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- [00:00]
Lindsey Graham
There are more ways than ever to listen to History Daily ad free. Listen with Wondry plus in the Wondery app as a member of Noiser plus at noiser.com or in Apple Podcasts. Or you can get all of History Daily plus other fantastic history podcasts at IntoHistory.com It's 5:30am on July 16, 1945, at the Alamogordo Bombing Range in rural New Mexico. 41 year old Dr. Robert Oppenheimer strikes a match, lights a cigarette and peers out at the pale sky from behind the concrete walls of a bunker. Even though it's early, Robert and dozens of fellow scientists have been in position for hours. Robert is nervous, smoking cigarette after cigarette as he waits for a break in the weather. Persistent rain has threatened to delay the culmination of years of work, but the clouds have finally cleared and a little over five miles away, the first ever atomic bomb is about to explode. America has been embroiled in World War II for more than three years. Nazi Germany surrendered two months ago, but their Japanese allies continue the fight. So if this atomic bomb works, many in the US Government believe it could finally bring Japanese resistance to an end. Robert puts out his cigarette and checks his pocket watch as the last few seconds tick down before detonation. Through a narrow slit in the bunker wall, he watches the horizon. Then, as the countdown reaches zero, a silent bright flash signals that the bomb has been detonated. After a few seconds, a fiery ball swells into the sky and then the sound of the explosion hits, growing louder and louder like a storm rolling in. The scientists and observers in bunker applaud and shake hands. They've been working on the bomb for years and they're relieved that the test seems to have been a success. But the jovial atmosphere doesn't last long. As a giant mushroom shaped cloud rises into the skies above the test site, the mood in the bunker takes on a more somber tone. The full magnitude of what they've done is sinking in because Robert's team has just unleashed a devastating new weapon on the world. For the first time in history, humanity has the means to destroy itself. A few weeks later, atomic bombs are dropped on two Japanese cities, and World War II finally comes to an end. Although Robert Oppenheimer's research brings one conflict to a conclusion, he will worry about the threat of another, far more deadly one breaking out. His concerns will eventually cost Dr. Oppenheimer his reputation and his career, but he will forever be known as the father of the atomic bomb. After the first nuclear explosion shattered the morning peace of New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. History Daily is sponsored by Atruby. Lately you may have been hearing about a serious but rare heart condition called attr Cardiac Amyloidosis or attrcm. Because symptoms can be similar to other heart conditions, it may take time to be diagnosed, but learning more about ATTRCM and a treatment called a truby Atrubi also called Acharamatis, could be important for you or a loved one. Atrubi is a prescription medicine used to treat adults with ATTRCM to reduce death and hospitalization due to heart issues. In one study, people taking Atrubey saw an impact on their health related quality of life and 50% fewer hospitalizations due to heart issues than people who didn't take Atruby, giving you more chances to do what you love with who you love. Tell your doctor if you're pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breastfeeding and about the medications you take. The most common side effects were mild and included diarrhea and abdominal pain. If you have attrcm, talk to your cardiologist about a Truby or visit attruby.com, that's a T T R U B Y.com to learn more.
- [04:02]
Travis
Travis fell in love with the perfect woman. Beautiful understanding available 247 there was just one catch. She wasn't human. Binge all episodes of Flesh and Code early and ad free right now on Wondry.
- [04:22]
Lindsey Graham
From Noiser and Airship. I'm Lindsey Graham and this is history. Daily. History is made every day on this podcast. Every day, we tell the true stories of the people and events that shaped our world. Today is July 16, 1945. The Trinity Nuclear Test it's spring, 1922, among the mountains of New Mexico, 23 years before the detonation of the first atomic bomb. 18 year old Robert Oppenheimer sways gently in his saddle as his horse picks its way across a grassy field. There's a natural beauty to this area that Robert loves. The wildflowers are in bloom, birds swoop through the air, and in the distance, red rock formations stand like sentinels on the horizon. As much as Robert enjoys trips like this, though, he's not here just for pleasure. His father has sent him here from New York to help him recover after a bad case of dysentery. Robert's father is hoping that the dry desert air will help speed his son's recovery so Robert can attend college as scheduled in the fall. Robert closes his eyes for a few seconds, feeling a warm breeze wash over him, losing himself in the stillness of the moment when he opens his eyes again. He can see the unnatural straight lines of buildings in the distance. He checks his map and discovers it's the village of Los Alamos, a relatively small settlement that's home to just a few hundred people. Robert pays it no mind, focused more on the scenery as he urges his horse forward. Robert enjoys his simple life in New Mexico for a few more months until he's strong enough to head back east and resume his studies. Robert's always been interested in science and engineering, and over the next few years, he discovers a passion for a new branch of physics. Quantum mechanics. It's an exciting time to be a scientist. The greatest minds in Europe are developing groundbreaking new theories about how matter behaves at a subatomic level. Robert wants to join these pioneers and studies and works at some of the most prestigious institutions in the world, including Harvard, Cambridge University, and the California Institute of Technology. For his innovative research. Robert becomes well known in the scientific community, but he also draws attention for the company he keeps. As the world beyond America slips into conflict in the late 1930s, the FBI starts keeping a closer eye on any Americans they feel may lack loyalty to the United States States. And that includes Robert. A number of people in Robert's social circles have ties to the American Communist party. And in March 1941, FBI agents open a file on Robert too, eventually becoming so concerned by his associates that Roberts even added to the Custodial Detention Index, a list of people who'll be considered for internment in the event of a national emergency. But despite the Suspicions of the FBI, in October 1941, Robert is approached by one of his old professors to lead a new initiative. The US Military wants him to head a top secret team that will design and build an atomic bomb. The program's codename is the Manhattan Project, and it has the backing of President Franklin D. Roosevelt himself. With all the resources of the federal government to call upon, Robert leaps at the chance to put his largely theoretical knowledge into practice. But Robert soon realizes that this weapon he's been asked to build may be used sooner than he thought. Two months after he was approached to lead the Manhattan Project, Japanese forces attack the American fleet at Pearl Harbor. The United States declares war on Japan and then its ally, Nazi Germany. So Robert's team grows larger as the US Military commits huge resources. But the generals in charge worry that enemy spies will try to infiltrate the program. They decide they need a more isolated location to keep their top secret research safe from prying eyes. And Robert knows just the place. He takes them to Los Alamos, New Mexico, the remote spot where he spent time recuperating from illness 20 years ago. For him, it's perfect and over the next few months, US army engineers build a state of the art research facility where scientists, engineers and their families will be able to live and work in in complete security. The team at Los Alamos works around the clock, worried that the Germans are also developing nuclear weapons and may be ahead of the American effort. But their fears prove unfounded. More than three years after the Manhattan Project began on July 16, 1945, Robert successfully detonates an atomic bomb in a test codenamed Trinity. The site in New Mexico is flattened by the blast, but that damage will pale in significance to the devastation wrought only a few weeks later when nuclear weapons are deployed on the battlefield for the first time. History Daily is sponsored by Indeed. In your business, you're likely working hard to slowly move people through what they call the funnel from awareness to consideration to conversion. But have you ever thought that's the exact same funnel you have to move people through when hiring? Make them aware of your job, get them to consider applying, then convert them into a great new hire. But why move them slowly? Indeed is all you need to fill your funnel fast. Because in the minute I've been Talking to you, 23 hires were made on Indeed, according to Indeed Data worldwide and with sponsored jobs. Your post jumps to the top of the page for your relevant candidates so you can reach the people you want faster. There's no reason to wait any longer. Speed up your hiring right now with Indeed and listeners of the show will get a $75 sponsored job credit. To get your jobs more visibility at Indeed.com OnThisDay just go to Indeed.com OnThisDay right now and support the show by saying you heard about Indeed. On this podc, terms and conditions apply. Hiring Indeed is all you need.
- [10:30]
Chico Felitti
Everyone has that friend who seems kind of perfect for Patty. That friend was Desiree. Until one day I texted her and.
- [10:39]
Desiree
She was not getting the text. So I went to Instagram. She has no Instagram anymore. And Facebook. No Facebook anymore.
- [10:47]
Chico Felitti
Desiree was gone. And there was one person who knew the answer.
- [10:51]
Travis
I am a spiritual person. A magical person. A witch.
- [10:56]
Chico Felitti
A gorgeous Brazilian influencer called Kat Taurus, but who was hiding a secret from Wondery. Based on my smash hit podcast from Brazil comes a new series, Don't Cross Cat, about a search that led me to a mystery in a Texas suburb.
- [11:13]
Lindsey Graham
I'm calling to check on the two missing Brazilian girls, maybe get some undercover Crew there. The family are freaking out.
- [11:20]
Chico Felitti
They are locked. I'm Chico Felitti. You can listen to Don't Cross Cat on the Wondery app or wherever you get your podcasts.
- [11:40]
Lindsey Graham
It's 8am on August 6, 1945, in the skies above Japan, three weeks after the Trinity test. Colonel Paul Tibbets looks out from the flight deck of his B29 bomber, Enola Gay. In the distance ahead, the Japanese city of Hiroshima emerges from the morning haze. Colonel Tibbets and his crew have been in the air for six hours, and they're about to reach the critical point in their mission. Colonel Tibbets has piloted aircraft on dozens of bombing runs, but none like this one. His plane is carrying just a single weapon, an atomic bomb nicknamed Little Boy. Three months ago, Adolf Hitler killed himself and Nazi Germany surrendered, ending World War II in Europe. But the Japanese have vowed to fight on. American commanders predict that multiple amphibious landings on the remaining Japanese controlled islands would result in hundreds of thousands of casualties on both sides. But thanks to Dr. Robert Oppenheimer's work at Los Alamos, the American armed forces now have another weapon at their disposal. If Colonel Tibbets and his crew succeed in their mission today, it could be the blow that will shatter Japanese resistance once and for all. When the ENOLA Gay is 10 miles out from the target, Colonel Tibbets hears a crackle of static and a few words over the intercom from the bombardier in charge of releasing Little Boy. He has the target in sight, a bridge in the heart of Hiroshima. Colonel Tibbets checks his watch and they're right on time. He gives the signal and the bombardier presses a button to release the atomic weapon, and the effect of losing 9,000 pounds of weight is instantaneous. The nose of the B29 jerks violently upwards. Colonel Tibbets pulls on the control column, yanking the aircraft into a hard right turn. He's been told to put as much distance between him and the blast as possible because only 43 seconds later, the bomb explodes 2,000ft above Hiroshima. Bright light immediately washes over the aircraft, although Colonel Tibbets and the rest of the crew have donned dark goggles to protect their eyes. A minute later, the shock wave from the explosion reaches the plane. They're nine miles away from the target by the time it hits them, but it's still powerful enough to make the whole plane shudder. The tail gunner has the best view of the explosion, and he reports that that a vast mushroom cloud has appeared over the city. It remains visible to the crew for an hour. And a half. As they race back to base, what they can't see is the reality on the ground. Half of Hiroshima has been instantly obliterated. 80,000 Japanese civilians are already dead. Three days later, an American plane drops another atomic bomb on Japan, this time over the city of Nagasaki. This bomb is of a different design, but the results are almost as devastating. 60,000 people are killed in the explosion. Then, on August 15, 1945, nine days after an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the Japanese emperor announces his country's surrender. While Americans celebrate the end of the war, the man who helped bring it to a close is conflicted. Dr. Robert Oppenheimer feels that the use of the atomic bomb at Hiroshima was a necessary show of force. But he can't help thinking that the attack on Nagasaki was unwarranted. He worries that he's changed the face of warfare and not for the better. Two days after the end of the war, Robert leaves Los Alamos and travels to Washington, D.C. to deliver a letter to the Secretary of State. In it, Robert outlines the concerns he harbors about the weapons he helped create. He's then invited to the White House to meet with President Harry Truman. During their meeting in the Oval Office, Robert tells Truman that he feels like he has blood on his hands after the death of so many civilians. But Truman has little patience for Robert's personal turmoil. He insists that as president, he was the one who chose to bomb the Japanese and the responsibility for civilian deaths is his alone. Disillusioned, Robert returns to civilian life. But his misgivings over America's policy on nuclear weapons will grow, reigniting old concerns about his loyalties. The FBI will take a renewed interest in the activities of Dr. Robert Oppenheimer. His career and reputation will be shredded. And the father of the atomic bomb will be prevented from shaping the future of his creation ever again.
- [16:04]
Abby
Today is the worst day of Abby's life. The 17 year old cradles her newborn son in her arms.
- [16:12]
Jerry Falwell
They all saw how much I loved him. They didn't have to take him from me.
- [16:15]
Abby
Between 1945 and the early 1970s, families shipped their pregnant teenage daughters to maternity homes and forced them to secretly place their babies for adoption in hidden corners across America. It's still happening.
- [16:31]
Jerry Falwell
My parents had me locked up in the godparent home against my will. They worked with them to manipulate me and to steal my son away from from me.
- [16:39]
Abby
The godparent home is the brainchild of controversial preacher Jerry Falwell, the father of the modern evangelical rite and the founder of Liberty University, where Powerful men, emboldened by their faith, determine who gets to be a parent and who must give their child away. Follow Liberty Lost on the Wondery app or wherever you get your podcasts.
- [17:15]
Lindsey Graham
It's December 2, 1963, at the White House in Washington, D.C. 18 years after the detonation of the first atomic bomb. 59 year old Robert Oppenheimer looks on as President Lyndon B. Johnson addresses a small crowd gathered in the Cabinet Room. Robert's here today to receive the Enrico Fermi Award in recognition of his contribution to nuclear science. By the end of World War II, Robert's work on the bomb had made him one of the most famous men in America. Following the conflict, he joined the Atomic Energy Committee, a new body advising the US Government on nuclear policy. In this role, Robert advised caution when developing more powerful nuclear weapons and advocated for international arms control. But in 1953, with the United States embroiled in a new Cold War, concerns resurfaced over Robert's past links to the American Communist Party. He was stripped of his security clearance and dismissed from the Atomic Energy Committee. Publicly humiliated, Robert was blacklisted and no longer able to influence how nuclear weapons were to be used. But that dispute was 10 years ago, and President Johnson has decided it's now time to reconcile with the nation's foremost scientist. President Johnson thanks Robert for his expertise and leadership of the Manhattan Project in World War II. He draws special attention to the success of the Trinity test in New Mexico. Then President Johnson shakes Robert's hand and gives him a case containing an engraved medal and certificate. Robert gladly accepts the award. Although he recognizes that it's largely symbolic, it doesn't restore his security claims clearance. And Robert remains unable to influence nuclear policy in the way he wishes. Not that he'd have much ability to do that. These days, Robert's health is failing. His hands tremble slightly as he clutches the award, and he looks gaunt in a suit that appears too large for him. And he seems to have aged much farther than his 59 years. The reason for Robert's appearance will soon become apparent. He'll be diagnosed with throat cancer and die three years after being presented with this award at the White House. But Robert's legacy will live on long after his death. Today's nuclear weapons are exponentially more powerful than those Robert created. But it seems that modern scientists and politicians have heeded the warnings that Robert issued after he gave humanity the ability to destroy the world. The nuclear war Robert Oppenheimer feared has not come to pass. And atomic bombs have only been used in combat those times two times over Japan since the detonation of the very first bomb on July 16, 1945. Next on History Daily, July 17, 1918. Following the Russian Revolution, members of a radical socialist movement execute the Romanov royal family from Noiser in Airship. This is History Daily. Hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham. Audio editing by Mohamed Shazi Sound design by Gabriel Gould Music by Throne. This episode is written and researched by Rob Scragg. Edited by Scott Reeves. Managing producer, Emily Burke. Executive producers are William Sarah Simpson for Airship and Pascal Hughes for Noiser.