History That Doesn't Suck – Episode 175: The Dirty Thirties (The New Deal pt. 2): Dust, Doubts, and the “Second” New Deal
Release Date: March 10, 2025
Host: Prof. Greg Jackson
Introduction
In Episode 175 of History That Doesn't Suck, Professor Greg Jackson delves deep into the tumultuous era of the 1930s, exploring the complexities of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, the societal upheavals of the Dust Bowl, and the legendary tales of Bonnie and Clyde. This episode masterfully intertwines personal narratives with broader historical movements, providing listeners with a comprehensive understanding of a decade marked by struggle, innovation, and resilience.
The End of Bonnie and Clyde
The episode opens with a gripping recount of Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow’s demise on a sweltering morning in May 1934. Jackson paints a vivid picture of the six lawmen, led by semi-retired Texas Ranger Frank Hamer, lying in wait near Mount Lebanon, Louisiana, anticipating the infamous outlaw couple's arrival.
- Notable Quote:
“Bonnie and Clyde are dead. Welcome to history that doesn't suck.”
— Prof. Greg Jackson [26:42]
The narrative details the intricate setup involving Ivan Medvin's deceptive truck and the tense moments leading to the fatal confrontation. The death of Bonnie and Clyde not only marked the end of their criminal spree but also cemented their status as legendary outlaws akin to Jesse James and Al Capone.
Legacy of Bonnie and Clyde
Jackson emphasizes the lasting impact of Bonnie and Clyde on American folklore, highlighting how their story transcended their actual crimes to symbolize the turbulent spirit of the Great Depression era.
Post-First New Deal Challenges
Transitioning from the outlaw narrative, the episode shifts focus to Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration post the first 100 days of the New Deal. Jackson examines the mixed reception of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), underscoring the friction between capital and labor.
- Notable Quote:
“To few, it'll be grief. To the law, a relief. But it's death for Bonnie and Clyde, prescient.”
— Prof. Greg Jackson [28:24]
The segment explores how businesses viewed the NIRA as overreaching, while labor groups found it insufficient. This dichotomy set the stage for significant labor unrest, including the infamous Bloody Thursday strike in San Francisco.
Strikes and Labor Conflicts
One of the episode's highlights is the detailed account of Bloody Thursday on July 5, 1934. Jackson describes the violent confrontation between 5,000 striking longshoremen and a thousand-strong police force, resulting in multiple casualties and igniting a cascade of strikes nationwide.
- Notable Quote:
“Thousands gathered at Pier 30, and by the day's end, there were scores of wounded and two deaths.”
— Prof. Greg Jackson [26:42]
This event not only exemplified the intense labor-capital clashes but also showcased the limitations of the New Deal's early efforts to balance these competing interests.
The Dust Bowl: A Nation in Crisis
The episode delves into the environmental catastrophe of the Dust Bowl, a severe period of dust storms that devastated the Southern Plains. Through personal stories, including that of teenagers Ike Austin, Tex Acre, and Pearl Glover, Jackson illustrates the harrowing conditions faced by farmers and their families.
- Notable Quote:
“If it rains, like his photographer Harry Eisenhard's photo of their car ominously parked in front of a black, swirling tidal wave of dust, Robert's phrase the Dust bowl sweeps the world.”
— Prof. Greg Jackson [26:42]
The narrative underscores the socio-economic impact of the Dust Bowl, leading to mass migrations and further strain on the government's relief efforts.
The Second New Deal and Keynesian Economics
In response to mounting challenges, FDR launched the Second New Deal in 1935, embracing more progressive and Keynesian economic policies aimed at stimulating demand through government spending. Jackson explains how this shift marked a departure from the first New Deal's focus on recovery and reform.
Key Legislation Discussed:
-
Social Security Act of 1935:
- Established unemployment insurance, pensions for the elderly, and benefits for dependent children.
- Notable Quote:
“There is no reason why everybody in the United States should not be covered.”
— FDR to Labor Secretary Francis Perkins [26:42]
-
Public Utility Holding Company Act:
- Broke up dominant utility companies to promote competition and prevent monopolistic practices.
-
Revenue Act of 1935 (Wealth Tax):
- Imposed progressive taxes up to 75% on the highest earners to fund New Deal programs.
-
Banking Act:
- Strengthened the Federal Reserve Board to stabilize the banking sector.
Works Progress Administration (WPA) vs. Public Works Administration (PWA)
Jackson differentiates between the WPA and PWA, two pivotal agencies established under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935.
- Public Works Administration (PWA):
- Focused on large infrastructure projects like the Lincoln Tunnel and the Hoover Dam.
- Works Progress Administration (WPA):
- Led by Harry Hopkins, it employed over 8 million workers to build roads, bridges, schools, and parks. Additionally, the WPA supported cultural projects, including the famous Migrant Mother photograph by Dorothea Lange.
Cultural Impact: Migrant Mother
A poignant segment of the episode recounts Dorothea Lange's creation of the iconic Migrant Mother photograph, symbolizing the suffering and resilience of Dust Bowl migrants.
- Notable Quote:
“For countless Americans, this photo becomes the most iconic, singular image of the Great Depression.”
— Prof. Greg Jackson [26:42]
The image not only influenced public perception but also spurred federal aid, showcasing the power of media in shaping policy responses.
Supreme Court Challenges to the New Deal
Jackson addresses the significant opposition FDR faced from the Supreme Court, which deemed several New Deal measures unconstitutional.
-
ALA Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States:
- The Court struck down the NIRA and the NRA, citing overreach into states' rights and violations of the separation of powers.
-
Other Verdicts on Black Monday (May 27, 1935):
- Louisville Bank v. Radford
- Humphrey's Executor v. United States
- Both cases reinforced the Court's resistance to New Deal legislation.
- Notable Quote:
“Congress is not permitted to abdicate or to transfer to others the essential legislative functions.”
— Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes [26:42]
Personal Losses and Political Setbacks
The episode poignantly covers the personal toll on FDR's administration, including the resignation of loyal advisor Ray Moley and the death of close confidant Louis Howe.
-
Louis Howe’s Death:
Jackson describes the somber funeral of Louis Howe, underscoring his integral role in FDR's political life. -
Notable Quote:
“Louis was always there for Franklin, his constant cheerleader, yet just as ready to tell him when he's being a damn fool right to his face.”
— Prof. Greg Jackson [49:17]
These losses weakened FDR's advisory circle, intensifying his reliance on expanding executive power.
1936 Election and FDR’s Landslide Victory
Despite the Supreme Court's setbacks and ongoing economic challenges, FDR mounted a formidable campaign for re-election. The episode details his electrifying speech at Madison Square Garden, where he countered criticisms and solidified his New Deal legacy.
- Notable Quote:
“We have not come thus far without a struggle. And I assure you that we cannot go further without a struggle.”
— Franklin D. Roosevelt [58:27]
Jackson highlights the immense support FDR garnered, leading to a landslide victory with 27 million votes and 523 electoral votes, securing 46 out of 48 states.
Second Inaugural Speech and Mandate
FDR’s second inaugural address celebrated the successes of the New Deal while acknowledging the persistent hardships faced by millions. He emphasized the government's role as a trustee for all citizens, reinforcing his commitment to continuing the New Deal’s transformative agenda.
- Notable Quote:
“The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little.”
— Franklin D. Roosevelt [60:01]
Conclusion
Episode 175 adeptly captures the essence of the 1930s, illustrating the interplay between political ambition, environmental disaster, and societal transformation. Professor Greg Jackson skillfully navigates through complex historical events, providing listeners with both detailed accounts and insightful analysis. As FDR enters his second term with a clear mandate, the stage is set for further exploration of the New Deal’s enduring impact and the evolving relationship between government, labor, and capital.
Notable Quotes and Attributions
-
Prof. Greg Jackson:
- “History that doesn't suck.” [01:00]
- “Bonnie and Clyde are dead. Welcome to history that doesn't suck.” [26:42]
-
Franklin D. Roosevelt:
- “There is no reason why everybody in the United States should not be covered.” [26:42]
- “We have not come thus far without a struggle. And I assure you that we cannot go further without a struggle.” [58:27]
- “The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little.” [60:01]
-
Senator Hiram Johnson of California:
- “There is a revolt in the air, in the Congress.” [28:24]
-
Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes:
- “Congress is not permitted to abdicate or to transfer to others the essential legislative functions.” [26:42]
Episode Credits and Acknowledgments
- Research and Writing: Greg Jackson and Will King
- Production: Airship
- Sound Design: Molly Bach
- Theme Music: Greg Jackson, Lindsey Graham
- Supporters: Special thanks to all patrons and supporters listed at the episode's end.
For a complete bibliography of sources and further reading, visit htdspodcast.com.