In Our Time: History - "Plutarch's Parallel Lives" Summary

Episode Release Date: January 16, 2025
Host: BBC Radio 4 | Produced by Melvyn Bragg
Guests: Judith Mossman (Professor Emeritus of Classics, Coventry University), Andrew Erskine (Professor of Ancient History, University of Edinburgh), Paul Cartledge (Senior Research Fellow, Clare College, University of Cambridge)

Introduction to Plutarch's Parallel Lives

Melvyn Bragg opens the discussion by highlighting the profound influence of Plutarch's Parallel Lives on our perception of the classical world. Plutarch, writing around the end of the first century A.D., crafted biographies that delve into the virtues and vices of renowned Greeks and Romans. These character-driven narratives not only fascinated contemporary audiences but also inspired later literary giants like Shakespeare.

Plutarch's Early Life and Background

Paul Cartledge provides an insightful overview of Plutarch's origins. Born in Chaeronea, a small town in the province of Achaia during the reign of Emperor Claudius, Plutarch navigated the complexities of being Greek under Roman dominance. Despite his reservations about Roman culture, he adeptly integrated into the Greco-Roman intellectual sphere, becoming an Athenian citizen and a priest in Delphi.

"He wasn't that thrilled by the Roman as such, so he had reservations about their level of culture or civilization." ([04:16])

Plutarch's Travels and Philosophical Pursuits

Judith Mossman inquires about Plutarch's travels before delving into his life in Athens. Andrew Erskine elaborates on Plutarch's diplomatic missions, including embassies to Asia and Alexandria, where he likely engaged with the renowned Library. In Rome, Plutarch not only conducted diplomatic duties but also taught philosophy, primarily in Greek, to his numerous pupils.

A notable anecdote Andrew shares involves Plutarch witnessing the execution of Aerulanus Rusticus, a testament to his unwavering dignity:

"I also made a pause so that he could read the letter, but he refused and did not break the seal until I had finished my lecture and the audience had dispersed." ([06:04])

The Structure and Purpose of Parallel Lives

Melvyn Bragg describes the unique pairing approach in Parallel Lives, where each Greek figure is matched with a Roman counterpart based on shared themes like ambition, frugality, and moral character. This method allows readers to explore how different individuals respond to similar challenges.

"Plutarch is interested in exploring the moral character of the figures that he's writing about." ([12:15])

Case Studies: Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar

Melvyn Bragg delves into specific examples, such as the lives of Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar. Plutarch emphasizes personal virtues over grand historical events, highlighting moments like Alexander's respectful interaction with Persian women post-Battle of Issus and Caesar's charismatic yet ruthless demeanor during his capture by pirates.

"We get a sense of Caesar's charm, but also his ruthlessness and his thinking ahead." ([26:00])

Plutarch's Influence on Shakespeare and Literature

Paul Cartledge and Andrew Erskine discuss the significant impact of Parallel Lives on Shakespeare's works, notably in plays like Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, and Timon of Athens. These plays often mirror Plutarch's narratives, both in plot and in exploring complex character motivations.

"The first play in which it's obviously important is Julius Caesar. Shakespeare clearly read it very closely." ([35:05])

Critical Analysis of Plutarch's Pairings

While many pairings in Parallel Lives are lauded for their depth, Paul Cartledge critiques some, such as the comparison between Pericles and Quintus Fabius Maximus, arguing that their similarities are tenuous and the comparison less effective.

"I think it's a pretty poor choice of comparison. Pericles, Fabius... it just doesn't resonate as well." ([26:16])

Reception and Enduring Legacy

The guests agree that Plutarch's Parallel Lives has maintained its influence over centuries, shaping not only historical understanding but also literary traditions. From Renaissance scholars to Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau, Plutarch's work has been a cornerstone in the study of moral character and leadership.

"Plutarch's very learned approach and extraction of material from various sources make him essential to the way a lot of us see the classical world." ([41:45])

Plutarch's Methodology and Philosophical Leanings

In the bonus material, Paul Cartledge touches upon Plutarch's philosophical preferences, noting his alignment with Platonism and Aristotelianism while critiquing Stoicism and Epicureanism. This philosophical stance influenced his biographical narratives, emphasizing moral virtues.

"He's so heterosexual. He did not enjoy sex or did he so love reading? Well, that's a debate." ([47:55])

Plutarch's Social Circle and Diplomatic Acumen

Andrew Erskine highlights Plutarch's extensive network, including influential Roman figures like Mestrius Florus and Socius Senechio, showcasing his ability to navigate and influence both Greek and Roman elites.

"These are what you might call the senior ministers of the emperor." ([49:07])

Conclusion: Plutarch's Enduring Significance

Judith Mossman and the guests conclude that Plutarch's Parallel Lives remains a seminal work in historical biography, offering nuanced insights into leadership, morality, and the interplay between Greek and Roman cultures. His innovative parallelism continues to inspire and inform both academic discourse and popular literature.

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This summary captures the essence of the "Plutarch's Parallel Lives" episode, highlighting key discussions, insights, and illustrative quotes to provide a comprehensive overview for those who haven't listened to the podcast.