Lindsey Graham (3:42)

Stop.

Audible (3:42)

Start your free 30 day trial at audible.com wonderepod that's audible.com wonderypod Finding great.

Robert Oppenheimer (3:50)

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Colonel Paul Tibbets (4:27)

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Lindsey Graham (4:51)

From Noiser and Airship, I'm Lindsey Graham and this is History. Daily history is made every day on this podcast. Every day, we tell the true stories of the people and events that shaped our world. Today is July 16, 1945. The Trinity nuclear test. It's spring, 1922, among the mountains of New Mexico, 23 years before the detonation of the first atomic bomb. 18 year old Robert Oppenheimer sways gently in his saddle as his horse picks its way across a grassy field. There's a natural beauty to this area that Robert loves. The wildflowers are in bloom, birds swoop through the air, and in the distance, red rock formations stand like sentinels on the horizon. As Much as Robert enjoys trips like this, though, it's he's not here just for pleasure. His father has sent him here from New York to help him recover after a bad case of dysentery. Robert's father is hoping that the dry desert air will help speed his son's recovery so Robert can attend college as scheduled in the fall. Robert closes his eyes for a few seconds, feeling a warm breeze wash over him, losing himself in the stillness of the moment. When he opens his eyes again, he can see the unnatural straight lines of buildings in the distance. He checks his map and discovers it's the village of Los Alamos, a relatively small settlement that's home to just a few hundred people. Robert pays it no mind, focused more on the scenery as he urges his horse forward. Robert enjoys the simple life in New Mexico for a few more months until he's strong enough to head back east and resume his studies. Robert's always been interested in science and engineering, and over the next few years he discovers a passion for a new branch of physics. Quantum mechanics. It's an exciting time to be a scientist. The greatest minds in Europe are developing groundbreaking new theories about how matter behaves at a subatomic level. Robert wants to join these pioneers in studies and works at some of the most prestigious institutions in the world, including Harvard, Cambridge University, and the California Institute of Technology. For his innovative research, Robert becomes well known in the scientific community. But he also draws attention for the company he keeps. As the world beyond America slips into conflict in the late 1930s, the FBI starts keeping a closer eye on any Americans they feel may lack loyalty to the United States. And that includes Robert. A number of people in Robert's social circles have ties to the American Communist party. And in March 1941, FBI agents open a file on Robert too, eventually becoming so concerned by his associates that Roberts even added to the Custodial Detention Index, a list of people who'll be considered for internment in the event of a national emergency. But despite the Suspicions of the FBI, in October 1941, Robert is approached by one of his old professors to lead a new initiative. The US Military wants him to head a top secret team that'll design and build an atomic bomb. The program's codename is the Manhattan Project, and it has the backing of President Franklin D. Roosevelt himself. With all the resources of the federal government to call upon, Robert leaps at the chance to put his largely theoretical knowledge into practice. But Robert soon realizes that this weapon he's been asked to build may be used sooner than he thought. Two Months after he was approached to lead the Manhattan Project, Japanese forces attacked the American fleet at Pearl Harbor. The United States declares war on Japan and then its ally, Nazi Germany. So Robert's team grows larger as the US Military commits huge resources. But the generals in charge worry that enemy spies will try to infiltrate the program. They decide they need a more isolated location to keep their top secret research safe from prying eyes. And Robert knows just the place. He takes them to Los Alamos, New Mexico, the remote spot where he spent time recuperating from illness 20 years ago. For him, it's perfect and over the next few months, US army engineers build a state of the art research facility where scientists, engineers and their families will be able to live and work in complete security. The team at Los Alamos works around the clock, worried that the Germans are also developing nuclear weapons and may be ahead of the American effort. But their fears prove unfounded. More than three years after the Manhattan Project began on July 16, 1945, Robert successfully detonates an atomic bomb in a test codenamed Trinity. The site in New Mexico is flattened by the blast, but that damage will pale in significance to the devastation wrought only a few weeks later when nuclear weapons are deployed on the battlefield for the first time. History Daily is sponsored by Indeed. In your business, you're likely working hard to slowly move people through what they call the funnel, from awareness to consideration to conversion. But have you ever thought that's the exact same funnel you have to move people through when hiring? Make them aware of your job, get them to consider applying, then convert them into a great new hire. But why move them slowly? Indeed is all you need to fill your funnel fast. Because in the minute I've been Talking to you, 23 hires were made on Indeed, according to Indeed Data worldwide. And with Sponsored Jobs, your post jumps to the top of the page for your relevant candidates so you can reach the people you want faster. There's no reason to wait any longer. Speed up your hiring right now with Indeed and listeners of the show will get a $75 sponsored job credit. To get your jobs more visibility at Indeed.com OnThisDay just go to Indeed.com OnThisDay right now and support the show by saying you heard about Indeed on this podcast. Indeed.com onthisday Terms and conditions apply. Hiring Indeed is all you need.

Chico Felitti (10:59)

Everyone has that friend who seems kind of perfect for Patty. That friend was Desiree, until one day.

Unknown (11:07)

I texted her and she was not getting the text, so I went to Instagram.

Lindsey Graham (11:11)

She has no Instagram anymore.

Unknown (11:13)

And Facebook.

Lindsey Graham (11:14)

No Facebook anymore.

Chico Felitti (11:15)

Desiree was gone. And there was one person who knew the answer.

Lindsey Graham (11:20)

I am a spiritual person, a magical person, a witch.

Chico Felitti (11:25)

A gorgeous Brazilian influencer called Kat Cat Tourists. But who was hiding a secret from Wondery. Based on my smash hit podcast from Brazil comes a new series, Don't Cross Cat, about a search that led me to a mystery in a Texas suburb.

Audible (11:42)

I'm calling to check on the two missing Brazilian girls.

Lindsey Graham (11:45)

Maybe get some undercover crew there. The family are freaking out. They are locked.

Chico Felitti (11:50)

I'm Chico Felitti. You can listen to Don't Cross Cat on the Wondery app or wherever you get your podcasts.

Lindsey Graham (12:09)

It's 8am on August 6, 1945, in the skies above Japan, three weeks after the Trinity test. Colonel Paul Tibbets looks out from the flight deck of his B29 bomber, Enola Gay. In the distance ahead, the Japanese city of Hiroshima emerges from the morning haze. Colonel Tibbets and his crew have been in the air for six hours, and they're about to reach the critical point in their mission. Colonel Tibbets has piloted aircraft on dozens of bombing runs, but none like this one. His plane is carrying just a single weapon, an atomic bomb nicknamed Little Boy. Three months ago, Adolf Hitler killed himself and Nazi Germany surrendered, ending World War II in Europe. But the Japanese have vowed to fight on. American commanders predict that multiple amphibious landings on the remaining Japanese controlled islands would result in hundreds of thousands of casualties on both sides. But thanks to Dr. Robert Oppenheimer's work at Los Alamos, the American armed forces now have another weapon at their disposal. If Colonel Tibbets and his crew succeed in their mission today, it could be the blow that will shatter Japanese resistance once and for all. When the ENOLA Gay is 10 miles out from the target, Colonel Tibbets hears a crackle of static and a few words over the intercom from the bombardier in charge of releasing Little Boy. He has the target in sight, a bridge in the heart of Hiroshima. Colonel Tibbets checks his watch and they're right on time. He gives the signal and the bombardier presses a button to release the atomic weapon. And the effect of losing 9,000 pounds of weight is instantaneous. The nose of the B29 jerks violently upwards. Colonel Tibbets pulls on the control column, yanking the aircraft into a hard right turn. He's been told to put as much distance between him and the blast as possible, because only 43 seconds later, the bomb explodes 2,000ft above Hiroshima. Bright light immediately washes over the Aircraft. Although Colonel Tibbets and the rest of the crew have donned dark goggles to protect their eyes, a minute later, the shockwave from the explosion reaches the plane. They're nine miles away from the target by the time it hits them, but it's still powerful enough to make the whole plane shudder. The tail gunner has the best view of the explosion, and he reports that a vast mushroom cloud has appeared over the city. It remains visible to the crew for an hour and a half as they race back to base. What they can't see is the reality on the ground. Half of Hiroshima has been instantly obliterated. 80,000 Japanese civilians are already dead. Three days later, an American plane drops another atomic bomb on Japan, this time over the city of Nagasaki. This bomb is of a different design, but the results are almost as devastating. 60,000 people are killed in the explosion. Then, on August 15, 1945, nine days after an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the Japanese emperor announces his country's surrender. While Americans celebrate the end of the war, the man who helped bring it to a close is conflicted. Dr. Robert Oppenheimer feels that the use of the atomic bomb at Hiroshima was a necessary show of force. But he can't help thinking that the attack on Nagasaki was unwarranted. He worries that he's changed the face of warfare and not for the better. Two days after the end of the war, Robert leaves Los Alamos and travels to Washington, D.C. to deliver a letter to the Secretary of State. In it, Robert outlines the concerns he harbors about the weapons he helped create. He is then invited to the White House to meet with President Harry Truman. During their meeting in the Oval Office, Robert tells Truman that he feels like he has blood on his hands after the death of so many civilians. But Truman has little patience for Robert's personal experience turmoil. He insists that as president, he was the one who chose to bomb the Japanese, and the responsibility for civilian deaths is his alone. Disillusioned, Robert returns to civilian life. But his misgivings over America's policy on nuclear weapons will grow, reigniting old concerns about his loyalties. The FBI will take a renewed interest in the activities of Dr. Robert Oppenheimer. His career and reputation will be shredded, and the father of the atomic bomb will be prevented from shaping the future of his creation ever again.

Colonel Paul Tibbets (16:33)

Hey, it's Mr. Ballin here, and I am so excited to tell you all about a podcast from Ballin Studios called Declassified Mysteries, and it's hosted by the incredible Luke Lamanna. From COVID government experiments to bizarre Assassination Attempts Redacted dives deep into the astonishing true stories of of uncovered secrets, lies and deception within the world's most powerful institutions. Stories like the mind bending truth behind Operation Paperclip, where former Nazi scientists were smuggled into America to advance US technology and intelligence during the Cold War. Or the shocking story of Charles Manson and the CIA revealing how a notorious cult leader might have been entangled in a web of covert operations. Trust me when I tell you the stories are real and the secrets are shocking. Be sure to follow Declassified Mysteries with Luke Lamanna on the Wondery app or wherever else you get your podcasts. You can listen early and ad free right now by joining Wondery in the Wondery app or on Spotify or Apple Podcasts.

Unknown (17:33)

Today is the worst day of Abby's life. The 17 year old cradles her newborn son in her arms. They all saw how much I loved him. They didn't have to take him from me between 19401945 in the early 1970s, families shipped their pregnant teenage daughters to maternity homes and forced them to secretly place their babies for adoption in hidden corners across America. It's still happening. My parents had me locked up in the godparent home against my will. They worked with them to manipulate me and to steal my son away from me. The godparent home is the brainchild of controversial prisoners preacher Jerry Falwell, the father of the modern evangelical right and the founder of Liberty University, where powerful men emboldened by their faith determine who gets to be a parent and who must give their child away. Follow Liberty Lost on the Wondery App or wherever you get your podcasts.

Lindsey Graham (18:44)

It's December 2, 1963 at the White House in Washington, D.C. 18 years after the detonation of the first atomic bomb. 59 year old Robert Oppenheimer looks on as President Lyndon B. Johnson addresses a small crowd gathered in the Cabinet Room. Robert's here today to receive the Enrico Fermi Award in recognition of his contribution to nuclear science. By the end of World War II, Robert's work on the bomb had made him one of the most famous men in America. Following the conflict, he joined the Atomic Energy Committee, a new body advising the US Government on nuclear policy. In this role, Robert advised caution when developing more powerful nuclear weapons and advocated for international arms control. But in 1953, with the United States embroiled in a new Cold War, concerns resurfaced over Robert's past links to the American Communist Party. He was stripped of his security clearance and dismissed from the Atomic Energy Committee. Publicly humiliated Robert was blacklisted and no longer able to influence how nuclear weapons were to be used. But that dispute was 10 years ago, and President Johnson has decided it's now time to reconcile with the nation's foremost scientist. President Johnson thanks Robert for his expertise and leadership of the Manhattan Project in World War II. He draws special attention to the success of the Trinity test in New Mexico. Then President Johnson shakes Robert's hand and gives him a case containing an engraved medal and certificate. Robert gladly accepts the award. Although he recognizes that it's largely symbolic, it doesn't restore his security clearance. And Robert remains unable to influence nuclear policy in the way he wishes. Not that he'd have much ability to do that these days. Robert's health is failing. His hands tremble slightly as he clutches the award, and he looks gaunt in a suit that appears too large for him. And he seems to have aged much farther than his 59 years. The reason for Robert's appearance will soon become apparent. He'll be diagnosed with throat cancer and die three years after being presented with this award at the White House. But Robert's legacy will live on long after his death. Today's nuclear weapons are exponentially more powerful than those Robert created. But it seems that modern scientists and politicians have heeded the warnings that Robert issued after he gave humanity the ability to destroy the world. The nuclear war Robert Oppenheimer feared has not come to pass. And atomic bombs have only been used in combat those two times over Japan since the detonation of the very first bomb on July 16, 1940. Next on History Daily, July 17, 1918. Following the Russian Revolution, members of a radical socialist movement execute the Romanov royal family from Nouser in heirship. This is History Daily. Hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham. Audio editing by Mohammed Shahzi Sound design by Gabriel Gould Music by Thrum. This episode is written and researched by Rob Scragg. Edited by Scott Reeves. Managing producer Emily Burke. Executive producers are William Simpson for Airship and Pascal Hughes for Noiser.

Unknown (22:09)

Tipping culture is out of control. Yesterday, I tipped someone just for handing me a napkin. So when hotels.com gives me up to 20% off for being a member, I finally get tipped. And you know what? It feels good. Hotels.com, members save up to 20% off at hundreds of thousands of hotels.