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EPISODE SUMMARY

Due process appears in both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Fifth Amendment limits the federal government, while the Fourteenth Amendment limits states and local governments. Due process includes several related but distinct doctrines.

Procedural due process requires fair procedures before government deprives a person of life, liberty, or property. The plaintiff must first identify a protected interest. Property interests often arise from statutes, rules, contracts, or entitlements. The process required depends on the private interest, the risk of erroneous deprivation, the value of additional procedures, and the government’s interest.

Substantive due process protects certain fundamental liberties from government interference regardless of procedure. Fundamental rights generally trigger strict scrutiny. Nonfundamental liberties and ordinary economic regulation usually receive rational basis review. Important areas include marriage, family relationships, parental rights, bodily integrity, medical decision-making, privacy, and personal autonomy, though courts are cautious in recognizing new fundamental rights.

Incorporation applies most Bill of Rights protections to states through the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause. This allows individuals to assert many federal constitutional rights against state and local governments.

The Takings Clause protects private property by requiring just compensation when government takes property for public use. Takings may be physical, regulatory, or arise through land-use exactions. Public use is interpreted broadly, but compensation remains required when property is taken.

The Contracts Clause limits states from substantially impairing existing contracts without adequate justification. Due process also limits arbitrary or grossly excessive punitive damages.

The central lesson is classification. Due process problems are manageable when separated into procedural due process, substantive due process, incorporation, takings, and related property doctrines. A strong answer identifies the protected interest, selects the correct doctrine, applies the governing standard, and explains the result with careful attention to the facts.