We're excited to share this interview with Zal Bilimoria, founding partner at Refactor Capital, recorded live at the recent Future Titans emerging manager summit. Zal is a high-conviction, hard-tech investor and solo capitalist who manages more than $225 million. He has a fascinating career, from building products at Netflix and LinkedIn to being an early employee at a16z to later forming Refactor. We talked about why Zal is solo, what he learned from a16z, why he invests with conviction, how he built a robust firm without any employees supporting him, and how he managed to lead a Series D round despite his firm being a Seed expert. We also discussed:

Why Zal chose the solo GP path (on purpose): after seeing large-firm partnership dynamics at Andreessen Horowitz, he optimized for speed, autonomy, and founder time—especially important at seed where decision velocity matters. Refactor started as a two-GP fund with David Lee (ex–SV Angel), then David retired earlier than expected—forcing Zal to rebuild the LP base and prove the strategy could work with a single decision-maker.

A “right-sized” fund strategy as an operating system: Zal explains why he’s stayed around ~$50M per fund, targets ~20 companies per fund, and focuses on ~8–10% ownership at entry to keep the model manageable and return-capable. He actively tracks how many portfolio companies “graduate” (to Series A and beyond) each year so his board/support load stays sustainable without adding headcount.

Robustness for LPs (the “hit-by-a-bus” plan): Zal shares a concrete solo-GP risk mitigation tactic—he carries a life insurance policy payable to the management company so LPs have resources to recruit a successor or wind down assets without crushing fund performance.

Hard tech example that feels sci-fi (with real traction): Solugen. Zal recounts leading Solugen’s seed ~9 years ago and watching it scale into a large revenue business—then pivoting into a high-demand defense chemistry product with major government pull.

How a seed lead ends up leading a Series D: during the 2022 market reset, Zal had an SPV ready (~$20M) to secure pro rata; when no one wanted to “stick their neck out” as lead, he wrote the first term sheet—unlocking the round and attracting co-leads/followers.

Reserve strategy shift: he describes moving from ~50% reserves to ~20% reserves—preferring more “shots on goal” at pre-seed/seed, and noting how hard it is to consistently pick Series A winners even when top firms lead the round.

Investing in Startups is hosted by Joe Magyer, founder and managing partner of Seaplane Ventures.