily is sponsored by A Truby. Lately you may have been hearing about a serious but rare heart condition called attr Cardiac Amyloidosis, or attrcm. Because symptoms can be similar to other heart conditions, it may take time to be diagnosed, but learning more about ATTRCM and a treatment called a truby, also called Acharamatis, could be important for you or a loved one. Atruby is a prescription medicine used to treat adults with ATTRCM to reduce death and hospitalization due to heart issues. In one study, people taking a truby saw an impact on their health related quality of life and 50% fewer hospitalizations due to heart issues than people who didn't take a truby, giving you more chances to do what you love with who you love. Tell your doctor if you're pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breastfeeding, and about the medications you take. The most common side effects were mild and included diarrhea and abdominal pain. If you have attrcm, talk to your cardiologist about attruby or visit attruby.com that's att r u b-y.com to learn more.
- [04:18]
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- [05:06]
Lindsey Graham
From Noiser and Airship. I'm Lindsey Graham, and this is history. Daily history is made every day on this podcast. Every day, we tell the true stories of the people and events that shaped our world. Today is August 25, 1944. The liberation of Paris in World War II. It's June 17, 1940, in Chartres in northern France, four years before Paris is liberated. Jean Moulin, a local government official stands by the window of his office, looking gravely down at the street below. A column of Nazi stormtroopers march across the cobblestones, flanked by dozens of armored trucks. Jean watches as the soldiers come to a halt outside his building. Calmly, Jean walks to his desk, sits down and waits. A few moments later, he hears the sound of jackboots climbing the stairs to his office. The door swings open and a Nazi commandant marches into the room. The German informs Jean that France has succumbed to the Nazi invasion. The country's defenses has crumbled, Paris has fallen, and all local government departments are now employed solely in the service of the German war effort. Jean remains expressionless as the commandant sits down and makes himself comfortable. He hands Jean a document and orders him to sign it. It's a declaration accusing a group of Senegalese soldiers in the French army of massacring civilians in a nearby town. Jean knows the civilians were killed by German bombs and he refuses to participate in a cover up of Nazi war crimes. He hands the document back, unsigned. The commandant smirks with contempt and arrests Jean for insubordination. Jean is transported to an abandoned farmyard outside town. The Nazis have established a base there, running communications from the farmhouse and using the barn as a prison for captured enemies. A pair of stormtroopers shove Jean inside the barn and slam the door shut. Jean peers around in the gloom. There are several dark shapes on the floor, and it takes a moment for Jean to realize what they are. Dead bodies riddled with bullet holes. From the first time since his arrest, Jean is afraid. But he doesn't fear for his own safety. Rather, he's afraid the Nazis will elicit information out of him through torture. Information that could jeopardize the safety of France. He realizes he needs to do something drastic and fast. John spots a piece of broken glass on the floor, and without pausing to reflect on what he's about to do, he picks up the shard and lifts it to his neck. Then he closes his eyes and after the briefest of hesitations, slices his throat. But Jean's suicide attempt fails when the Nazi guards discover him bleeding. Jean is sent to a nearby hospital where he quickly recovers. Days later, Jean emerges from the hospital to find his homeland changed beyond recognition. Rather than resisting occupation, the right wing Prime Minister of France, Philippe Petain, has accepted Hitler's armistice, agreeing to collaborate with the Nazis. Jean is outraged by Petain's cowardice and refuses to work for his collaborationist government. Instead, he decides to join a burgeoning movement of underground dissidents, a disorganized network of partisans intent on destabilizing the Nazi regime in occupied France. In early 1941, Jean travels to Marseille, a port city in the south of France and the epicenter of the resistance movement. After asking questions around town, Jean is given a name and an address. Henri Frenet, 67 Rue de Rome. If you want to join the Resistance, Jean is told, this is the place to start. So on a brisk winter's morning, Jean walks along the Rue de Rome and knocks on the door of no. 67. He tightens a scarf around his neck, a measure both to defend against the cold and to conceal the unsightly scar left by the suicide attempt. The door creaks ajar, revealing a suspicious looking housekeeper. Jean introduces himself and explains he's here to see Henri Frenet. The housekeeper narrows her eyes. She's about to turn him away, when suddenly a square jawed man in his 30s appears. Henri beckons Jean and stuff side casting a furtive look up and down the street before closing the door. Henri Frenet is the founder of a resistance group called Combat. Combat is one of many small, fragmented French resistance organizations engaging in acts of sabotage and reconnaissance. Their enemy is the Gestapo, the Nazi secret police. And although the Gestapo employs an army of leather jacketed officers charged with hunting down the Resistance, Henry and his associates have managed to stay one step ahead. Jean has sought out Henry to enact a plan. Jean has realized that if the various resistance groups could unite, synchronize and work together, they could participate more effectively in the war effort, establish lines of communication with allies outside the country, and build a network of intelligence that could ultimately bring down the Nazi regime in France. But to achieve this, they will need the support of somebody powerful and influential. Someone like the man who first galvanized the people of France to light the flames of Resistance, General Charles de Gaulle.
- [10:41]
Audible Narrator
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- [11:35]
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- [12:13]
Lindsey Graham
It's January 2, 1942, over two years before the liberation of Paris. High above the mountains of Province Provence in southern France, a dark haired man with a scar on his neck free falls through the night sky. Jean Moulin, the French partisan leader, pulls his parachute's ripcord and feels his body jerk back up with the uplift far above him. Having delivered its human cargo, a British Royal Air Force airplane turns sharply and sets off home for England. Jean drifts slowly to earth, landing on a rocky hillside among scattered pines. For the last few months, Jean has been in England establishing a support system for the French Resistance. In October, he met with General Charles de Gaulle, the leader of the French government in exile who's been coordinating France's war effort from London. De Gaulle was intrigued by what Jean told him about the various Resistance groups forming all across France. De Gaulle believes the French Resistance could become a vital component of the fight against Nazi occupation. But first these groups will need to get organized. So de Gaulle gave Jean a go back to France and turn the fragmented Resistance movement into a unified force. So after his covert landing in the mountains of Provence, Jean gets to work. Using the codename Max, Jean reconnects with Henri Frenet, founder of the Resistance group Combat. With Henri's help, Jean coordinates with several other Resistance groups leaders, pulling all the various strands together until the disorganized movements begin to resemble a united front. Then, in May 1943, Jean, Henri and other Resistance leaders meet secretly in Paris. Dressed in his customary black scarf and hamburg hat, Jean proudly declares the inauguration of the National Council of the Resistance, or ncr. This coordinated nationwide organization is intent on driving the Nazi out of France. And from his headquarters in the city of Lyon, Jean directs the activities of the group, conducting a campaigns of espionage Relaying top secret intelligence about Nazi operations back to Charles de Gaulle in London. The group also carries out acts of sabotage, derailing Nazi supply trains and assassinating enemy soldiers. Jean oversees the creation of the Resistance Press Bureau, a service responsible for disseminating anti Nazi propaganda throughout France, boosting morale among civilians. And meanwhile, from London, Charles de Gaulle and his staff provide the Resistance with provisions, using clandestine parachute drops to maintain a regular supply of weapons and equipment. Organized and cohesive, the French Resistance is working. They quickly turn into a formidable thorn in the side of the Nazis occupying France. But soon, however, an act of betrayal will cost the Resistance the life of one of its leaders. Deliver Jean Moulin into the hands of the Gestapo. On June 21, 1943, in a nondescript townhouse in the suburbs of Lyon, Jean Moulin leads off a meeting with several other Resistance leaders. Beneath dim glow of a naked light bulb, Jean discusses various items on the agenda. Scheduled arrivals of Nazi ammunition shipments. Rumored deployments of Allied troops in the north. As Jean goes over the items one by one, he scans the faces of the men with him. He's known and worked alongside them for months, if not years. All except one. A new addition to the Resistance. Renee Hardy is a young, fresh faced specialist in railroads. But some at this meeting didn't want him to come at all. They worried his presence would constitute a security risk. Hardee is unproven and his loyalties are untested. But after lengthy consideration, Jean ultimately decided Hardy's expertise was required. So tonight, Jean continues the business of the meeting. He turns to Hardy and is about to ask a question about railroads, when suddenly, Jean freezes. Dark shadows are visible through the gap under the front door. And a split second later, a regiment of Nazi stormtroopers smash in the door and swarm the room. The partisans jump to their feet and back up against the wall. Jean hears the sharp click of boot heels as a Gestapo officer appears. A man with dark, pointed features and a mouth set in a sneer. Jean knows exactly who this man is. Klaus Barbie, the head of the Gestapo in town. Barbie's reputation for cruelty has earned him a nickname. The Butcher of Lyon. Soon, Jean and his comrades are placed in handcuffs and let out of the room. Only one partisan is let go. Renee Hardy, the young railroad specialist. As Jean is shoved into the back of an SS truck, he catches Rene's eye and detects a trace of guilt. At that moment, Jean knows he and his associates have been betrayed. Before long, Jean and the rest of the Resistance members are thrown inside Leon's jail. Over the Next three weeks, they are subjected to horrific torture at the hands of the Nazis. Jean receives the most brutal abuse of all. Klaus Barbie has already received congratulations from Adolf Hitler himself for capturing Jean Moulin, the notorious leader of the French Resistance. Now Barbie is under orders to extract as much information as possible by whatever means necessary. By the time the interrogation is over, Jean lies slumped in a pool of his own blood, battered, bruised and barely breathing. But despite the extent of the torture, Jean hasn't given up a word of information that could compromise the safety of France. Shortly after the violent interrogation, Jean falls into a coma and never wakes up. His death at the hands of the Gestapo will be mourned throughout France, but his life will serve as an inspiration for those who survive him. Jean is dead, but the battle is not yet lost. The Resistance will continue to destabilize and disrupt the occupying Nazi forces until the combined armies of Britain, France and the United States land on the French shores to finish what the Resistance started.
- [18:14]
Chico Felitti
Everyone has that friend who seems kind of perfect for Patty. That friend was Desiree. Until one day I texted her and.
- [18:23]
Lindsey Graham
She was not getting the text, so I went to Instagram. She has no Instagram anymore. And Facebook. No Facebook anymore.
- [18:31]
Chico Felitti
Desiree was gone. And there was one person who knew the answer.
- [18:35]
Lindsey Graham
I am a spiritual person, a magical.
- [18:38]
Chico Felitti
Person, a witch, a gorgeous Brazilian influencer called Kat Torres, but who was hiding a secret from Wondery. Based on my smash hit podcast from Brazil comes a new series, Don't Cross Cat, about a search that led me to a mystery in a Texas suburb.
- [18:57]
Lindsey Graham
I'm calling to check on the two.
- [18:59]
Chico Felitti
Missing Brazilian girl, maybe get some undercover crew there.
- [19:02]
Lindsey Graham
The family are freaking out.
- [19:04]
Chico Felitti
They are lost. I'm Chico Felitti. You can listen to Don't Cross Cat on the Wondery app or wherever you get your podcasts.
- [19:21]
Lindsey Graham
It's August 22, 1944, three days before the liberation of Paris. Just outside the town of Argentan in northern France, a wiry, mustachioed French general patrols the edge of his encampment. General Philippe Leclerc is Charles de Gaulle's right hand man and the senior most French military officer participating in the liberation of his homeland. Right now, Leclerc is awaiting orders from Allied Supreme Commander to advance toward Paris and he's anxious with impatience. Following the fall of France in 1940, Leclerc managed to escape the clutches of the Germans and make his way to England, where Charles de Gaulle had established a government in exile. Leclerc spent much of the war commanding the French army in Africa, aiding the British in their campaign against Axis forces in Libya. Then in 1944, when he learned the Allies were preparing to invade France and drive out the Germans, Leclerc enthusiastically volunteered. The invasion began with d day on June 6, when more than 160,000 Allied troops stormed the beaches of Normandy. Once the first wave of Allied troops had established inroads, Leclerc and his 2nd Armored Division crossed the English Channel to serve under the command of US Army General George S. Patton. Now Leclerc and his division are poised for what they hope will be the final action of the invasion, the liberation of Paris. But Leclerc doesn't yet know what his involvement will be, whether he'll be a key participant or just a minor player. But when one of his officers rushes over, Leclerc learns the news. They've just received word from the supreme commander of the Allied forces, General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower has decided that if Paris is to be liberated, then a Frenchman should spearhead the charge. Leclerc is ecstatic. This is the moment he's been dreaming of for years. The following morning, riding aboard a Sherman tank, Leclerc leads the final push against the German occupiers. While torrential rain lashes down, he and his 16,000 men thunder through the countryside north of Paris. Nothing could dampen the spirit of these French troops as they advance on their beleaguered capital. Along the way, they encounter several well defended German garrisons whose deadly anti tank artillery keep the French occupied for two days and inflict heavy losses. But the will of the French liberators proves too strong. They overcome the Germans and on the morning of Friday, August 25, 1944, Leclerc and his division roll into Paris. The majority of Nazi authorities have fled the capital, leaving the streets clear for Parisian crowds to welcome a jubilant Leclerc. Soon, the commander of German forces in Paris has been captured and the swastika above the Eiffel Tower has been replaced by a French tricolor. The liberation of Paris proves a turning point in World War II. Bolstered by the recapture of the French capital, the Allies will continue their sweep across Europe, eventually forcing the Germans to surrender by May 1945. But the memory of the work and sacrifice of the French Resistance lives on decades later. In 2007, French President Nicolas Sarkozy will pay homage to the members of the Resistance who died defending their country and whose brave actions paved the way for Allied forces to Liberate Paris on August 25, 1944. Next on History Daily, August 26, 1883. A volcano explodes on the island of Cross Krakatoa, sparking one of the deadliest natural disasters in history. From Noiser and Airship, this is History Daily hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham. Audio editing by Molly Bach Sound design by Derek Barrons Music by Lindsey Graham. This episode is written and researched by Joe Viner. Executive producers are Steven Walters for Airship and Pascal Hughes for Noiser. Trip Planner by Expedia. You were made to outdo your vacationing, your hammocking and your pooling. We were made to help organize the competition. Expedia made to travel.