Podcast Summary: Les Clés – "Comment revivifier la démocratie ? (Spéciale jeunes)"
Episode Date: January 27, 2026
Host: RTBF
Special Guests: Mine Rochand, Students and Teachers of Lycée Intégral Roger Lallement (Saint-Gilles)
Overview
This youth-special episode of Les Clés sets out to tackle a timely question: how can we reinvigorate democracy? Students from the Lycée Intégral Roger Lallement in Brussels share their first-hand experiences practicing forms of school democracy, reflect on the broader crisis of representative systems, and explore models and ideas for a future, more participative and deliberative democracy. Mine Rochand, professor of political science at UCLouvain, guides the discussion, helping unpack the challenges and possibilities of revitalizing democratic life.
Key Discussion Points & Insights
1. Information Overload and the Urgency to Understand Democracy
- Students open by expressing confusion and anxiety from information overload.
- "Il y a tellement d'infos que je m'y perds." – Mine Rochand [00:00]
- "C'est très angoissant." – Student 2 [00:08]
- Desire for clarity and understanding is a strong motivator for the group.
2. School as a Laboratory for Democracy
- The participating students have been involved in democratic workshops over six weeks, engaging both in theoretical learning and practical experimentation (courses, debates, guest experts).
- The school operates active democratic structures:
- Election or random selection of délégués (representatives) within mixed-age reference groups ("GR").
- The colirel (school council), comprising student and staff reps, addresses issues and pushes decisions up to staff and parental bodies as needed.
- Regular "conseils" (councils) in reference groups for bottom-up issue reporting.
- Concrete examples: campaigns for greater respect for cleaning staff, leading to new awareness-raising materials.
- "Il y a des affiches de sensibilisation qui ont été créées du coup au conseil de l’école et qui ont été affichées..." – Student 2 [07:37]
- These structures allow students to learn consensus-building and highlight democracy’s complexities and time demands.
- "Ça met un stress un peu. Je trouve que c'est compliqué de vraiment se construire un avis complet, d'autant plus quand c’est des choix importants." – Student 2 [08:21]
3. Democracy’s “Triangle” – Representation, Participation, Deliberation
- Rochand sets out three key pillars:
- Représentation: electing others to decide for us
- Participation: direct involvement (beyond elections, e.g., protest, councils)
- Délibération: dialogue to build shared understanding and compromise
- "La démocratie... c’est vraiment trois pieds: la représentation, la participation, la délibération." – Mine Rochand [10:57]
- Effective democracy involves balancing these elements, with each posing distinct challenges—especially in contexts marked by polarization.
4. Frustrations with the Current Model & Crisis of Representation
- Students voice disillusionment with elections as the only avenue for participation, feeling a lack of real influence between votes:
- "On se retrouve à élire des gens qui vont nous représenter pour cinq ans… une fois que notre voix est donnée, elle est donnée pour 5 ans et on parle à notre place. Moi, je ne considère pas ça comme une démocratie à 100%." – Student 2 [13:02]
- Rochand acknowledges the tension between representatives and the represented, noting that increasing “distance” leads to crisis.
- "C’est un peu comme sur un élastique. Plus on tire sur l’élastique, à un moment donné, il finit par péter." – Mine Rochand [13:53]
- The paradox: those outside democracies often aspire to them, while those inside become complacent or disillusioned with their functioning rather than the ideal itself.
5. Democratic Innovations: Localism, Sortition, and Beyond
- Students propose:
- More spaces for genuine discussion and opinion-building—preferably involving those less likely to participate, avoiding participation limited to the “usual suspects.”
- "Ce serait plus intéressant d’élargir pour pas que ce soit toujours les mêmes qui parlent..." – Student 1 [20:02]
- Drawing inspiration from “communalisme”—local, bottom-up governance models, as in certain regions of Kurdistan. [21:13]
- Sortition (random selection): as practiced in Belgium’s German-speaking Community and Brussels’ deliberative commissions, where random citizens and some parliamentarians co-deliberate.
- "Le parlement est nourri… un dialogue citoyen permanent..." – Mine Rochand [22:55]
- More spaces for genuine discussion and opinion-building—preferably involving those less likely to participate, avoiding participation limited to the “usual suspects.”
- The real challenge: scaling up these experiments from dozens or hundreds to populations of millions.
- "Le vrai enjeu, c’est comment est-ce qu’on arrive à diffuser ces pratiques-là dans l’ensemble de la population." – Mine Rochand [24:31]
6. Accountability Mechanisms: The ‘Recall’
- Students suggest mechanisms to remove unsatisfactory representatives mid-term.
- "Le peuple… devrait pouvoir avoir le pouvoir d’enlever quelqu’un de son poste…" – Student 3 [24:42]
- Rochand introduces the recall mechanism, practiced in some US and Latin American jurisdictions, and discusses its possible risks and application in different electoral systems.
- "Ce système-là existe sous le nom de recall..." – Mine Rochand [25:31]
7. Conclusion – Democracy: A Living, Perpetually Reinvented Process
- Democracy is framed as a "toolbox", never finished or perfect:
- "La démocratie, c’est une boîte à outils… ce sera toujours un processus à réinventer..." – Host [26:32]
- Rochand warns about losing sight of democracy's value:
- "La grosse difficulté avec la démocratie, c’est qu’on n’a pas vraiment de comparaison, sauf quand c’est trop tard. Et donc le coût de la non-démocratie est probablement beaucoup plus important que le coût de la démocratie…" – Mine Rochand [27:03]
Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments
- Mine Rochand on Democracy’s Fragility:
"C’est dans la définition même de la démocratie, que ce ne soit pas simple… c’est parce qu’il y a cette diversité qu’on a besoin de la démocratie. Et c’est ça qui en fait sa grande force et sa très grande fragilité." [08:56]
- Student 2 on Participation’s Limits:
"En tout cas en Belgique, on se retrouve à élire des gens qui vont nous représenter pour cinq ans… une fois que notre voix est donnée, elle est donnée pour 5 ans et on parle à notre place. Moi, je ne considère pas ça comme une démocratie à 100%." [13:02]
- Mine Rochand on the “Triangle”:
"Représentation, participation, délibération… ce n'est pas évident. Il n’y a pas de recette miracle." [10:57]
- Student 1 on Inclusivity:
"Ce serait plus intéressant d’élargir pour pas que ce soit toujours les mêmes qui parlent…" [20:02]
- Mine Rochand on the Risk of Losing Democracy:
"La grosse difficulté avec la démocratie, c’est qu’on n’a pas vraiment de comparaison, sauf quand c’est trop tard. Et donc le coût de la non-démocratie est probablement beaucoup plus important que le coût de la démocratie, mais quand on ne le vit pas encore, on ne le perçoit pas encore." [27:03]
Key Timestamps
- [00:00–02:37] Introduction, focus on info overload, student context
- [02:55–07:56] School democracy in practice—structures, methods, practical results
- [08:21–10:26] Challenges and complexity of practicing democracy; expertise from Mine Rochand
- [10:41–11:38] The triangle of representation, participation, and deliberation
- [12:29–13:42] Student perceptions of current democratic shortcomings
- [13:53–16:31] Rochand on crises of representation and democratic disenchantment
- [17:40–19:48] Moving beyond theory; critical pedagogy; students’ proposals for improvement
- [20:02–21:13] Participatory inclusivity and communalisme
- [22:08–24:31] Concrete democratic innovations in Belgium; challenges of scaling
- [24:42–26:32] Recall mechanisms
- [27:03–End] Final reflections; essential warnings
Tone and Style
True to the spirit of Les Clés, the episode is open, reflective, and dialogic. It balances the lived experience and concerns of young people—curious, sometimes skeptical—with the contextualization and caution of expert commentary. The vibe is constructive and hopeful, focusing not just on diagnosis but on proposals, experiments, and a willingness to “remettre toujours l’ouvrage sur le métier.”
For listeners seeking to understand democracy’s present malaise but also its possible revival, this episode offers both nuanced critique and concrete suggestions—with a refreshingly youthful perspective.
