History Extra Podcast - Episode Summary: "The Unification of Italy: Everything You Wanted to Know"

Release Date: May 3, 2025
Host: Spencer Mizzen
Guest: David Lavin, Associate Professor at the University of Nottingham
Production: Daniel Kramer Arden

Introduction

In this episode of the History Extra Podcast, hosted by Spencer Mizzen and featuring historian David Lavin, the complex and transformative period of the Italian unification, known as the Risorgimento, is thoroughly examined. The discussion delves into the political, social, and military facets that shaped modern Italy, exploring key figures, pivotal battles, and the lasting legacy of unification.

Understanding the Risorgimento

David Lavin begins by defining the Risorgimento as the series of political and military events that culminated in the unification of Italy in 1861. He explains, “[...] the key process I would have thought would be after the end of the Napoleonic wars through to the final and complete unification of Italy in 1870” (02:38). Lavin emphasizes the significance of this period, noting that the modern Italian state grapples with regional identities and the legacy of unification’s challenges. He states, “The modern Italian state is a slightly problematic state in that an awful lot of Italians today still don't feel particularly attached to it” (03:55).

Historical Backstory and Momentum

When exploring the origins and rise of the unification movement, Lavin traces the roots back to the aftermath of the Roman Empire and the Napoleonic Wars. He highlights the impact of Napoleon Bonaparte’s campaigns in Italy, which introduced administrative reforms but also fueled nationalist sentiments. Lavin remarks, “Napoleon's satellite states... subjects to French rule... an efficient administration, standardized laws...” (05:53), illustrating the dual impact of foreign domination and the allure of modernization.

Popular Support and Regional Divides

Addressing whether unification enjoyed widespread popular support, Lavin acknowledges the debate among historians. He suggests that while nationalism provided an ideological framework, genuine enthusiasm was often limited to the educated elite. Lavin observes, “The vast majority of Italians didn't wake up in the morning thinking, oh, I'm Italian” (09:43), pointing out the strong regional identities and varying loyalties that complicated unified national sentiment.

Political Landscape Pre-Unification

On the eve of the unification movement gaining momentum, Lavin paints a picture of a fragmented Italy comprising multiple states under foreign and domestic rulers. He details the major states, including the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia under Austrian control, the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Lavin explains, “There's a patchwork of different states... even within individual states, there's a lot of difference” (12:19), highlighting the political fragmentation that unification sought to overcome.

Key Figures: Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Mazzini emerges as a central ideological figure in the Risorgimento. Lavin describes Mazzini as the "soul" of the movement, whose democratic republicanism inspired many despite his limited direct political success. He states, “Mazzini... spends most of his life in exile... inspires Garibaldi” (17:27), emphasizing Mazzini’s role in shaping the ideological underpinnings of unification.

Giuseppe Garibaldi, on the other hand, represents the romantic and militaristic force driving unification. Lavin highlights Garibaldi’s charismatic leadership and military prowess, stating, “Garibaldi is arguably the central figure in this entire movement and certainly the most romantic” (21:31). He recounts Garibaldi’s exploits, including his daring campaign in Sicily, which significantly advanced the cause of unification despite challenges.

Militaristic Campaigns: Five Landmark Moments

To simplify the intricate military endeavors of the Risorgimento, Lavin outlines five critical milestones:

1. The Wars of 1848-1849:
   Lavin recounts the unsuccessful attempts by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia to challenge Austrian dominance, with defeats at the Battles of Custoza and Novara (25:49).

2. The Franco-Piedmontese Alliance (1859):
   Formed by Count Camillo di Cavour, this alliance with Napoleon III led to victories at the Battles of Magenta and Solferino, effectively weakening Austrian control in Northern Italy (25:49).

3. Garibaldi’s Expedition to Sicily (1860):
   Garibaldi’s landing at Marsala with a small force led to the swift conquest of Sicily and Naples, significantly expanding the Italian unification movement (25:49).

4. The Siege of Gaeta (1861):
   The prolonged defense by Bourbon forces in Gaeta marked the consolidation of Southern Italy into the unified state despite fierce resistance (25:49).

5. The Austro-Prussian War and the Final Annexation of Venetia and Rome (1866-1870):
   The decisive Prussian victory led to Austria ceding Venetia to Italy, while the Franco-Prussian conflict facilitated the annexation of Rome, completing unification (32:21).

Lavin emphasizes the strategic alliances and international support that were crucial in these military successes, particularly the role of Britain’s diplomatic recognition.

The Aftermath of Unification

Post-unification Italy faced significant internal challenges. Lavin discusses widespread dissatisfaction, especially in the South, where repression and economic disparities fueled ongoing unrest. He notes, “Between 1861 and 1865, there is almost constant rebellion in the south” (37:37), highlighting the persistent regional tensions that plagued the newly unified nation.

Politically, the Kingdom of Italy struggled with limited suffrage and economic difficulties, leading to mass emigration and continued social fragmentation. Lavin points out, “Economic problems that lead to mass immigration... the emigration to Germany and to France... the majority of Argentina's population are in fact Italian in origin” (39:29).

Legacy and Modern Perceptions

Garibaldi’s enduring legacy is a testament to his pivotal role in unification. Lavin describes him as a national hero whose image transcended political divides: “Garibaldi becomes this one national hero you can't have a go at” (39:32). His contributions are honored across Italy, from statues to street names, symbolizing the unifying spirit he embodied.

However, the Risorgimento remains a contested historical narrative within Italy. Lavin observes, “It's for some Italians it remains divisive” (41:36), noting ongoing regional separatist movements and debates over the portrayal of unification heroes. The episode concludes by reflecting on how the Risorgimento continues to influence contemporary Italian politics and identity, serving as a focal point for both national pride and regional dissent.

Notable Quotes with Timestamps

• David Lavin (02:38):
  “The Risorgimento is the term that we generally use to describe the processes leading up to and including the unification of Italy.”

• David Lavin (03:55):
  “The modern Italian state is a slightly problematic state in that an awful lot of Italians today still don't feel particularly attached to it.”

• David Lavin (09:43):
  “The vast majority of Italians didn't wake up in the morning thinking, oh, I'm Italian, I want to get rid of my Austrian or Bourbon or Papal ruler.”

• David Lavin (12:19):
  “There's a patchwork of different states... even within individual states, there's a lot of difference.”

• David Lavin (17:27):
  “Giuseppe Mazzini is somehow the soul. He's the sort of spiritual guide of Italy.”

• David Lavin (21:31):
  “Garibaldi is arguably the central figure in this entire movement and certainly the most romantic.”

• David Lavin (25:49):
  “First of all, we have to think about the 1848, 1849 wars.”

• David Lavin (37:37):
  “Between 1861 and 1865, there is almost constant rebellion in the south.”

• David Lavin (39:32):
  “Garibaldi becomes this one national hero you can't have a go at.”

• David Lavin (41:36):
  “It's for some Italians it remains divisive.”

Conclusion

The unification of Italy, as explored in this episode of the History Extra Podcast, was a multifaceted process driven by passionate leaders, strategic alliances, and significant military campaigns. While it successfully forged a modern nation-state, the Risorgimento left enduring regional divisions and socio-political challenges that continue to shape Italy today. David Lavin’s insights provide a nuanced understanding of this pivotal moment in history, highlighting both the triumphs and tribulations of Italy’s journey towards unification.

Join the Conversation:
Unlock full access to HistoryExtra.com for six months for just 99p here.