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Lindsey Graham (5:17)

From Noiser and Airship. I'm Lindsey Graham and this is History Daily history is made every day on this podcast. Every day, we tell the true stories of the people and events that shaped our world. Today is July 11, 1833. Yagan Death of a Freedom Fighter It's August 12, 1829, four years before Yagan is killed. On a riverbank in Western Australia, a group of British colonial administrators have gathered to lay the foundation stone for a new settlement. Among those assembled is Lieutenant James Stirling. Stirling is a naval officer who led the first British expedition to Western Australia, exploring the region along the Swan river in hopes of establishing a colony on its banks. Stirling and his party are not the first Europeans to set foot on Australia's western shore. Dutch merchants arrived here in the 17th century, but the land was originally deemed too inhospitable to colonize. But with the British settlement of Sydney in New South Wales now thriving, Stirling felt it was time to develop an outpost in the west. And Stirling was confident he was the man for the job. Now sweating in his stiff tailcoat and necktie, Stirling watches with pride as the Union Jack flag is hoisted above the clearing. He has decided to call this new settlement Perth, after a city in his native Scotland. Stirling and the colonists were not able to find a suitable foundation stone for their new community. So they decided to chop down a tree to mark the occasion. Today, the honor of swinging the axe is given to Mrs. Helena Dance, the wife of one of Stirling's men. Mrs. Dance picks up the axe and and approaches a young eucalyptus. As Mrs. Dance strikes repeatedly at the knotted trunk, shards of bark fly through the air. The colonists laugh and applaud as the tree finally topples to the ground, sending a flock of startled cockatoos flapping into the late winter sky. But meanwhile, across the river, concealed in the shadows of the dense treeline, a group of aboriginal people from the Noongar tribe watch in silence. Among them is an elderly man with long graying hair, a tribal leader named Midjuguru. Standing by Midjuguru's side is his son, the renowned warrior Yagen. The two men watch the colonists strange tree chopping ceremony with a mixture of fear and curiosity. The Noongar have inhabited this part of southwestern Australia for over 40,000 years. And by 1829 approximately 10,000 tribespeople still live in the region. Hunting its wide river valleys and fishing along its rocky coastline. The Noongar have seen many white people come and go over the centuries. They don't know where they come from or where they go when they leave, but they have a name for them, Djanga, or white spirits. To the noongar, the Janga speak in a strange tongue, they wear strange clothes and they practice bizarre rituals. But still the nungar have generally been welcoming to these visitors as they pass through. Soon though, it becomes clear that this latest group of Janga have no intention of leaving. Houses and farms spring up with the colonists developing the land along the Swan river into what will come to be known as the Swan River Colony. And as the colony grows, the white settlers begin encroaching onto the Noongar tribe's hunting grounds, erecting fences and raising livestock. Pushed from their ancestral lands and with no place to hunt, the nungar are often forced into a desperate situation. In December 1831, Yagan, his father Mijiguru and a group of Noongar hunters sneak onto one of the colonists farms to steal chickens and potatoes. An English servant named Thomas Smedley shoots and kills one of the Noongar hunters. Yagan, his father and the rest retreat to the safety of the trees. But watching his fellow tribesmen murdered at the hand of a colonist leaves an indelible mark on Yagan. He flees from the incident, determined to seek revenge. A few days later, Yagen, Nijiguro and a group of warrior tribesmen approach the farm at dusk. As they creep through an adjacent field, fruit bats flush across the darkening sky and the sound of crickets resonates from the surrounding bush. Silently, the warriors surround the farmhouse. They begin striking at the mud brick walls with their spears, trying to break inside. Suddenly, the front door flies open. Yagan sees a white man standing there, another servant named Eren Entwistle. Yagan raises his spear and hurls the weapon with power and accuracy. Aaron staggers backwards. A moment later, two pale young faces emerge from the gloomy threshold. Aaron's children stare in horror at their father's blood soaked corpse. Then they look up with wide eyes at the towering aboriginal warrior looming over them. His face painted with tribal markings and a red and black feather protruding from his headband. Yagen has no intention of killing the children. The murder of his kinsmen has already been avenged. There is no need for further bloodshed. Yagan, Michiguru and the others run off into the night. According to the principles of tribal law, killing a member of Thomas Smedley's family group is not merely retribution, but justice. Blood for blood. But the colonists will not see it this way. Instead, the murder of Aaron Entwistle will cause outrage throughout the Swan River Colony, prompting colonial authorities to place a bounty on Yegan's head, sparking a deadly period of bloody violence. History Daily is sponsored by Indeed. In your business, you're likely working hard to slowly move people through what they call the funnel from awareness to consideration to conversion. But have you ever thought that's the exact same funnel you have to move people through when hiring? Make them aware of your job, get them to consider applying, then convert them into a great new hire. 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Lindsey Graham (13:00)

It's early October 1832 in Western Australia, two years before the death of Yagen. As Yagen walks along the banks of the Swan river, he sees a fishing boat. Yagan instinctively raises his spear, but the fishermen insist they mean no harm. They hold up a loaf of bread and offer it to Yagin. The noongar warrior is hungry, so he approaches the boat. Over the last few months, relations between the local Aboriginal tribe and the British colonists have become increasingly fraught. Many colonists believe Yagen is responsible, so the authorities put a price on his head and soon word spread throughout the colony of the reward on offer for anyone who can capture Yagan dead or Alive. But Yagan doesn't know he's a wanted man. All he knows is that he and his people cannot hunt because of the presence of the white settlers, and he's desperate for something to eat. Now Yagan climbs aboard the fishing boat, enticed by the promise of bread. But as soon as Yagan boards the vessel, he realizes he's fallen for a trap. The fishermen open their coats to reveal muskets hidden beneath. They quickly bind his wrists with rope and set sail for Fremantle, a colonial settlement at the mouth of the Swan River. There, Yagan is marched through the streets toward the roundhouse prison. By now, Yagan's infamy has spread throughout the colony. When the locals hear that Yagan has been captured, the streets fill with onlookers craning their necks to catch a glimpse of the fearsome noongar warrior. Yagan is thrown into a cell in the roundhouse. He looks around in puzzlement at this strange and unfamiliar environment. He approaches the bars of his cell and grips the cold metal with his hands. Anger rises in his chest. These white men have invaded his home, driven him from his ancestral lands and subjected him to foreign laws alien to his culture. And for breaking those laws, they have put him in chains. Yagan rests his forehead against the iron bars and moans softly. Meanwhile, colonial officials discuss what to do with the prisoner. In a meeting chaired by the governor of the colony, Lieutenant James Sterling, it's decided unanimously that Yagan should be put to death. But during the discussion, one man steps forward in Yagan's defense. Robert Lyon is a British ethnographer tasked with studying the indigenous peoples of Australia. Robert is appalled by the Swan river colonists treatment of the local aboriginal population. He argues that Yegan is not a common criminal, but rather a freedom fighter for his people. And as such, Robert argues, he should be punished as a prisoner of war. Robert makes a passionate but reasoned plea, and ultimately, Governor Sterling is moved. He concedes and reduces Yagan's sentence to exile on Carnack Island, a desolate outcrop six miles off the coast. So in October of 1832, Yagan and two other indigenous prisoners are shipped to the isolated and windswept Carnak Island. There they are locked in a rudimentary prison and guarded by two disinterested officers. Robert Lyon is granted permission to supervise the prisoners, and using the time to study indigenous culture, he attempts to bridge the divide between the colonists and the natives. As the weeks go on, Robert spends hours each day with Yegan, teaching him English and attempting to convert him to Christianity. Robert ultimately hopes to persuade Yagin to accept colonial authority. And gradually, Yagin does seem to soften to Robert. Robert's relieved, delighted and vindicated in his belief that Yagan deserved more human treatment. He scorns the fools in the colonial administration who wanted to execute Yagin. As if violence ever solved anything. Instead, Robert thinks proudly, through kindness and education, I have turned a savage into a gentleman. On November 15, Robert heads to the prison building for his regular morning lessons with the captives. But as he approaches the facility, he notices movement down the beach. It's Yagin and the two other prisoners. Somehow, they've broken free and stolen a small boat. With a jolt of panic, Robert races to the shoreline to halt their escape. But it's too late. The boat is already beyond earshot. Deflated, Robert watches as the boat recedes to a mere speck on the horizon. Immediately, Yagan returns to his homeland. But the colonial authorities do not give pursuit. They decide he's already been punished enough for his crimes. And in the months that follow, relations between the colonists and the noongar begin to improve. In January 1833, Yeagen and several other tribespeople meet with a delegation of white settlers on the outskirts of Governor Stirling's colony, Perth. The meeting takes the form of a traditional aboriginal gathering, or corroboree. Yagin and his kinsmen perform traditional dances and compete at spear throwing. The atmosphere is one of convivial good cheer and the Perth Gazette will later describe Yagin as the master of ceremonies who acquitted himself with infinite grace and dignity. But the neighborly spirit will not last. Only months later, in April, Yagen and his father, Mijiguru, will lead an ambush on a wagon train near Bull Creek outside Perth, where the raid will turn ugly and two colonists will be killed in the struggle. In retaliation, the colonial authorities will capture Mejiguru and execute the tribal leader by firing squad. With his father dead, Yagen will once again vow vengeance ending all hope of reconciliation between the noongar and the colonists.

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Lindsey Graham (19:31)

Original series the Gilded Age is back, and so is the official companion podcast. Are you curious about how they brought Gilded Age New York to life? I don't understand.

Audible Advertiser (19:42)

Which bit is not clear? None of it is clear.

Lindsey Graham (19:45)

Want to know where the writers branched off from history?

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Lindsey Graham (19:53)

Watch or listen to the official Gilded Age podcast. Wherever you find podcasts it's July 11, 1833. Jaegen leads a small group of Noongar warriors along the Swan River. Back in April, Yagan and his father, Mijiguru, led an ambush on a wagon train that resulted in two dead colonists. In retaliation, the colonial authorities captured Mijiguru, and after a brief show trial, they executed the tribal leader. But Yagin didn't know it. He knew his father had been captured, but he didn't know know where he'd been taken or of his ultimate dark fate. Trying to find more information, Yagin walked onto the property of a colonist named George Fletcher Moore. Yagan was not looking for a fight. He only wanted to know where his father was. But Moore lied to him, telling Yagan that his father had been arrested and was awaiting trial on Karnak Island. Yegan looked Moore in the eye and in broken English, warned, if the white men shoot his father, Yagan will kill three white men. And with that, he turned and vanished. Today, months later, Yagan stalks along the Swan river, scanning the bush for signs of danger. Suddenly, he stops. He sees two white teenage boys herding cattle on the riverbank. The boys turn and see the Noongar warriors, who brandish their spears. But Yagin calms down his men. He can see that they're merely children and no threat. The teenage boys, brothers William and James Keats, approach the Noongar. They recognize Yagen and tell him the area is crawling with colonists seeking his capture. Dead or alive, the brothers invite Yagan to shelter with them till it's safe to continue on. Hesitantly, the great warrior agrees. But as soon as the Noongar lower their spears, William and Janes produce pistols. Yagan backs away slowly, but just as he's about to turn and run, William pulls the trigger, shooting Yegan dead. The brothers quickly mount their horses and ride away, but they can't outrun the Noomgar spears. One of Yegan's kinsmen takes aim and throws his weapon, piercing William through the chest and killing him instantly. James manages to escape by abandoning his horse and swimming across the river to safety. He's lost his brother, but he proclaims the news of Yagan's death and claims the reward. Yagin was one of the first resistance fighters to stand up for Aboriginal rights against the colonizing British. Yagan's murder is part of a long and troubled history of colonial aggression and dispossession that persists long after he's gone. Immediately after Yegan's killing, his severed head is sent to England, where it is displayed at the Liverpool Museum as a curiosity. Over 150 years later, in 1997, a lobbying group of Noongar activists finally reclaim and repatriate Yagin's head. On July 10, 2010, following the creation of the Yagin Memorial park in Western Australia, the warrior's head is finally laid to rest, putting an end to a sad saga that began following Yagen's murder on July 11, 1833. Next on History Daily July 14, 1970 A New York City hospital is taken over by a group of Puerto Rican activists demanding better health care from Noser and Airship. This is History Daily Hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham Audio editing by Derek Behrens Sound design by Misha Stanton Music by Lindsey Graham. This episode is written and researched by Joe Viner. Executive producers are Steven Walters for Airship and Pascal Hughes for Noiser.

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