History That Doesn’t Suck Episode 178: “A Damn Big Dam”: Taming the Colorado River with the Hoover (or Boulder) Dam (Infrastructure pt. 1) Release Date: May 5, 2025 Host: Prof. Greg Jackson

1. Introduction: The Ambitious Vision

The episode opens on a sweltering afternoon in August 1931, setting the stage for one of America's most monumental engineering projects—the construction of what was initially known as Boulder Dam and later as Hoover Dam. Located in the unforgiving Black Canyon along the Colorado River, the dam was envisioned as a transformative infrastructure capable of irrigating arid landscapes, generating hydroelectric power, and fundamentally reshaping the American Southwest.

Key Points:

• Black Canyon: Selected for its solid volcanic breccia walls, perfect for dam construction.
• Six Companies Consortium: An alliance of six major construction firms tasked with building the dam.
• Frank Crow: Superintendent of construction, known for his demanding leadership style.

2. Labor Challenges and Worker Conditions

Upon arrival at the construction site, over 100 workers faced a significant setback when Six Companies reduced pay for key positions, triggering widespread anger and discontent. The workers, already enduring extreme heat and poor living conditions, were pushed to their limits.

Notable Quote:

"These men are about to start the swing shift doing just that." — Greg Jackson [05:15]

Key Points:

• Pay Cuts: Muckers and nippers saw their wages drop by 20%.
• Living Conditions: Poor ventilation, inadequate water supply, and exploitation during mealtimes.
• Strike Initiation: Influenced by members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), leading to a collective strike for better conditions.

3. The Strike and Its Aftermath

The strike peaked with 600 workers rallying in Boulder City, presenting a non-radical set of demands aimed at securing fair wages, adequate water, and reasonable working hours. Despite their efforts, Superintendent Frank Crow responded harshly by terminating all contracts and attempting to evict the strikers.

Notable Quote:

"Frank shuts down all work, fires all 1400 employees and... orders them to leave the project reservation." — Greg Jackson [12:45]

Key Points:

• Demands: Better pay, eight-hour workdays, compliance with labor laws, and protection for strikers.
• Government Intervention: Labor Secretary William Doak was contacted for protection, but effective assistance was limited.
• Forced Eviction Attempt: Six Companies' aggressive tactics were thwarted only by a U.S. Deputy Marshal.

4. Selection of the Dam Site

The narrative traces back to the 19th century, highlighting visionary figures like Oliver Wozencraft and Charles Robinson Rockwood, who initially dreamed of harnessing the Colorado River. Their early efforts laid the groundwork for the eventual selection of Black Canyon as the dam's location, driven by geological assessments favoring its suitability.

Key Points:

• Oliver Wozencraft: Early proponent whose failed attempts inspired future reclamation efforts.
• William P. Blake: Compared the Colorado River to the Nile, emphasizing its potential for irrigation.
• Walker Young: Lead engineer whose survey identified Black Canyon as the optimal site.

5. Bidding and Construction Commences

In March 1931, after rejecting four exorbitant bids, the Bureau of Reclamation selected Six Companies to undertake the dam project. This consortium, led by experienced firms like Bechtel and Henry J. Kaiser, was tasked with a stringent seven-year deadline to complete the dam, fostering a high-pressure environment that prioritized speed over safety.

Notable Quote:

"This dam is just a dam. But it's a damn big dam." — Will Wattis, Vice President of Six Companies [18:22]

Key Points:

• Six Companies Composition: Included major firms specializing in various construction aspects.
• Contract Terms: Five key features, including river diversion, concrete arch gravity dam, spillways, outlet works, and a massive power plant.
• Pressure for Speed: Frank Crow's nickname "Hurry Up Crow" underscores the relentless pace imposed on workers.

6. Construction Challenges and Safety Hazards

The construction of the Hoover Dam was fraught with immense challenges, including extreme weather, hazardous working conditions, and frequent accidents. The use of dynamite for blasting rock created a perilous environment, leading to numerous injuries and fatalities among workers.

Notable Quote:

"Between high voltage electric lines near water dynamite, cave-ins and carbon monoxide poisoning, it's fair to say that both accidents and deaths are not a question of if, but when." — Greg Jackson [35:10]

Key Points:

• Tunneling Efforts: Four massive tunnels were excavated to divert the Colorado River, each 56 feet in diameter and 4,000 feet long.
• Worker Safety: Implementing measures like limiting gas-based trucks in tunnels faced resistance from Six Companies.
• High Scalation Workers: Specialized teams known as high scalers worked precariously on canyon walls to ensure safety by removing loose debris.

7. Political Influence and Naming Controversy

The project's progression was heavily influenced by political maneuvers, particularly during the transition from President Herbert Hoover to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Interior Secretary Harold Ickes sought to rename Boulder Dam back to its original designation, distancing the project from Hoover amidst emerging scandals and labor disputes.

Notable Quote:

"I have the honor to name this greatest project of all time the Hoover Dam." — Interior Secretary Ray Wilbur [40:05]

Key Points:

• Name Change: Harold Ickes' push to revert to "Boulder Dam" was both a political statement and an attempt to preserve the project's legacy.
• Labor Practices: Ickes confronted Six Companies over racial discrimination, leading to the inclusion of black workers in Boulder City.
• Leadership Shifts: The death of Warren Bechtel and the rise of his son Steve highlighted internal changes within Six Companies.

8. Completion and Legacy of the Dam

Despite ongoing challenges, including the Great Depression, political shifts, and the loss of over 100 lives, the Hoover Dam was completed ahead of its revised schedule. It became a symbol of American ingenuity and resilience, providing essential water and power resources that continue to benefit millions in the Southwest.

Notable Quote:

"There's something peculiarly satisfying about building a great dam. You know what you have built will stand for centuries." — Frank Crow [55:20]

Key Points:

• Final Construction Phase: By 1935, major components like intake towers, spillways, and the power plant were operational.
• Dedication Ceremony: President Franklin D. Roosevelt officially dedicated the dam in a historic event, cementing its status as a national marvel.
• Impact: The dam's success facilitated the growth of cities like Los Angeles and Las Vegas, transforming the region's economy and environment.

9. Conclusion: A Testament to American Spirit

The episode concludes by reflecting on the monumental effort and sacrifices made to build the Hoover Dam. It stands as a testament to the American spirit of determination and ingenuity, shaping the landscape and livelihoods of millions while leaving a complex legacy marked by both triumphs and tragedies.

Final Quote:

"Frank's right that the Hoover Dam will likely stand for centuries to come." — Greg Jackson [58:15]

Supporting Materials:

• Research and Production: Episode researched and written by Greg Jackson and Riley Ballard. Produced by Airship, with sound design by Molly and additional composition by Lindsey Graham.
• Credits: Special thanks to all premium members and patrons supporting the podcast.

Join the Conversation: For more detailed accounts and future episodes delving deeper into iconic American infrastructure, subscribe to "History That Doesn’t Suck" and become a premium member at htspodcast.com.