History Extra Podcast: "Mary of Modena: Life of the Week" – Detailed Summary

Release Date: August 11, 2025

In this compelling episode of the History Extra podcast, hosted by Eleanor Evans, historian and author Breeze Barrington delves deep into the tumultuous life of Maria of Modena, the second wife of King James II of England and VII of Scotland. Drawing from Breeze's extensive research and her book, The Extraordinary Untold Lives of Women at the Restoration Court, the episode offers a vivid portrayal of Maria's personal struggles, political challenges, and enduring legacy.

1. Introduction to Maria of Modena and Her Arrival in England

The episode opens with Breeze Barrington setting the stage for Maria's story:

"Imagine being forced to give birth to a baby in front of as many as 80 witnesses amid a climate of suspicion and fear..." ([00:32]).

Historical Context: Maria of Modena, a 15-year-old Catholic Italian princess, was married to the Protestant heir James, who would later become King James II of England. Her marriage was not just a union of two individuals but a strategic alliance aimed at restoring Catholicism in England.

Arrival Amidst Merriment: In 1673, Maria arrives in England during the reign of Charles II, a period marked by Restoration's exuberance but also underlying instability. Charles II, though restored to the throne, had not fulfilled all the hopes attached to his reign, leaving the monarchy on precarious grounds.

2. Maria's Forced Marriage and Early Struggles

Marriage Under Duress: Eleanor Evans prompts Breeze to explain why Maria became James's wife:

"James... was looking for a new wife... Eyes turned towards Maria because of her Catholic faith and beauty." ([05:00]).

Breeze elaborates on the political maneuvering that led to Maria's marriage:

"Maria was just a 15-year-old girl who'd wanted to become a nun, who is now being told by the Pope that she's got to go to England and she's got to marry the 40-year-old heir..." ([07:20]).

Overwhelming Reception: Upon her arrival, Maria faced hostility:

"There were effigies of the Pope being burned in the streets... she arrives in this very anti environment as a Catholic princess." ([10:00]).

Emotional Turmoil: Maria's personal letters reveal her emotional state:

"I cry many times and grieve much, being unable to rid myself of melancholy, though blessed be God, this is my cross." ([12:12]).

3. Navigating the Restoration Court

Court Life and Patronage: Despite initial unpopularity, Maria worked diligently to integrate into the Restoration court:

"She learned English quickly and took on patronage roles, supporting maids of honour like Sarah Jennings, who became Sarah Churchill." ([16:00]).

Supporting Women in the Arts: Maria fostered an environment where women could thrive artistically:

"Anne Killigrew and Anne Kingsmill went on to be celebrated poets, thanks to Maria's patronage." ([17:45]).

Creating a Haven: Maria's court became a sanctuary for female artists:

"Anne Killegrew wrote a poem defending her work against accusations of plagiarism, showcasing her literary prowess." ([19:00]).

4. Political Tensions and the Glorious Revolution

Succession Crisis: Maria's primary role was to produce a Catholic heir, placing immense pressure on her:

"She had about 10 pregnancies, but only one child survived, which became the source of much turmoil." ([15:42]).

Anti-Catholic Sentiment: The pervasive anti-Catholic environment in England created continuous challenges:

"Rumours spread that Maria was the Pope's bastard daughter, and scurrilous pamphlets wished her ill." ([13:43]).

The Baby in the Bedpan Scandal: A pivotal moment leading to the Glorious Revolution was the birth of Maria's son:

"There were rumours that the baby was smuggled in a bedpan, despite witnesses affirming its legitimacy." ([38:38]).

Invitation to William of Orange: These rumours provided the pretext for seven politicians to invite William of Orange to invade England, culminating in the overthrow of James II on November 5th.

5. Exile in France and Final Years

Departure to France: Following the Glorious Revolution, Maria and James fled to France:

"They initially hoped for a return but were met with betrayal as key court members sided with William." ([38:54]).

Life in Exile: In France, Maria continued her patronage and spiritual pursuits:

"She became the patron of a convent of the Order of the Sisters of the Visitation, mirroring her earlier desires in Modena." ([40:00]).

Final Years: Maria's later years were marked by piety and solitude:

"She spent her time in confession and devotion, largely isolated from her family who remained in exile." ([42:12]).

Enduring Legacy: Breeze emphasizes Maria's resilience and strength:

"She was resilient, strong, and powerful. Despite immense adversity, she continually rebuilt her life and forged meaningful relationships." ([43:01]).

6. Conclusion: Maria of Modena's Impact

Breeze Barrington concludes by highlighting Maria's significance:

"Everybody... had to admit that she was exceptionally impressive. Her great resilience and appeal are her enduring legacies." ([44:00]).

Eleanor Evans acknowledges the depth of Maria's story and its often-overlooked place in British history, urging listeners to explore further through Breeze's article in the August issue of BBC History magazine.

Notable Quotes:

• "Maria's faith and foreignness later became literally lightning rods for xenophobia and misogyny in Restoration era England." – Breeze Barrington ([00:32])

• "I am in good health, dear Mother, thank God, but I cannot yet accustom myself to this state of life..." – Maria of Modena's letter ([12:12])

• "The words I would use to describe her would really be resilient, strong and powerful." – Breeze Barrington ([43:01])

This episode offers a nuanced exploration of Maria of Modena's life, shedding light on her personal resilience amidst political upheaval and societal challenges. Breeze Barrington's detailed account underscores Maria's pivotal role in the Restoration court and her enduring legacy as a strong, influential woman of her time.

For those interested in a deeper dive, Breeze's article on Maria of Modena is available in the August issue of BBC History magazine and can be accessed through HistoryExtra.com.